Eye Perspective Research Articles

Artificial intelligence-based smart agricultural systems for saffron cultivation with integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle imagery and deep learning approaches

This paper presents an integrated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery system and artificial intelligence-based smart farming for saffron cultivation. This work is about monitoring the growth of saffron flowers through UAV imagery every week or month during the pre-harvesting time while the percentage of the covered area by leaf and saffron flowers is calculated. This is crucial for predicting saffron growing areas over cultivated regions. From the vertical viewing of UAV imagery from above, it is problematic from the bird’s eye perspective to identify the particular saffron-growing areas of things, so the multi-class classification of flowers (subjects) recognition system is proposed. So, the implementation of this work is divided into four phases. The first two phases (Phase 1 and Phase 2) are about the algorithms for Saffron growing region detections and predictions using the modified You Only Look Once (YOLO) higher version model followed by statistical analysis based region corner detections. The outcomes of the first two phases are used to form a database of saffron flowers with different scales, orientations, and deformations. This is further used to build a two-class classification model in the third phase (Phase 3) that discriminates saffron vs. non-saffron flowers. In the fourth phase, the two-class classification model is extended to a multi-class flower recognition model for recognizing 900 flower images database available in the largest social media website dedicated exclusively to gardening in the Phase 4. Extensive experiments are conducted, and the performances are compared with some existing state-of-the-art methods that show the superiority of the proposed system.

Constructional Emergence in A1–C1: A Bird’s Eye Perspective and Alignment

This study aims to take a usage–based constructionist approach to observing the emergence of constructions in L2 speakers of English from a bird’s eye perspective and aligns some of them with CEFR levels. To do this, five equally balanced subparts from the EFCAMDAT corpus were compiled and analyzed using TAASSC and SPSS. The findings present strong evidence for and confirm previous studies that speakers at lower proficiency levels use fixed or prototypical expressions and do not deviate as much from conventional ways of combining constructions, i.e., collexemes. As proficiency increases, their constructicon gets lexicogrammatically richer and less prototypical, as such prototypical examples serves as training wheels for further expansion. While there seems to be evidence for low–frequency constructions to follow a developmental path through CEFR levels, high–frequency constructions do not seem to follow this path. In the end, the study presents a set of constructions aligned for each CEFR level, which appears to be in line with the characteristics of CEFR levels described at englishprofile.org.

Bird’s-eye view of Slovenian pediatrics reveals complexity but also consistency

With a population of only around two million, Slovenia has a total of 14 hospitals with a pediatric or a neonatal unit, which is significantly above the European average of such units per capita. This begets the question whether such a high density of pediatric units is needed, and whether this is optimal in terms of responsibly spending the national healthcare budget. While in-depth answers to such questions require lengthy on-site evaluations of experts and healthcare professionals, many insights can nevertheless be obtained from a bird’s-eye perspective, statistically studying large databases and looking for complexity and order in them. To that effect, we here study five years’ worth of diagnosis across ten of Slovenia’s pediatric and two neonatal units, looking in detail at the number of hospital treatments per patient each diagnosis required, their distributions, and the comparisons of these data across the units. We find evidence of power laws in the distributions, thus indicating some form of self-organization behind the emergence of various diseases and the resulting treatments. We also show that the ratios between the number of times a given diagnosis has been made and the required number of treatments are, apart from rare exceptions, rather consistent across all the units. Our research thus affords the conclusions that, at least from afar, Slovenian pediatrics is managed well and consistently, to the point of complexity manifesting in the distributions across various cross-sections of the studied data.

Making Meaning of Inanimate Objects as Characters in The Blue Umbrella (2013)

This study aims to reveal deeper and different meaning of an inanimate object, specifically umbrella, from naked eye's perspective in The Blue Umbrella Film. The Blue Umbrella Film, an animated short film directed by Saschka Unsled, employs inanimate objects as the characters as seen through the distinct human's facial expression painted on the black, blue, and red umbrellas To pursue the aim of this study, qualitative method was conducted together with Saussure's semiotic theory. The results showed that the black umbrellas signified as the majorities, while the blue and red umbrellas signified as the minorities. The black umbrellas also signified as a group of office workers as well as members of Sexual and Gender Majority. On the other hand, the blue and the red umbrellas signified as the members of Sexual and Gender Minority. In short, the movie highlights an encouraging message that it is okay to be different from the majority's choice.

The Unilateral Turn in EU Trade and Investment Policy

As part of the European Commission’s Open Strategic Autonomy agenda, the European Union has reformed its unilateral trade and investment policy toolbox. Existing instruments have been updated (e.g., Trade Defence Instruments, the Enforcement Regulation) and new instruments have been adopted (e.g., the Foreign Subsidies Regulation, the Foreign Direct Investment Screening Regulation, the Anti-Coercion Instrument). These developments are significant: taken together, they herald a unilateral turn in the EU’s trade and investment policy. This special issue explores aspects of this unilateral turn. It combines a bird’s-eye perspective with studies of specific instruments; it brings together political science and legal methodologies; and it looks at the unilateral turn from the inside-out and from the outside-in. The special issue scratches the surface of what we consider to be a seismic change in the EU’s trade and investment policy. We hope it will trigger further debate and scholarly analysis of this important topic. In this introduction, we set the scene and introduce the six articles that are part of this special issue. unilateral turn, unilateralism, EU trade and investment policy, security, sustainability, level playing field, geopolitics, geopoliticization, economic coercion, restrictive measures, common commercial policy

Improved deep depth estimation for environments with sparse visual cues

Most deep learning-based depth estimation models that learn scene structure self-supervised from monocular video base their estimation on visual cues such as vanishing points. In the established depth estimation benchmarks depicting, for example, street navigation or indoor offices, these cues can be found consistently, which enables neural networks to predict depth maps from single images. In this work, we are addressing the challenge of depth estimation from a real-world bird’s-eye perspective in an industry environment which contains, conditioned by its special geometry, a minimal amount of visual cues and, hence, requires incorporation of the temporal domain for structure from motion estimation. To enable the system to incorporate structure from motion from pixel translation when facing context-sparse, i.e., visual cue sparse, scenery, we propose a novel architecture built upon the structure from motion learner, which uses temporal pairs of jointly unrotated and stacked images for depth prediction. In order to increase the overall performance and to avoid blurred depth edges that lie in between the edges of the two input images, we integrate a geometric consistency loss into our pipeline. We assess the model’s ability to learn structure from motion by introducing a novel industry dataset whose perspective, orthogonal to the floor, contains only minimal visual cues. Through the evaluation with ground truth depth, we show that our proposed method outperforms the state of the art in difficult context-sparse environments.

MidNet: An Anchor-and-Angle-Free Detector for Oriented Ship Detection in Aerial Images

Ship detection in aerial images remains an active yet challenging task due to its arbitrary object orientation and various aspect ratios from the bird’s-eye perspective. Most existing oriented objection detection methods rely on angular prediction or predefined anchor boxes, making these methods highly sensitive to unstable angular regression and excessive hyper-parameter setting. To address these issues, we replace the angular-based object encoding with an anchor-and-angle-free paradigm, and propose a novel detector deploying a center and four midpoints for encoding each oriented object, namely MidNet. Moreover, MidNet designs a novel symmetrical deformable convolution for enhanceing the features of midpoints, then the center and midpoints for an identical ship are adaptively matched by predicting corresponding centripetal shift and matching radius. Finally, a concise analytical geometry algorithm is proposed to calculate the ship orientation and refine the keypoints step-wisely for building precise oriented bounding boxes. On two public ship detection datasets, HRSC2016 and FGSD2021, MidNet outperforms the state-of-the-art detectors by achieving APs of 90.52% and 86.50%.

Discerning Recurrent Factors in Construction Disputes through Judicial Case Studies—An Indian Perspective

Construction disputes have become a recurrent phenomenon in the industry, due to which progress is halted. From a bird’s eye perspective, the most frequent cause of a dispute might be payment issues. However, when observed keenly, it has an inter-relationship with almost every other cause, such as contractual changes, delays in project completion, compromising on the quality of construction, etc. Therefore, analyzing the factors which cause a dispute is important. It is also essential to understand the interrelationship of the factors. In this study, judicial construction disputes, along with judgements in different domains, were collected. The most frequent causes of disputes are identified among these cases. Sixty-five cases were considered for the analysis, which constitutes the writ petition, response and final judgment. These items were collected to gain the perspective of the petitioners and respondents over the cause of the dispute and the final judgment to analyze the factors responsible for decision-making. Factor analysis is done to find out the influencing factors, interrelationships and similarities of the disputes respectively. Among the 8 major factors identified, a strong, positive correlation was found between Poor Performance related issues and Payment related issues. By performing Principal Component Analysis (PCA), causes were classified into 3 domains based on their variables.

Untying the Gordian Knot: Process, Reality, and Context

Untying the Gordian Knot: Process, Reality, and Context

Computer vision quantization research on the architectural color of Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro in Macau based on the human eye perspective.

In this study, a new quantifiable and refined urban street color analysis method was proposed by combining professional color cards and efficient software color recognition, which solved the problems of low efficiency and difficulty in the quantification of urban color research and analysis. The research mainly uses China Building Color Card (CBCC) and Python (use programs for the HSV color segmentation of pictures) and other software to carry out color recognition for a street view. From the aspects of color composition, type, proportion, visual level, and color sequence of the street facade, this article makes a quantitative analysis of the color of Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro in Macao from multiple angles. The method of combining color card colorimetry with computer color recognition, which not only considers the inherent color of the building but also includes the color situation under the influence of the environment, can express the “actual color situation” of the building more completely. This article quantifies, combs, summarizes, and compares architectural color and environmental color completely. This method has good universality and ease of use in practice, and the conclusion of the study can provide a reference for the color planning of Macao, the color selection of urban renewal has reference significance, and provide a new method for the study of urban color.

Swin-Transformer-Enabled YOLOv5 with Attention Mechanism for Small Object Detection on Satellite Images

Object detection has made tremendous progress in natural images over the last decade. However, the results are hardly satisfactory when the natural image object detection algorithm is directly applied to satellite images. This is due to the intrinsic differences in the scale and orientation of objects generated by the bird’s-eye perspective of satellite photographs. Moreover, the background of satellite images is complex and the object area is small; as a result, small objects tend to be missing due to the challenge of feature extraction. Dense objects overlap and occlusion also affects the detection performance. Although the self-attention mechanism was introduced to detect small objects, the computational complexity increased with the image’s resolution. We modified the general one-stage detector YOLOv5 to adapt the satellite images to resolve the above problems. First, new feature fusion layers and a prediction head are added from the shallow layer for small object detection for the first time because it can maximally preserve the feature information. Second, the original convolutional prediction heads are replaced with Swin Transformer Prediction Heads (SPHs) for the first time. SPH represents an advanced self-attention mechanism whose shifted window design can reduce the computational complexity to linearity. Finally, Normalization-based Attention Modules (NAMs) are integrated into YOLOv5 to improve attention performance in a normalized way. The improved YOLOv5 is termed SPH-YOLOv5. It is evaluated on the NWPU-VHR10 dataset and DOTA dataset, which are widely used for satellite image object detection evaluations. Compared with the basal YOLOv5, SPH-YOLOv5 improves the mean Average Precision (mAP) by 0.071 on the DOTA dataset.

Developing a real-time social distancing detection system based on YOLOv4-tiny and bird-eye view for COVID-19

COVID-19 is a virus, which is transmitted through small droplets during speech, sneezing, coughing, and mostly by inhalation between individuals in close contact. The pandemic is still ongoing and causes people to have an acute respiratory infection which has resulted in many deaths. The risks of COVID-19 spread can be eliminated by avoiding physical contact among people. This research proposes real-time AI platform for people detection, and social distancing classification of individuals based on thermal camera. YOLOv4-tiny is proposed in this research for object detection. It is a simple neural network architecture, which makes it suitable for low-cost embedded devices. The proposed model is a better option compared to other approaches for real-time detection. An algorithm is also implemented to monitor social distancing using a bird’s-eye perspective. The proposed approach is applied to videos acquired through thermal cameras for people detection, social distancing classification, and at the same time measuring the skin temperature for the individuals. To tune up the proposed model for individual detection, the training stage is carried out by thermal images with various indoor and outdoor environments. The final prototype algorithm has been deployed in a low-cost Nvidia Jetson devices (Xavier and Jetson Nano) which are composed of fixed camera. The proposed approach is suitable for a surveillance system within sustainable smart cities for people detection, social distancing classification, and body temperature measurement. This will help the authorities to visualize the fulfillment of the individuals with social distancing and simultaneously monitoring their skin temperature.

Commentary: the moral limits of service markets – just because we can, should we?

PurposeThis commentary extends our 2020 11th SERVSIG Panel The moral limits of service markets: Just because we can, should we?, inspired by Michael J. Sandel’s book What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. In Sandel’s (2012) book, the pursuit of “the good life” is a common motivation for pushing the moral boundaries of markets and “the good life” is dominated by service consumption.Design/methodology/approachLike Sandel (2012), this commentary begins with a provocation regarding the need for moral development in services marketing. Next, we present three real-life case studies about a modern slavery survivor service, aged care services and health-care services as examples of moral limits, failings and tensions.FindingsThe commentary proposes four guidelines and a research agenda. As service marketers, we must reignite conversations about ethics and morality. Taking charge of our professional moral development, exercising moral reflexivity, promoting an ethics of care and taking a bird’s-eye perspective of moral ecologies are our recommended guidelines. Morality is an essential condition – a sine qua non – for service marketers. Hence, our proposed research agenda focuses first on the service marketer and embeds a moral gaze as a universal professional protocol to engender collective moral elevation.Originality/valueThis commentary highlights the need for a moral refresh in services marketing and proposes ways to achieve this end.

A sequential roadmap to Industry 6.0: Exploring future manufacturing trends

AbstractIt has been speculated that by the year 2050, technology will have progressed to the point of complete autonomy. This paper scrolls through patent pathways and intellectual developments throughout the industrial revolutions listing significant products and services that landmarked each revolution up to Industry 4.0. The patent trails and the recent IPR inputs are expected to assist readers in fast‐tracking up to speed on the bleeding edge of the current research pools while having an eagle's eye perspective on the previous developments so far. The research pools of Industry 4.0 are classified and explored. A lack of Human‐machine workforce synergy in Industry 4.0 and the nascent “customized manufacturing” concept is addressed in subsequent sections. The paper classifies two expected phases of Industry 5.0, highlighting the subdomains touted to be its focal areas. Lastly, Industry 5.0's niche research areas are checked and a suitable pathway to achieve the goals set for the sixth revolution is proposed.

Komunikasi Visual Kartun Sompret Karya I Wayan Sadha

This paper was written to read visual signs and verbal marks contained in the cartoon Sompret by I Wayan Sadha. I Wayan Sadha's Sompret cartoon has its uniqueness as a work of visual communication. The uniqueness is that the visual communication of this cartoon presents illustrations, typography, and layouts with a deep appreciation of Balinese culture. The illustration presents a Balinese wearing a headdress is a representation of a Balinese in traditional culture. The illustration of a Balinese without a headdress is a representation of a Balinese who is in the modern culture. The typography used utilizes the display font to present the conversation and clarify the description of the image. The letters are used to explain the issue raised as Sadha's opinion and point of view on the Bali issues. Sadha's Sompret Cartoons only use lines, no color, so his works appeared as black and white cartoons. Sompret cartoons used the symmetrical balance composition and hidden balance layout, the perspective of human eye level, and the perspective of a bird's eye. This research uses descriptive qualitative research method. Semiotic theory is used in this research and focus on denotation and connotation meaning. Denotationally, the Sompret cartoon of Sadha presents a narrative of events based on the issue raised related to Balinese traditional culture and the flow of globalization. The work is created in a one-panel cartoon. The story of this cartoon sometimes with conversations of several characters or only illustrations of the characters without any conversation. With the narrative being built, the meaning of the connotation can be read. The connotations meaning of Sompret cartoons as opinion cartoons is showing the flow of globalization or modern culture in the middle of the strength of the Balinese traditional culture. Connotatively this cartoon can be read as a development of globalization in Bali.

Local Identity Transformations Reflected Through the Development of Mercheașa / Mirkvásár / Streitfort,Transylvania, Romania.

In the last three decades the Transylvanian villages faced a slow, but constant decline in many aspects. One of the many villages in this situation is Mercheașa (known as Mirkvásár in Hungarian, or Streitfort in German), part of Homorod (Hamruden) Commune, Brașov County, Transylvania. The aging and numerically reduced population of the village, occupied exclusively in agriculture, in parallel with an inefficient local administration, induced the impoverishment of a once flourishing and prosperous village. This long decay is now clearly reflected by the degradation of the buildings, abandoned historical built heritage, desolate landscape, lack of consensus or a minimum order that would reflect any kind of management. Based on an extensive field research and cooperation with a local non-governmental organisation dedicated to sustainability, culture and education, this paper shows how the actions initiated from outside the community have managed to change the mentality of the inhabitants, who are now more open to culture, improvements and even variety. Following a mixed, interdisciplinary methodology, involving both local history and social investigation, methods, approached from a geographical perspective, this article answers several questions, including the most, important: How did the locals react to these projects? and Does sustainable development depend primarily on, community involvement and consensus? The results show an assessment of the current situation, an analysis of the elements that can become a local brand, and the initiated projects by the organisation, the results, and their impact onthe villagers’ attitudes towards development. This paper also includes an extensive evaluation of the local landmark, the fortified church, including a bird’s eye (perspective) drawing of the site.

El ojo Pampeano en Anclajes

Studies on nineteenth-century literature are relatively scarce in academic criticism. This corpus might be examined from a perspective of eye of the Pampa; that is, a reading that allows us to understand axes of the Argentine intellectual debate that intersect cultural and political memory. In this sense, I review some articles published in Anclajes that contribute to under-examined topics, such as the recovery and study of literature written by women and other areas not explored by the metropolitan imaginary.

Every bit helps: The functional role of individuals in assembling any plant community, from the richest to monospecific ones

AbstractPlant trait‐based ecology is a powerful extension of the attempt of community ecologists to unveil assembly mechanisms. However, the two main expected determinants of community assembly, niche and neutral processes, can be confused under this framework. Here, we propose to move from trait‐based to phenotype‐based community ecology, accounting for the variation between individuals (phenotypes affected by the abiotic and biotic environment, and vice versa), and explicitly considering their ability to compete with or facilitate its neighbours. This would shift our focus from species’ niche responses to niche specialization of phenotypes, reducing the space for neutrality at the finest scales. The current assembly framework, based mainly on niche complementarity and using species‐average functional traits, has been developed exploring mega‐diverse communities, but it fails at describing poor plant communities. Under this framework, monospecificity would be interpreted as an arena where functionally similar individuals compete, consequently leading to regular patterns, which are rarely found in nature. Our niche specialization framework could help explaining coexistence in rich plant communities, where the higher fraction of functional variation is found between species, whereas the intraspecific trait variation dominates in poor species and monospecific communities. We propose a guide to conduct massive phenotyping at the community scale based on the use of visible and near‐infrared spectroscopy. We also discuss the need to integrate the so‐called plant's eye perspective based on the use of spatial pattern statistics in the current community ecology toolbox.

WORM'S-EYE VIEW ON ‘AGRICLINICS AND AGRIBUSINESS CENTRES SCHEME’ (ACABC) OVER A DECADE IN CONTEXT TO MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA

Six decades ago, Mahatma Gandhi observed, "Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy." The scenario is still the same now, with agriculture, which is the mainstay of the communities, supporting practically the whole economy. It accounts for around 52 per cent of the Indian population's employment and generates 16 per cent of the country's overall GDP. The rapid growth of agriculture is necessary not just for self-sufficiency but also to earn crucial foreign exchange. Despite the fact that millions of farmers are marginal and small, Indian farmers are unrivalled in terms of production and productivity. They are just as quick to accept improved agricultural technologies as farmers in rich countries. It is believed that by providing timely and enough inputs such as fertilisers, seeds, and pesticides, as well as making reasonable agricultural loans and crop insurance available, Indian farmers will secure the nation's food and nutritional security. As a result, on April 9, 2002, the ‘Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres' plan was created to increase technology transfer and extension services, as well as provide self-employment opportunities to technically skilled people. Herein after, we imagined the state of Madhya Pradesh from a worm's-eye perspective, which is a view of a scheme from below, as if the observer were a worm; it can be used to make an object appear big, strong, and mighty while the viewer feels childish or helpless. So, we here go through the actual facts by covering about the scheme, NTIs, trained candidates &venture established.

The landscape of speech reporting

Languages offer various ways to report what someone said. There is now a vast but heterogeneous literature on speech report constructions scattered throughout the semantics literature. We offer a bird’s eye view of the entire landscape of reporting and propose a classification along two dimensions: at-issue vs. not-at-issue, and eventive vs. non-eventive. This bird’s eye perspective leads to genuinely new insights, for instance on the nature of quotative evidentials and reportative moods, viz., that they are both eventive, and hence semantically more like some types of direct and indirect speech than reportative evidentials and modals are. EARLY ACCESS