Eye Makeup Research Articles

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Methenamine

Methenamine is a biocide that is used in cosmetic eye make-up preparations at concentrations of less than 1%. Methenamine, following oral administration, undergoes hydrolysis and generates formaldehyde. Methenamine is rapidly absorbed from the intestinal tract and excreted mostly unchanged in the urine. A single oral dose of 20 g/kg Methenamine did not cause mortality in rats. No untoward signs of toxicity were observed in either subchronic or chronic studies. Methenamine was slightly irritating to the skin of rabbits. In ocular studies it was mildy irritating. In animal assays, Methenamine was a sensitizer when tested at a concentration of 25%, but not at 0.2%. It was neither an irritant nor a sensitizer to humans at 0.1%. In a number of teratologic and reproductive studies, no teratogenic effects attributable to Methenamine were observed. Methenamine was a mutagen in Drosophila melanogaster but not in other in vitro mutagenicity assays. Methenamine did not show any carcinogenic activity, either alone or when nitrite was included in the drinking water of the test animals. Methenamine is judged to be safe for non-aerosolized cosmetic products at a concentration not to exceed 0.16%. At this concentration, the released formaldehyde concentration will not exceed 0.2%.

Fatty layer of the precorneal film in the ‘office eye syndrome’

The thickness of the fatty layer of the precorneal film was estimated by the semiquantitative inteference method in 70 office workers from two town halls in Copenhagen County and compared with that in 110 controls from the general population. There were significant correlations between use of eye make-up and a thin fatty layer (less than or equal to 50 nm, P = 0.023) and between investigation time before 12 h and a thick fatty layer (greater than or equal to 150 nm, P = 0.046). After correction for these confounders, the fatty layer was significantly reduced in the office population compared with the controls (P = 0.0032). Furthermore, absence of biomicroscopically dry eyes (expressed as a combination of premature break-up of the tear film and lissamine green-stained epithelial damage of the bulbar conjunctiva) was significantly correlated to a thick fatty layer (greater than or equal to 150 nm, P = 0.015), indicating that a thick fatty layer may protect the eyes against development of dry eyes. The results indicate that deficiency in available Meibomina oil is involved in the dry eye syndrome we earlier found to be associated with eye irritation in the office environment and termed the 'office eye syndrome'. Together with observation of foam in the eye canthus, estimation of break-up time, and examination for clusters of epithelial damage on the bulbar conjunctiva, measurement of the fatty layer appears to be an easy tool for diagnosing the 'office eye syndrome' or for differentiating this disorder from other conditions with complaints of dryness or irritation.

Kohl: a lead-hazardous eye makeup from the Third World to the First World.

Kohl is a widely used traditional cosmetic. It is mainly worn around the eyes in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. It may be a pervasive source of lead poisoning in those areas and among individuals from those areas who have immigrated to developed nations. Samples of kohl were purchased in Morocco, Mauritania, Great Britain, and the United States. Some of these samples originated from Pakistan, India, and Saudi Arabia. Kohl is widely believed to consist of antimony, but analysis consistently revealed only trace amounts of antimony. Nine of the twenty-two samples tested contained less than 0.6% lead; however, seven samples had lead levels in excess of 50%. The remainder ranged from 3.31 to 37.3%. Third-world-manufactured kohls were purchased in the United States and Britain, suggesting that this hazard is no longer confined to the third world. Those kohls that contained lead were sold in violation of laws on lead in cosmetics in both of these nations. Third-world physicians and health care workers appear to be unaware of possible lead uptake from unsuspected traditionally used items. Physicians in developed nations with patients from Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa need to factor in the possibility of past or present lead intake from unorthodox sources such as kohl.

Kohl: A Lead-Hazardous Eye Makeup from the Third World to the First World

Kohl: A Lead-Hazardous Eye Makeup from the Third World to the First World

Eyelid dermatitis due to cocamidopropyl betaine in an eye make‐up remover

Contact DermatitisVolume 25, Issue 1 p. 64-64 Eyelid dermatitis due to cocamidopropyl betaine in an eye make-up remover J. S. Ross, J. S. Ross St John's Dermatology Centre, St Thomas's Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UKSearch for more papers by this authorI. R. White, I. R. White St John's Dermatology Centre, St Thomas's Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UKSearch for more papers by this author J. S. Ross, J. S. Ross St John's Dermatology Centre, St Thomas's Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UKSearch for more papers by this authorI. R. White, I. R. White St John's Dermatology Centre, St Thomas's Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01778.xCitations: 25AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume25, Issue1July 1991Pages 64-64 RelatedInformation

3 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Tallow, Tallow Glyceride, Tallow Glycerides, Hydrogenated Tallow Glyceride, and Hydrogenated Tallow Glycerides

Tallow, Tallow Glyceride, Tallow Glycerides, Hydrogenated Tallow Glyceride, and Hydrogenated Tallow Glycerides are used in eye and face makeup preparations and in skin care preparations. Concentrations of use range from ≤0.1 % to > 50%. The fatty acid constituents of Tallow, and some of the corresponding fatty acid alcohols have been evaluated for safety by the Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology, the Food and Drug Administration, and by an Expert Panel of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review. In all cases, the ingredients were found safe in present practices of use. None of these constituents of Tallow were toxic through oral and dermal exposure, they were not ocular or dermal irritants, and they were neither dermal sensitizers nor photosensitizers. The same was true for other oils which contain varying concentrations of the constituents of Tallow. Based on the CIR safety evaluations of the individual constituents of Tallow and of cosmetic ingredients containing the constituents of Tallow, and on the approval of Tallow for use in foods and other consumer products, it is concluded that Tallow, Tallow Glyceride, Tallow Glycerides, Hydrogenated Tallow Glyceride, and Hydrogenated Tallow Glycerides are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use.

Investigation of an Outbreak of Moraxella Conjunctivitis at a Navajo Boarding School

In 1986, an outbreak of Moraxella follicular conjunctivitis occurred in girls attending a Navajo boarding school in New Mexico. We diagnosed 19 cases of culture-proven, and 21 of clinical conjunctivitis based on isolation of Moraxella from conjunctival cultures and the occurrence of symptoms significantly associated with positive culture. Sharing eye makeup was significantly associated with Moraxella-positive conjunctivitis (odds ratio [OR] = 7.2, P = .004) and showed a trend toward significance in those with clinical conjunctivitis (OR = 2.9, P = .09). Eyeliner and eye shadow were implicated (OR = 4.1, P less than .05). We cultured samples of 13 students' makeup; one third of the eyeliners were positive for Moraxella. Nasal carriage of Moraxella was found in 35 (44%) of the 79 female boarders and in 20 (21%) of 97 Navajo patients at two nearby clinics. In a prospective evaluation of the effect of patient education and rifampin therapy on the occurrence of conjunctivitis during an 11-month follow-up period, both types of intervention were successful in significantly reducing the rate of conjunctivitis when compared with that in a control group.

Foam at inner eye canthus in office workers, compared with an average Danish population as control group.

Foam formation in the eye canthus is well-known. The presence of foam was observed in 169 office workers in 4 town halls in Copenhagen County compared with 112 control persons from the general population in the same area. The presence of foam depends on age and gender. A significant increase with age was observed in the control population (P = 0.0078). In both groups, females had a significantly lower occurrence of foam than males (P = 0.0043, P = 0.010). This difference was mainly caused by the use of eye make-up. After correction for age, gender and use of eye make-up, the prevalence of foam was significantly lower in the office population than in the control population (P less than 0.0001). Furthermore, low foam formation was significantly correlated to reported subjective eye irritation in the office population (P = 0.0074), but not in the control population (P = 0.40). Also, significant positive correlation between absence of foam and different degrees of dry eyes (expressed as a combination of premature break-up of the precorneal tearfilm and lissamine green stained epithelial damage of the bulbar conjunctiva) was found both in the office population and in the control population (P = 0.0090, P = 0.0034). However, after correction for the more frequent appearance of dry eyes in the office population, foam was still observed significantly less frequently in the office population than in the control population (P = 0.0001). It is concluded that the decreased foam formation in the office worker constitutes a key symptom in the development of 'office eye syndrome'. In what way the office environment influences the foam formation is unknown. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

Mascara—an unsuspected cause of magnetic resonance imaging artifact

It is well recognised that metals, especially iron, will cause artifacts in magnetic resonance (MR) images. Hitherto it has not been recognised that some facial cosmetics contain magnetic materials, in sufficient quantities to cause artifacts. We report a case of a 25-year-old female who had MR images of her orbits made while wearing mascara eye makeup. The resultant images showed distortion of the signal over the anterior aspect of both eyes. Examination following the removal of the eye makeup resulted in the acquisition of normal images. The typical ingredients of mascara are natural and synthetic waxes, glycerine, water, kaolin, preservatives, polymer film formers and pigments. A wide range of pigments may be used, especially iron oxide, which is a constituent of both brown and blue mascara. In addition it is likely that a number of mascaras will be contaminated with heavy metals. As a result of this observation we now ensure that all patients who are undergoing MR imaging of the head, remove all facial cosmetics as well as any jewelry prior to imaging.

Incidence of cosmetic dermatitis.

During 1973-1978, 41 cases of contact dermatitis due to cosmetics were recorded at a skin clinic in Stockholm serving a catchment population of about 250,000 people. Most of the cases were of allergic contact dermatitis and due to eye make-up and antiperspirants.

Consumer life styles and market segmentation

Consumer behaviorists faced with the task of segmenting markets increasingly turn to the study of consumer life styles. The life style concept and its role in predicting consumer decisions are analyzed here. One methodology known as AIO or life style research has proven especially useful in identifying heavy users of specific product categories. Three representative AIO portraits—for beer, eye make-up, and bank credit cards—are outlined. An evaluation of life styles as a systems concept suggests bright prospects for presenting research findings to clients, formulating creative strategies, positioning products and services and selecting media.

Cosmetic Use and Its Adverse Events among Female Employees of Jimma University, Southwest Ethiopia.

Cosmetics is applied to human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering appearance. Cosmetics is causing alarming adverse events to its users, yet evidence about its magnitude and cosmetic use among female employees in Ethiopia is limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining cosmetic use and its adverse events among female employees of Jimma University. A cross-sectional study was done among female employees from December 2016 to January 2017. Samples of 426 participants were selected using stratified simple random sampling from all colleges, and data were collected using self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to compute proportions and logistic regression to assess the determinants of cosmetics-related adverse events. A total of 387 females were participated, making a 90.8% response rate. The majority (80.1%) were using at least one cosmetic product, and 39.0% of them were between 25-29 years. The majority (86.6%) of the respondents used toothpaste, lotion, lipstick, or eye makeup. Cosmetics related adverse events were experienced by 19.0% of the respondents primarily on face and hairs. Lotion and hair cosmetics were the primary perceived causes of adverse events. Employees who had monthly income between 1000 and 3000 ETB (AOR=3.4; 95% CI: 1.4-8.4), above 3000 ETB (AOR=4.7; 95% CI: 1.8-12.2) and those who used traditional cosmetics (AOR=4.5; 95% CI: 2.1-9.6) were more likely to develop adverse events. A significant proportion of the users suffered from cosmetics related adverse events. The female employees have to be aware of the rational cosmetics utilization practices to minimize adverse events.