Eye Movement Trajectories Research Articles

A multimodal physiological-psychological data-driven study on differentiation in miners' job burnout and risk preferences.

Existing research indicates that the personality traits of miners influence their emotional regulation strategies, and these strategies in turn affect their performance in work fatigue. However, whether there is an intermediary or moderating role among these factors remains unclear. Additionally, while some studies suggest an increased likelihood of unsafe behavior among miners following fatigue, physiological data concerning their cognition remains incomplete and requires further exploration. This study aims to explore the mediating and moderating effects of emotional regulation strategies among miners regarding their personality traits and work fatigue, and to expand understanding of the cognitive and physiological data related to miners' risk decision-making following fatigue. Fifty adult miners (Mage = 25, aged 18-40, 100% male) were selected as participants. Emotional regulation tendency, significant levels of personality traits based on the Big Five Personality Traits questionnaire, and the three-dimensional levels of work fatigue were measured using emotional regulation strategy scale, Big Five Personality Traits questionnaire, and work fatigue scale, respectively. The eye-brain consistency hypothesis posits that eye movement trajectories and fixation points reflect the brain's cognitive processes and focus. Therefore, combining eye-tracking experiments, miners' preferences in risk decision-making were further measured. Expressive suppression strategies mediated between conscientiousness and depersonalization; expressive suppression strategies moderated between agreeableness and emotional exhaustion. In eye-tracking physiological experiments, significant differences were found in eye movement data among miners with varying levels of emotional exhaustion. Preferences in emotional regulation strategies play mediating and moderating roles between miners' Big Five Personality Traits and work fatigue. The levels and dimensions of work fatigue are influenced not only by personality traits but also by individual tendencies in emotional regulation strategies, which significantly affect performance in risk decision-making. The findings of this study can further enrich theories related to work fatigue among miners and provide insights for personalized safety management in mining.

Fixational eye movements enhance the precision of visual information transmitted by the primate retina

Fixational eye movements alter the number and timing of spikes transmitted from the retina to the brain, but whether these changes enhance or degrade the retinal signal is unclear. To quantify this, we developed a Bayesian method for reconstructing natural images from the recorded spikes of hundreds of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the macaque retina (male), combining a likelihood model for RGC light responses with the natural image prior implicitly embedded in an artificial neural network optimized for denoising. The method matched or surpassed the performance of previous reconstruction algorithms, and provides an interpretable framework for characterizing the retinal signal. Reconstructions were improved with artificial stimulus jitter that emulated fixational eye movements, even when the eye movement trajectory was assumed to be unknown and had to be inferred from retinal spikes. Reconstructions were degraded by small artificial perturbations of spike times, revealing more precise temporal encoding than suggested by previous studies. Finally, reconstructions were substantially degraded when derived from a model that ignored cell-to-cell interactions, indicating the importance of stimulus-evoked correlations. Thus, fixational eye movements enhance the precision of the retinal representation.

Cognitive processes in selecting humorous punchlines: A comparative study of humor and creativity

Humor generation represents the application of creative cognition in spontaneous, real-life contexts. This study sought to explore the cognitive processes involved in humor generation, with a special focus on the selection of humorous punchlines, by comparing humor and creativity. Employing a daily dialogue Question-Answer paradigm, participants were presented with four types of alternative answers for each dialogue: humorous, novel (non-humorous), routine, and irrelevant. Utilizing eye-tracking technology, the study tracked participants' eye movement trajectories during the selection of humorous punchlines, with a focus on fixation durations on the four answer types at different time intervals. Fifty participants were randomly assigned to either the group tasked with selecting humorous answers or the group tasked with selecting novel answers. The findings indicated that the humor group initially spent more time fixating on novel answers than humorous ones when selecting humorous punchlines; however, in the later stages, fixation duration on humorous answers surpassed that on novel answers. This dynamic underscores a competitive relationship between these two types of associations, shedding light on the cognitive distinctions between humor and creativity. Conversely, the novel group consistently exhibited a preference for humorous answers throughout the punchline selection process. The preference for humorous semantics in the novel group underscored cognitive similarities between humor and creativity. This study sheds light on the cognitive processes involved in selecting humorous punchlines and provides valuable insights into the cognitive parallels and distinctions between humor and creativity.

What can entropy metrics tell us about the characteristics of ocular fixation trajectories?

In this study, we provide a detailed analysis of entropy measures calculated for fixation eye movement trajectories from the three different datasets. We employed six key metrics (Fuzzy, Increment, Sample, Gridded Distribution, Phase, and Spectral Entropies). We calculate these six metrics on three sets of fixations: (1) fixations from the GazeCom dataset, (2) fixations from what we refer to as the "Lund" dataset, and (3) fixations from our own research laboratory ("OK Lab" dataset). For each entropy measure, for each dataset, we closely examined the 36 fixations with the highest entropy and the 36 fixations with the lowest entropy. From this, it was clear that the nature of the information from our entropy metrics depended on which dataset was evaluated. These entropy metrics found various types of misclassified fixations in the GazeCom dataset. Two entropy metrics also detected fixation with substantial linear drift. For the Lund dataset, the only finding was that low spectral entropy was associated with what we call "bumpy" fixations. These are fixations with low-frequency oscillations. For the OK Lab dataset, three entropies found fixations with high-frequency noise which probably represent ocular microtremor. In this dataset, one entropy found fixations with linear drift. The between-dataset results are discussed in terms of the number of fixations in each dataset, the different eye movement stimuli employed, and the method of eye movement classification.

A comparative analysis for eye movement characteristics between professional and non-professional players in FIFA eSports game

Eye-tracking technology has been widely applied to various kinds of traditional sports research, such as football, basketball and table tennis. eSports is an emerging digital sport, which is currently enjoying rapid development. The previous study primarily focuses on the practical applications of eye movement in eSports, such as game design, visual attention, and performance analysis. However, there is a scientific gap for the specific differences between expert and novice players, the potential of eye-tracking as a biological marker for eSports performance, and the transfer of insights from real sports to eSports through eye-tracking studies. This study aims to uncover disparities in eye movement characteristics between professional players (N = 14, 24.1 ± 2.5 years) and non-professional players (N = 14, 25.2 ± 2.3 years) by employing the expert-novice paradigm. We extracted several key eye movement features, including average fixation counts, average fixation duration, first fixation duration, eye movement trajectory, and visits to areas of interest. The results indicate that professional players exhibit higher fixation counts, shorter first fixation duration, reduced average fixation duration, and employ a more effective visual search strategy. Professional players’ fixation trajectories are characterized by clarity and focus, with a greater number of fixation points concentrated on key areas of interest. In contrast, non-professional players demonstrate relatively random fixation trajectories, lacking distinct focal points. This study not only advances our understanding of eye-tracking in eSports but also provides technical guidance and practical significance for further research in this burgeoning field.

Digitized Biomarkers Utilizing Human‐Computer Interaction Sensing Technology for Early Auxiliary Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and debilitating neurological disorder that impacts millions of individuals globally. Prompt and accurate detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease are pivotal for providing effective care and management to patients. However, early identification of the disease remains challenging due to the complexity of diagnostic procedures and the similarity of symptoms with age‐related cognitive decline. With the world transitioning towards a more digital‐focused environment, there is an increasing potential to utilize human‐computer interaction technologies to aid in the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease.MethodWe recruited 40 healthy individuals, 40 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 40 patients with early AD. By incorporating fusion perception‐enhancing technologies into intelligent identification devices, such as eye‐tracking and body motion detection, peripheral modal biometric information can be gathered from subjects.ResultThe study found that in human‐computer interaction experiments using eye‐tracking, the patients with early AD showed significantly longer completion times and free rates of eye motion and movement trajectory than the normal group and those with MCI. The correlation between eye motion trajectory and movement trajectory was notably lower as compared to the normal group and the MCI group. During the human‐computer interaction physical movement experiment, the AD group recorded lower target accuracy rate and screen click rate as compared to the normal group and patients with MCI. Similarly, in the human‐computer interaction clock drawing experiment, the AD group demonstrated longer completion time and pen‐up thinking time, as well as lower clock drawing scores. Furthermore, the total completion time of human‐computer interaction tasks was notably shorter as compared to conventional cognitive screening tests. In conclusion, peripheral biomarkers obtained from the aforementioned human‐computer interaction task were analyzed using machine learning techniques, resulting in the identification of early‐stage Alzheimer’s disease with a classification accuracy of 91.1%.ConclusionHence, this non‐invasive and accurate technique may prove instrumental in identifying potential cognitive deficits associated with this disease while also being widely applicable for screening early AD.

An automatic detection method for schizophrenia based on abnormal eye movements in reading tasks

Schizophrenia is a common mental disease worldwide. To assist doctors in diagnosing schizophrenia through objective biological indicators, an automatic detection method for schizophrenia is proposed in this work. The proposed automatic detection method, which is based on the abnormal eye movements of schizophrenic patients in reading tasks, includes three parts: valid reading state trajectory extraction, eye movement trajectory extraction, and model construction based on abnormal eye movements in schizophrenic patients. The valid reading state trajectory extraction algorithm is proposed to divide the reading process into a valid reading state and an invalid reading state based on the visual perception of the subjects in the reading process. For the eye movement trajectory extraction, an eye center positioning algorithm based on the double ring of the limbic boundary is proposed for the valid reading state. Based on the extracted eye movement trajectory, models from three aspects of abnormalities of schizophrenic patients during reading are built: the merged eye-head movement, relative eye movement, and comprehensive reading performance. The features extracted from the three models are combined with a pattern recognition classifier to realize the automatic diagnosis of schizophrenia (the support vector machine, random forest, and adaptive boosting are used in this work). The video dataset used in this experiment was recorded using 40 subjects (20 schizophrenic patients and 20 healthy controls) from the Psychiatry Department of the Mental Health Center. The experimental results show that the detection accuracy of the automatic detection method for schizophrenia can reach 96.25%, which indicates that the proposed method can be used as a computer-aided diagnosis method for schizophrenia.

Does early exposure to spoken and sign language affect reading fluency in deaf and hard-of-hearing adult signers?

Early linguistic background, and in particular, access to language, lays the foundation of future reading skills in deaf and hard-of-hearing signers. The current study aims to estimate the impact of two factors - early access to sign and/or spoken language - on reading fluency in deaf and hard-of-hearing adult Russian Sign Language speakers. In the eye-tracking experiment, 26 deaf and 14 hard-of-hearing native Russian Sign Language speakers read 144 sentences from the Russian Sentence Corpus. Analysis of global eye-movement trajectories (scanpaths) was used to identify clusters of typical reading trajectories. The role of early access to sign and spoken language as well as vocabulary size as predictors of the more fluent reading pattern was tested. Hard-of-hearing signers with early access to sign language read more fluently than those who were exposed to sign language later in life or deaf signers without access to speech sounds. No association between early access to spoken language and reading fluency was found. Our results suggest a unique advantage for the hard-of-hearing individuals from having early access to both sign and spoken language and support the existing claims that early exposure to sign language is beneficial not only for deaf but also for hard-of-hearing children.

Predicting Visual Fixations.

As we navigate and behave in the world, we are constantly deciding, a few times per second, where to look next. The outcomes of these decisions in response to visual input are comparatively easy to measure as trajectories of eye movements, offering insight into many unconscious and conscious visual and cognitive processes. In this article, we review recent advances in predicting where we look. We focus on evaluating and comparing models: How can we consistently measure how well models predict eye movements, and how can we judge the contribution of different mechanisms? Probabilistic models facilitate a unified approach to fixation prediction that allows us to use explainable information explained to compare different models across different settings, such as static and video saliency, as well as scanpath prediction. We review how the large variety of saliency maps and scanpath models can be translated into this unifying framework, how much different factors contribute, and how we can select the most informative examples for model comparison. We conclude that the universal scale of information gain offers a powerful tool for the inspection of candidate mechanisms and experimental design that helps us understand the continual decision-making process that determines where we look. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 9 is September 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Deviated Saccadic Trajectory as a Biometric Signature of Glaucoma.

To investigate whether the trajectories of saccadic eye movements (SEMs) significantly differ between glaucoma patients and controls. SEMs were recorded by video-based infrared oculography in 53 patients with glaucoma and 41 age-matched controls. Participants were asked to bilaterally view 24°-horizontal, 14°-vertical, and 20°-diagonal eccentric Goldmann III-sized stimuli. SEMs were evaluated with respect to the saccadic reaction time (SRT), the mean velocity, amplitude, and two novel measures: departure angle (DA) and arrival angle (AA). These parameters were compared between the groups and the associations of SEM parameters with glaucoma parameters and integrated visual field defects were investigated. Glaucoma patients exhibited increased mean SRT, DA, and AA values compared with controls for 14°-vertical visual targets (P = 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively). The SRT, DA, and AA were significantly associated with the mean and pattern standard deviations of perimetry and with the mean RNFL thickness by OCT (all P < 0.001). Glaucoma was associated with the AA (P = 0.05) and both the SRT (P = 0.01) and DA (P = 0.04) were associated with integrated visual field defects. The saccadic trajectories of glaucoma patients depart in an erroneous path and compensate the disparity by deviating the trajectory at arrival. The initial deviation that we observed (despite continuous exposure to the stimulus) suggests the disoriented spatial perception of glaucoma patients which may be relevant to difficulties encountered daily.

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize retinal images. Due to its importance and robustness, the OKR has been used to study visual-motor learning and to evaluate the visual functions of mice with different genetic backgrounds, ages, and drug treatments. Here, we introduce a procedure for evaluating OKR responses of head-fixed mice with high accuracy. Head fixation can rule out the contribution of vestibular stimulation on eye movements, making it possible to measure eye movements triggered only by visual motion. The OKR is elicited by a virtual drum system, in which a vertical grating presented on three computer monitors drifts horizontally in an oscillatory manner or unidirectionally at a constant velocity. With this virtual reality system, we can systematically change visual parameters like spatial frequency, temporal/oscillation frequency, contrast, luminance, and the direction of gratings, and quantify tuning curves of visual feature selectivity. High-speed infrared video-oculography ensures accurate measurement of the trajectory of eye movements. The eyes of individual mice are calibrated to provide opportunities to compare the OKRs between animals of different ages, genders, and genetic backgrounds. The quantitative power of this technique allows it to detect changes in the OKR when this behavior plastically adapts due to aging, sensory experience, or motor learning; thus, it makes this technique a valuable addition to the repertoire of tools used to investigate the plasticity of ocular behaviors.

Айтрекинг-исследование визуального внимания детей с нарушением слуха в ситуации обучения

&lt;p&gt;Potential mechanisms underlying atypical joint attention that impede effective learning are analyzed using the example of the consequences of hearing impairment. A sample of preschool children with hearing impairment after cochlear implantation (sensorineural hearing loss, ICD-10 class H90) was studied. For the study, an experimental situation was created that would allow tracing the learning difficulties in children with hearing impairments associated with the skills of joint attention. In the course of completing a training task jointly with an adult in children with hearing impairment, eye movements were recorded with a portable tracker in the form of Pupil Headset glasses. In the course of the study, it was possible to identify and visualize markers of oculomotor activity that impede their effective learning: distribution of visual attention over a wide area of the visual field, not in a focused mode; in the trajectory of eye movements and the position of fixations, there is a preference for non-social signals, non-target objects, difficulties in switching attention from one object to another. The main manifestation of joint attention deficit in preschoolers with hearing impairment is a decrease in the volume and time of stable maintenance of synchronicity of perception in the learning process. The parameters of oculomotor activity can serve as an indicator of the ability of a child with a hearing impairment to maintain attention to the sample form and a diagnostic indicator of the possible number of errors in the learning process. Such indicators are the duration and number of fixations. The role of multimodal means of maintaining visual attention to the sample in the process of teaching children with hearing impairment is shown. It was revealed that the attention of a child with hearing impairment to the face of an adult is part of the joint attention to the object, which improves the effectiveness of learning and is associated with a longer visual attention to the object (teaching pattern).&lt;/p&gt;

Using synchronized eye movements to assess attentional engagement.

The gradual emergence of online education in China in recent years requires new means of real-time monitoring and timely feedback to students. This research examines the effectiveness of synchronized eye movement assessment of attention engagement through two experiments. The first experiment used 24 university students in school as participants and made them watch the same video in high and low attentional engagement states (serial subtraction task) to compare the Inter-Subject Correlation (ISC) of participants' eye movements in different conditions. The results showed that the ISC of eye movements was significantly higher for participants in a high attentional engagement state than for participants in a low attentional engagement state. The second experiment had 26 university students in school as participants, as part of which they were made to watch video materials under the condition of having eye movement modeling examples. The results showed that the ISC of eye movements was significantly lower for participants in the group with eye movement modeling examples than those without eye movement modeling examples. However, overall test scores were significantly higher in the former than the latter. The first experiment showed that the eye movement trajectories of participants with high attentional engagement were more consistent than of those with low attentional engagement. Therefore, the ISC of participants' eye movements could be used as an objective indicator to assess and predict students' attentional conditions during online education. The second experiment showed that the eye movement modeling examples interfered with the participants' attention distribution to some extent; nevertheless, they positively affected the improvement in teaching effectiveness. Overall, the studies showed that the Inter-Subject Correlation is reliable to assess attentional engagement status in domestic online education.

Task-evoked pupillary responses track precision-weighted prediction errors and learning rate during interceptive visuomotor actions

In this study, we examined the relationship between physiological encoding of surprise and the learning of anticipatory eye movements. Active inference portrays perception and action as interconnected inference processes, driven by the imperative to minimise the surprise of sensory observations. To examine this characterisation of oculomotor learning during a hand–eye coordination task, we tested whether anticipatory eye movements were updated in accordance with Bayesian principles and whether trial-by-trial learning rates tracked pupil dilation as a marker of ‘surprise’. Forty-four participants completed an interception task in immersive virtual reality that required them to hit bouncing balls that had either expected or unexpected bounce profiles. We recorded anticipatory eye movements known to index participants’ beliefs about likely ball bounce trajectories. By fitting a hierarchical Bayesian inference model to the trial-wise trajectories of these predictive eye movements, we were able to estimate each individual’s expectations about bounce trajectories, rates of belief updating, and precision-weighted prediction errors. We found that the task-evoked pupil response tracked prediction errors and learning rates but not beliefs about ball bounciness or environmental volatility. These findings are partially consistent with active inference accounts and shed light on how encoding of surprise may shape the control of action.

Developmental trajectories of eye movements in oral and silent reading for beginning readers: a longitudinal investigation

Eye movements provide a sensitive window into cognitive processing during reading. In the present study, we investigated beginning readers’ longitudinal changes in temporal and spatial measures of eye movements during oral versus silent reading, the extent to which variation in eye movements is attributable to individual differences and text differences, and the functional form of growth trajectories of eye-movement variables. Data were from 363 English-speaking children (52% male; 59.8% White) in the US who were followed longitudinally from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Results showed a rapid decrease in temporal eye-movement measures (e.g., first fixation) and an increase in spatial eye-movement measures (initial landing position) in both oral and silent reading. The majority of variance in eye movements was attributable to individual differences whereas some variance in initial landing position was due to text differences. Most eye-movement measures had nonlinear growth trajectories where fast development tapered off near the end of Grade 3 while initial fixation count and total gaze count in silent reading had a linear growth trajectory. The findings provide a first large-scale look into the developmental progression of eye movements during oral and silent reading during a critical period when reading skills rapidly develop.

Application of Visitor Eye Movement Information to Museum Exhibit Analysis

The motivation of this study is that after the COVID-19 epidemic, museum exhibition visits have also been significantly affected. The purpose of this research is to better understand the visual cognition of visitors, so as to improve the application of physical field or online exhibitions. Currently, no research is available on the differences in the visitor’s viewing and cognitive process with eye movements sequence analysis that stem from the exhibition planning and design of different museums. This study tracks and analyzes the eye movement trajectories of visitors and studies its relation to learning and cognition and finds the key to influencing cognition through behavioral sequence analysis of displayed content. The results show that those interested in the displayed content have better cognitive performance, are immersed in reading text, and have a substantial shift in eye movement. Contrarily, those not interested in the displayed content are distracted and often turn their attention back to the title of the content. In this study, eye movement and fixation are indicators that can be used as a reference for the future design of displays to improve the effectiveness of presenting information to a visitor. Furthermore, this research can also provide future applications in integrating the virtual world and cognitive information, in the application of AR, VR, or metaverse environment, to provide people’s cognition of rapid information in the virtual environment.

Machine learning algorithms on eye tracking trajectories to classify patients with spatial neglect

Background and Objective: Eye-movement trajectories are rich behavioral data, providing a window on how the brain processes information. We address the challenge of characterizing signs of visuo-spatial neglect from saccadic eye trajectories recorded in brain-damaged patients with spatial neglect as well as in healthy controls during a visual search task. Methods: We establish a standardized pre-processing pipeline adaptable to other task-based eye-tracker measurements. We use traditional machine learning algorithms together with deep convolutional networks (both 1D and 2D) to automatically analyze eye trajectories. Results: Our top-performing machine learning models classified neglect patients vs. healthy individuals with an Area Under the ROC curve (AUC) ranging from 0.83 to 0.86. Moreover, the 1D convolutional neural network scores correlated with the degree of severity of neglect behavior as estimated with standardized paper-and-pencil tests and with the integrity of white matter tracts measured from Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Interestingly, the latter showed a clear correlation with the third branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), especially damaged in neglect. Conclusions:The study introduces new methods for both the pre-processing and the classification of eye-movement trajectories in patients with neglect syndrome. The proposed methods can likely be applied to other types of neurological diseases opening the possibility of new computer-aided, precise, sensitive and non-invasive diagnostic tools.

Monitoring Eye Movements Depending on the Type of Visual Stimulus in Patients with Impaired Consciousness Due to Brain Damage.

The eyeballs are often the only way to communicate messages as a result of brain damage. However, it is not uncommon for them to become dysfunctional, thus requiring the introduction of appropriate therapy. The trajectory of eye movements (saccadic movements and gaze fixation) during observation of a static and dynamic point presented with an eye tracker was analyzed in the present study. Twelve patients with brain injury of different etiology, with different degrees of consciousness disorders and not communicating through verbal and motor skills, qualified for the study. All participants demonstrated greater eye movement activity when presented with a dynamic task in which they observed a moving point. The findings suggest that effective eye movement therapy must incorporate dynamic stimuli.

The role of eye tracker in teaching video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: the differences in visual strategies between novice and expert surgeons in thoracoscopic surgery.

BackgroundIn light of continued advances in surgical techniques, it is essential to improve the efficacy of training young thoracic surgeons. Increasingly, the feedback of visual information is believed to be a crucial teaching tool. When surgeons are looking at surgical teaching videos, eye gaze technology can be used to record the gaze movement to examine the stages of information access.MethodsA total of 8 novice surgeons and 8 expert surgeons were recruited to watch an instructional video of surgery while Tobii Pro Fusion was used to recorded their movement trajectory. Another 36 novice surgeons were recruited and divided into two groups. One group watched the video following the trajectory of the senior thoracic surgeons’ eye movements and the other group watched the raw video. All 36 novice surgeons subsequently underwent a post-test which was conducted via a questionnaire.ResultsThe differences in eye fixation patterns and search strategies between novices and experts were assessed using 4 indexes, including total duration of fixation, time to entry saccade, number of saccades, and peak velocity of saccade. The results were compared using independent-sample t-tests and repeated-measures analysis. When experts watched the videos, there was a 67.8% overlap of eye gaze compared to a 51.4% overlap in novices (P≤0.001). The post-test showed that novice surgeons who watched the video marked with the senior thoracic surgeon’s eye movements had a better understanding of the key points of the operation.ConclusionsNovice and expert surgeons have different eye fixation patterns and search strategies when watching videos of thoracoscopic surgery. Watching surgical videos marked with expert eye movement trajectories is conducive to novice surgeons to master operative skills.

The Influence of Feedback Content and Feedback Time on Multimedia Learning Achievement of College Students and Its Mechanism.

This study investigated the content of feedback (adaptive, elaborated, and knowledge of correct response, KCR) and time (Immediate and Delayed) influences on multimedia learning of college students. Students from the Northeast Normal University (N = 157) were randomly assigned to one of the six experimental conditions. We tried to explain the influence mechanisms of different feedback effects through subjectively reported motivation, cognitive load, and eye movement trajectory during the feedback period. The results showed that (1) different feedback methods in terms of feedback time and feedback content have significantly different effects on scores. Among them, scores of the immediate feedback group were significantly higher than those of the delayed feedback group, and the scores of the adaptive feedback (AF) group were significantly higher than those of the elaborated feedback (EF) group and the knowledge of the correct response feedback group. (2) Different types of feedback contents have significantly different effects on motivation. The motivation scores reported by the AF group and EF group were significantly higher than those reported by the knowledge of the correct response feedback group. (3) Different feedback methods in terms of feedback time and feedback content had significantly different effects on subjective germane cognitive load reports. Among them, the germane cognitive load score of the immediate feedback group was significantly higher than that of the delayed feedback group. The germane cognitive load scores reported by the AF group were significantly higher than those reported by the EF group and knowledge of the correct response feedback group. (4) The germane cognitive load plays a partial mediating role between the AF and post-test scores. (5) Different feedback methods in feedback time have different effects on eye movement fixation trajectory, which shows that the subjects in the immediate feedback group were significantly less than those in the delayed feedback group in fixation count and fixation time in the interest area of the stem. (6) Consistent with our hypothesis, different feedback methods in feedback content have different effects on eye movement trajectory. In summary, the results show that the AF initiated in this study has a positive effect on multimedia learning of college students; it not only provides empirical evidence for cognitive load theory but also helps educators design adaptive learning feedback according to responses of students.