Eyestrain Research Articles

Juvenile Myopia: The Silent Vision Understanding, Preventing, and Managing Childhood Myopia

Juvenile myopia, a significant visual impairment characterized by blurred distance vision, is increasingly prevalent among Indian children. This review explores the multifactorial etiology of myopia, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors such as prolonged near work and limited outdoor activities. The pathophysiology involves abnormal eye elongation driven by genetic and environmental factors, leading to refractive errors. Clinical manifestations include blurry distance vision, squinting, eye strain, and headaches, impacting academic performance and quality of life. Emphasis on early detection, parental awareness, and adherence to treatment protocols is crucial in controlling myopia progression and preventing long-term complications such as retinal detachment, myopic maculopathy, and glaucoma. This review underscores the need for comprehensive public health strategies to address the growing burden of juvenile myopia in India. Juvenile myopia is rapidly becoming a significant public health concern in India, with increasing prevalence driven by lifestyle changes, urbanization, and academic pressures. This systematic review aims to examine the prevalence, risk factors, and interventions for childhood myopia, with a focus on understanding the silent nature of this condition, identifying early prevention strategies, and outlining management techniques to curb its progression.

Automatic tiling method for mosaic ceramic art images based on subpixel edge fitting localization and collaborative operation of multiple manipulators

Mosaic ceramics are not limited to use solely as building materials, they also possess artistic value. Artists can create images by arranging and combining mosaic ceramics, resulting in a perfect fusion of large-scale public art for external walls and ceramic materials. However, the current approach for artists to create mosaic ceramic exterior wall art images involves manual laying and assembling of individual mosaic ceramics. This manual process suffers from issues such as low efficiency, eye fatigue, selection errors, and the risk of high-altitude operations. These challenges significantly impact the quality and efficiency of creating mosaic ceramic exterior wall art image images. To address these problems, this paper proposes an automatic mosaic ceramic art image stitching method based on subpixel edge fitting positioning and collaborative operation of multiple robotic arms. Additionally, a new U + I type conveying method is designed for efficient and space-saving transportation of mosaic ceramics. Experimental results demonstrate a high success rate of recognition, absorption, and placement of multi-color mosaic ceramics using this method reaching 95.45%, with a positioning error within 0.5 mm. The method can also adapt to varying levels of light intensity or noise interference. This approach effectively enhances the quality and efficiency of creating mosaic ceramic exterior wall art images and promotes the development of mosaic ceramic exterior wall public art creation.

The Gaming Disorder Identification Test (GADIT) - A screening tool for Gaming Disorder based on ICD-11.

Gaming Disorder was included as an addictive disorder in the latest version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), published in 2022. The present study aimed to develop a screening tool for Gaming Disorder, the Gaming Disorder Identification Test (GADIT), based on the four ICD-11 diagnostic criteria: impaired control, increasing priority, continued gaming despite harm, and functional impairment. We reviewed 297 questionnaire items from 48existing gaming addiction scales and selected 68 items based on content validity. Two datasets were collected: 1)an online panel (N = 803) from Australia, United States, United Kingdom andCanada, split into a development set (N = 589) and a validation dataset (N = 214); and 2) a university sample (N = 408) from Australia. Item response theory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to select eight items to form the GADIT. Validity was established by regressing theGADIT against known correlates of Gaming Disorder. Confirmatory factor analyses ofthe GADIT showed good model fit (RMSEA=<0.001-0.108; CFI = 0.98-1.00), and internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alphas = 0.77-0.92). GADIT scores were strongly associated with the Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10), and significantly associated with gaming intensity, eye fatigue, hand pain, wrist pain, back or neck pain, and excessive in-game purchases, inboth the validation and the university sample datasets. The GADIT has strong psychometric properties in two independent samples from four English-speaking countries collected through different channels, and shown validity against existing scales and variables that are associated with Gaming Disorder. A cut-off of 5 is tentatively recommended for screening for Gaming Disorder.

Prevalence and Knowledge of Computer related Ocular Syndrome among Bank Employees in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation.

Computer related Ocular Syndrome (CROS) is a group of visual symptoms experienced in relation to the use of computers. Early identification of risk factors of CROS will be helpful in preventing the occurrence of CROS among computer users. The study aimed at assessing the Prevalence and Knowledge of computer related ocular syndrome among Bank employees. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence and knowledge of computer related ocular syndrome, to assess the practice regarding prevention of CROS, and to find out the association between CROS and selected Socio demographic variables. The research approach adopted for the study was quantitative and data was collected from 220 participants. The research design was Cross- sectional design. The setting of the study was Kerala Banks of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation. Participants were selected through cluster sampling. The tool used for assessing socio demographic variables, prevalence of CROS and knowledge regarding CROS was interview schedule. Check-list was used to assess the practice for the prevention of CROS. Data analysis was carried out using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The prevalence of Computer related Ocular syndrome among Bank employees were, eye strain 67.30%, headache 60.50%, redness 29.10%, watering eye 27.7% and blurred vision 25.0%. Results showed the knowledge regarding computer related ocular syndrome, 41.4% of participants had good knowledge and 31.4% had poor knowledge. Practice regarding prevention of CROS, 41.4% had good practice and 31.4% had poor practice. The findings revealed that knowledge and visual problems are significantly associated with CROS.

Role of Occupational Therapy Assessment and Office Ergonomics to Support Students with Accommodations in Higher Learning: A Narrative Review

Postsecondary students with disabilities (SWDs) face significant challenges to their academic and personal well-being. There is a demand for more supportive strategies to facilitate fulfilling and equitable academic experiences for SWDs. This review aimed to (1) determine the effectiveness of various interventions, programs, and accommodations for enhancing the overall well-being of postsecondary SWDs and (2) evaluate the implications of these support strategies for disability service providers at postsecondary institutions. A narrative review was conducted, examining 13 studies aimed at enhancing the well-being of postsecondary SWDs. Studies were classified using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Model. Ergonomics, assistive technology, and counselling programs had positive improvements on the academic success of SWDs. In SWDs, health status was associated with higher community participation, and physical interventions were beneficial to reducing pain over time. Coaching and mentoring opportunities were beneficial for successful goal fulfilment. However, there remains a risk of digital eye strain when using technology to support postsecondary SWDs. The findings indicate that a range of support strategies can benefit several different components of SWDs experiences. This review identifies research gaps and opportunities to examine support strategies to improve the physical and mental well-being of SWDs.

Epidemiological profile for type 2 diabetic patients in Babylon City: Across sectional study

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a multifaceted and enduring metabolic disorder that has become a prominent global health concern. The global impact of this issue is significant, affecting a large population and presenting substantial health risks, thereby placing a considerable strain on healthcare systems. Type 2 diabetes is a significant public health problem responsible for several macro and microvascular complications. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of type 2 diabetic patients how attending to the specialized center for endocrinology and diabetes in Babylon City. Methodology: A sectional study was conducted between 25th of September 2023 to the 18th of April 2024 to determine the epidemiological characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes who was attending to the Specialized Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes in Marjan Teaching Hospital, it's a referral center for diabetes and other endocrinology diseases and received diabetes patients of different ages and both sexes from the different health facilities as Public Hospitals, PHC, and Private Clinics. Result: - The study included 751 patients; 58.7% were females, and 41.3% were male. 30.8% were in the age group (60-69) years with an average age of 54.2±14.0 for all involved age (18-90) years. The majority, 47.1%, had diabetes duration of less than 10 years. On admission, 87.6 % of patients suffer from a chronic disease other than diabetes, 30.1 % were overweight, and 48.4 % were obese, with the non-significant difference between percentages using the person chi-square test (2-test) at 0.05 level (P= 0.970). On the other hand, 98.8 % of patients had at least one complication on admission: 81.9% had peripheral neuritis, 85 % had eye fatigue, 84.2 % had severe hypoglycemia, 41.3% had high blood pressure, 35.2% had a diabetic foot and lowest percentage 10.1% had brain strokes. Conclusion: - The patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have an extremely high risk of disease complications.

Digital eye strain symptoms worsen during prolonged digital tasks, associated with a reduction in productivity

PurposeIt is often stated that digital eye strain can impact productivity and/or work accuracy, but the relationship between symptoms, productivity, and work accuracy has been unclear. Hence this study tracked the development of visuo-ocular symptoms during prolonged digital tasks and to explore the impact of higher and lower cognitive load levels on visuo-ocular symptoms, productivity, and work accuracy. MethodsThirty-five participants (23.2 ± 4.0 years) who had digital eye strain (diagnosed with the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire) undertook an uninterrupted laptop adapted Eriksen Flanker task for 60 min on two separate days, once with a high cognitive load in randomised sequence. Symptoms were assessed at baseline and every 10 min throughout the task. ResultsAll visuo-ocular symptom scores significantly worsened (F = 87.783, p < 0.001) with time, with the symptom severity increasing faster with the higher cognitive load (F = 7.110, p < 0.001). The mean total number of tasks completed was greater for the lower (1060.8 ± 296.5) than the higher (532.2 ± 123.4) cognitive load tasks (F = 138.830, p < 0.001), reducing with time (F = 7.339, p < 0.001), but in a similar way for both cognitive loads (F = 1.795, p = 0.154). Task accuracy was not affected by the cognitive load of the task (F = 1.729, p = 0.197) and was consistent over time (F = 1.885, p = 0.135). ConclusionsSymptoms increased with task duration in individuals with digital eye strain, with a faster rate for more demanding tasks. This was associated with a decrease in the task completion rate (productivity), but not the work accuracy.

A Comparative Study of Ocular Surface Disease in Childhood Glaucoma.

To evaluate ocular surface disease (OSD) in patients with childhood glaucoma (CG). A multicenter, comparative, cross-sectional study of 41 eyes of 27 patients with CG and 42 eyes of 42 healthy age- and sex-matched controls was conducted between 2021 and 2022. Developmentally delayed children and those having a coexisting systemic illness that might affect the ocular surface were not enrolled. Data collected included glaucoma type, glaucoma medications and surgeries, anterior segment examination, symptom frequency and severity, and tear break-up time (TBUT). Dry eye disease (DED) symptoms were evaluated using an Arabic-language SPEED questionnaire. The average number of glaucoma medications and surgeries among the 27 patients with CG was 1.17 and 1.4, respectively. TBUT was shorter in patients with CG compared with controls and even shorter when glaucoma medication usage was accounted for. Punctate epithelial erosions were more prevalent in patients with CG and of a higher grade. The severity of all DED parameters, and the prevalence of all DED parameters except for eye fatigue, were greater in patients with CG on the day of questionnaire intake. In addition, each additional glaucoma drop was associated with worse TBUT and ocular surface dryness. All analyses mentioned above were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In this first study to comprehensively evaluate OSD in patients with CG, a significantly greater incidence of OSD signs and symptoms was found in patients with CG compared with a healthy population. Additional study by CG subtype is needed.

Investigation of the effect of the alignment of the eye and the virtual image of virtual reality on fatigue in viewing VR device

AbstractCybersickness is a major problem hindering the use of fully immersive virtual reality (VR) systems. A mismatch between the interpupillary distance (IPD) and the inter‐optical system distance (IOSD) can cause discomfort when using VR devices. To solve this, the IOSD must be aligned according to the user's IPD. Herein, we investigated the effects of the optimum alignment of IPD and IOSD on eye fatigue when using VR systems. A method was used such that the IPD and IOSD for each participant were initially aligned under the condition that binocular fusion did not occur by displaying different left and right images. Fifteen university students aged 20–26 years were included. In the alignment and misalignment states, a symptom questionnaire was used to evaluate changes in the symptoms of participants after viewing a short movie using the VR device. We found that the obtained results in the eye strain category were statistically improved in the aligned state compared with those in the misaligned state. However, there were no significant differences in the general discomfort, nausea, focusing difficulty, or headache categories. Consequently, we confirmed that the alignment of the VR device using the proposed method can reduce eye fatigue when viewing VR content.

Lite-YOLOv8: a more lightweight algorithm for Tubercle Bacilli detection.

Deep learning is a transformative force in the medical field and it has made significant progress as a pivotal alternative to conventional manual testing methods. Detection of Tubercle Bacilli in sputum samples is faced with the problems of complex backgrounds, tiny and numerous objects, and human observation over a long time not only causes eye fatigue, but also greatly increases the error rate of subjective judgement. To solve these problems, we optimize YOLOv8s model and propose a new detection algorithm, Lite-YOLOv8. Firstly, the Lite-C2f module is used to ensure accuracy by significantly reducing the number of parameters. Secondly, a lightweight down-sampling module is introduced to reduce the common feature information loss. Finally, the NWD loss is utilized to mitigate the impact of small object positional bias on the IoU. On the public Tubercle Bacilli datasets, the mean average precision of 86.3% was achieved, with an improvement of 2.2%, 1.5%, and 2.8% over the baseline model (YOLOv8s) in terms of mAP0.5, precision, and recall, respectively. In addition, the parameters reduced from 11.2 to 5.1 M, and the number of GFLOPs from 28.8 to 13.8. Our model is not only more lightweight, but also more accurate, thus it can be easily deployed on computing-poor medical devices to provide greater convenience to doctors.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kelelahan Mata pada Mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Semarang

According to Asosiasi Pengguna Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII) in 2018, around 49.52% of all internet users in Indonesia are between 19 and 34 years old. The majority of this group are university students. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with eyestrain in Universitas Negeri semarang students. This research is a quantitative research with cross sectional study design. The population of this study were students of Universitas Negeri Semarang in 2024 with a sample size of 125 people. This research was conducted in April-June 2024. The instrument used in this study was an online questionnaire in the form of Google Forms. The research analysis technique used the Spearman Rank test with SPSS. The results showed 108 students out of 125 students experienced eye fatigue (86.4%). The variables associated with this study were gender (p-value 0.047) and use of glasses (p-value 0.009), The study concluded that gender and use of glasses were associated with eyestrain.

Improving and re-developing the Clerical Resolution Online Widget (CROW): open-source software for clerical review

ObjectivesClerical review is an integral part of linkage and is fundamental to quality assurance. CROW is a low dependency, adaptable, clerical matching tool that has been deployed across 40 linkage projects. Due to limitations of the interface, with the initial version (including the limited ability to view large clusters); this project sought to re-develop the tool as a flask application. ApproachOur approach was to transform the existing CROW desktop application into a Flask (web based) application. Flask was chosen because it is a flexible web framework that enabled the development of a more dynamic interface, as well as better integration with the infrastructure of secure environments. We also engaged with accessibility experts to ensure the inclusivity of our product. Once the development was completed, testing was carried out by a range of users and stakeholders, to identify further issues and bugs for resolution. ResultsThe successful redevelopment of CROW into a Flask application improved functionality, usability, parametrisation, and accessibility of the tool. Feedback from users indicates that because of using CROW, the clerical matching experience has improved vastly. Users reported that CROW increased accessibility, reducing eye strain and fatigue. CROW also increases efficiency and leads to better decision making. ConclusionThe successful redevelopment of CROW is a significant improvement to the clerical review process for data linkage projects. ImplicationsCROW is open-source and low dependency so could be adapted to work in most environments. Therefore, it could be adapted and used by the wider data linkage community.

The effect of using method timer media on reducing eye fatigue industry workers

The outcomes of an initial research on eye fatigue in the Digital Industry in Yogyakarta, Indonesia revealed that 76% of the employees encountered complaints of eye fatigue as a result of prolonged computer usage. Eye fatigue is considered one of the parameters of office ergonomics in accordance with Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation No. 48 of 2016. One method recommended by this regulation to mitigate eye fatigue is to incorporate short breaks using the 20-20-20 technique. However, a considerable number of workers tend to disregard these recommendations, necessitating the use of media reminders, such as timers, to enforce discipline among workers. The objective of this research was to assess the impact of employing a timer-based media using the 20-20-20 method on the reduction of eye fatigue. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group. In this research, a total of forty workers were selected as the sample population and subsequently divided into two groups: the intervention group and the control group. Sampling was conducted to select a total of 20 workers for each group through purposive sampling. Bivariate analysis was performed using the Sign test and Mann-Whitney test, with a significance threshold of 95% (α=0.05). The results of the statistical tests conducted in both the intervention and control groups revealed a significant difference in reducing eye fatigue, with a p-value of 0.041. This research concludes that the utilization of the 20-20-20 method timer media has a significant effect on reducing eye fatigue among workers.

Presbyopia, Dry Eye, and Retinal Thickness in the Middle-Aged Population: Focusing on Sex Differences.

Risk factors for presbyopia have not been fully determined although previous studies suggested presbyopia was associate with age, dry eye, and retinal ganglion cell complex thickness (GCC). We accessed these signs and common ocular symptoms in the middle-aged population focusing on sex differences when women have drastic hormonal change. This cohort study consecutively enrolled 2743 patients aged 36-45 years (n=1000), 46-55 years (n=1000), and 56-65 years (n=743). All underwent ocular surface tests and had near add power and GCC measured. Common ocular symptoms were asked using questionnaire. Among female participants, visual symptoms (eye strain and photophobia) were more prevalent in the age group 46-55, whereas non-visual symptoms (dryness, irritation, and pain) were not. We identified symptomatic presbyopia (near add power ≥ 1.5D) in 14.4%, 73.8%, and 97.8%, positive corneal staining in 29.1%, 23.8%, and 23.9%, and a mean GCC of 98.2 μm, 105.3 μm, and 89.6 μm in the age groups 36-45, 46-55, and 56-65, respectively. Mean tear break-up time were 3.3, 3.5, and 3.3 seconds, respectively. Results indicated a large progression of presbyopia (P<0.01) from the period of 36-45 years onward and significantly increased GCC (P<0.01) in women of age group 46-55. No notable tendency was observed in symptoms and GCC for male participants. Visual symptoms in women were worse between 46 and 55 years than before or after these ages. The increase of symptomatic presbyopia and GCC may be contributing to visual symptoms in addition to menopausal transition symptoms in this age group.

Digital Eye Strain: Updated Perspectives.

Digital eye strain (DES) is a growing worldwide concern because digital devices are prevalent in both our work and home lives. The purpose of this review was to summarize clinically relevant and evolving key topics related to DES. A PubMed.gov search was conducted on or before June 8, 2024. No date restrictions were used during the primary search. The search was aimed at detecting all articles related to DES; thus, the search terms only included "digital eye strain" or "computer vision syndrome". The two most used, validated DES questionnaires are the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) and Computer Vision Symptom Scale (CVSS17). The world-wide prevalence of DES ranges from 8.2% to 100% depending upon the subjects evaluated and the method used to evaluate them. The most common DES symptoms include headache, eye strain, eye redness, eye itching, tearing, photophobia, burning sensation, blurred vision, eye pain, neck and shoulder pain, and eye dryness. Ocular surface symptoms in DES are integrally tied to decreased blink frequency, which causes ocular surface desiccation, increased osmolarity, and dry eye-like symptoms. The most studied DES-specific treatments are improving subjects' environment, artificial tears, blinking exercises, and near work breaks. DES is a highly prevalent condition that should be regularly screened for in clinic with a validated diagnosis instrument. While there are several treatment options, the community's treatment approach is evolving and primarily focused on treating the visual and dry eye-like symptoms associated with the condition.

Virtual Reality (VR) Technology in Laparoscopy Surgery: The Effect of Large Viewing Angle from the Head-Mounted Display (HMD) and Laparoscopic Performance

Background: A vital component of laparoscopic surgery is its display monitor. The viewing angle of the laparoscopic monitor impacts on the performance of the surgeon. Given that head-mounted display (HMD), an integral part of Virtual Reality (VR) technology, offers a large viewing angle, this project aimed to determine the potential benefits of using HMD in performing laparoscopic tasks. Methods: 54 laparoscopic/endoscopic clinicians performed a simulated laparoscopic task with three different monitors (HMD, 21-inch and 15-inch monitor) in a random order. Duration of task, distance travelled by graspers and manipulation errors were recorded and analyzed. Simulation Sickness Questionnaires (SSQs) were also given to participants. Results: There were statistically significant differences in all performance metrics recorded across all groups when compared to each other (P&lt;0.05). HMD had the longest task completion duration followed by 15-inch and 21-inch monitors. However, the distance travelled by the graspers and error rate was lowest in the HMD group followed by 21-inch and 15-inch monitors. The SSQ questionnaire showed that eye strain and headache are the two most common transient side effects recorded by users of HMD. Conclusion: The study shows that HMD users perform fewer mistakes and are more precise with the movement of graspers compared to other groups. As such, HMD has the potential to enhance laparoscopic performance. HMD is cost effective and has the added benefit of improving surgical ergonomics. Further research should focus on ensuring that HMD is a viable and safe alternative to conventional laparoscopic monitor as well as in identifying barriers to adoption.

THE EFFECT OF BLUE LIGHT BLOCKING SPECTACLES LENSES FOR DIGITAL ASTHENOPIA

This systematic review evaluated the impact of blue-blocking (BB) spectacle lenses on digital asthenopia, considering 9 relevant studies published in the last de­cade. While two studies indicated some effectiveness of BB lenses in reducing symptoms like eye pain and heavy eyes, others did not show significant differences compa­red to no-block (NB) lenses in various eye strain symp­toms. Overall, the evidence lacks conclusive support for the effectiveness of BB filters in alleviating digital eye strain (DES) symptoms, emphasizing the need for more standardized and comprehensive research in this area.

Corneal hypersensitivity to cold stimuli in symptomatic computer users.

Prolonged computer use may result in repeated stimulation of the ocular surface due to ocular dryness, potentially leading to alterations in its sensitivity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between ocular symptoms and corneal sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli in computer users. Fifty-two young (31 ± 6 years), frequent computer users, including symptomatic and asymptomatic users, participated in this study. Mechanical and cold sensation thresholds were determined at the central cornea of one randomly selected eye of each participant using the UNSW Liquid Jet Aesthesiometer. Ocular surface symptoms and digital eye strain were assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index, Ocular Comfort Index, Instant Ocular Symptom Survey, and Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q). Associations between central corneal sensation thresholds and demographic variables, patterns of digital device use, and symptom scores were analyzed using Pearson (r) or Spearman (ρ) correlations and linear regression models. Age (ρ = 0.24), CVS-Q score (ρ = -0.33), CVS-Q dry eye score (ρ = -0.28), and mechanical sensation threshold (ρ = 0.63) were significantly associated with cold sensation threshold (p≤0.04). Conversely, there were no significant relationships with Ocular Surface Disease Index, Ocular Comfort Index, or Instant Ocular Symptom Survey or with other demographic variables (p≥0.34). In multiple linear regression models, age and mechanical sensation threshold were significant predictors of cold sensitivity (p=0.04 and p<0.001, respectively) (adjusted R2 = 0.459). There were no significant correlations between mechanical sensitivity and symptom scores (p≥0.09). Symptoms of digital eye strain, particularly those related to dry eye, were associated with higher corneal cold sensitivity. Corneal hypersensitivity to cold stimuli as a marker of ocular discomfort during computer use requires further investigation.

Research Progress on the Impact of Outdoor Activities on Myopia in Children and Adolescents

The issue of myopia among children and adolescents has become a global public health concern. Existing research indicates a close correlation between outdoor activities and myopia in children and adolescents, with increased outdoor activity effectively preventing the rise in myopia incidence. This study reviews the impact of outdoor activities on myopia in children and adolescents by searching databases such as CNKI and Web of Science, aiming to explore effective strategies for myopia prevention and control, thereby providing theoretical references for myopia prevention efforts. Currently, scholars have conducted cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, and intervention studies across various countries, confirming that long-term engagement in outdoor activities can improve the average refractive index of children and adolescents, reducing the risk of myopia. However, it has also been found that the protective effect of outdoor activity duration on myopia in children and adolescents has a certain threshold. Additionally, numerous animal and human experiments have investigated the mechanisms by which outdoor activities influence myopia, revealing that outdoor activities can reduce the incidence of myopia by promoting ocular refractive development, stimulating dopamine release, and alleviating eye fatigue. Based on the literature review, this study proposes targeted suggestions for myopia prevention and control from the perspectives of the government, schools, and families.

Characterization of health and safety hazards of deconstruction activities.

Manual deconstruction-an alternative to mechanical demolition-is a crucial technique in the building industry that facilitates a circular economy for the built environment and achieves sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, the current body of literature lacks a thorough grasp of the OHS (occupational health and safety) hazards related to the deconstruction process. The current work closes this scholarly gap by outlining the deconstruction process as phases and sets of activities and highlighting potential health and safety hazards throughout different activities and phases. The study uses numerous case studies and applies a descriptive case study technique to gather and analyze primary data from hundreds of photos and notes from over 40 field visits. The primary data are first used to prepare a comprehensive process map of deconstruction. Six construction safety experts and four industrial hygiene experts were then interviewed to identify and characterize health and safety hazards in images representative of the deconstruction activities. A taxonomy of OHS hazards for deconstruction was developed based on identifying 35 unique safety and 51 unique health hazards. Significant safety hazards in deconstruction activities include "struck-by," "trip, slip, and fall" hazards, and "lack of personal protective equipment." Major health hazards include ergonomic concerns, respiratory diseases, and eye strain. The study highlights the occupational health and safety issues faced by the deconstruction trade with a granularity rarely covered in existing literature. The assessments can be helpful for OHS practitioners to identify potential health and safety improvements across various deconstruction phases.