Hand Eye Research Articles

Robot-Based Procedure for 3D Reconstruction of Abdominal Organs Using the Iterative Closest Point and Pose Graph Algorithms

Image-based 3D reconstruction enables robot-assisted interventions and image-guided navigation, which are emerging technologies in laparoscopy. When a robotic arm guides a laparoscope for image acquisition, hand–eye calibration is required to know the transformation between the camera and the robot flange. The calibration procedure is complex and must be conducted after each intervention (when the laparoscope is dismounted for cleaning). In the field, the surgeons and their assistants cannot be expected to do so. Thus, our approach is a procedure for a robot-based multi-view 3D reconstruction without hand–eye calibration, but with pose optimization algorithms instead. In this work, a robotic arm and a stereo laparoscope build the experimental setup. The procedure includes the stereo matching algorithm Semi Global Matching from OpenCV for depth measurement and the multiscale color iterative closest point algorithm from Open3D (v0.19), along with the multiway registration algorithm using a pose graph from Open3D (v0.19) for pose optimization. The procedure is evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively on ex vivo organs. The results are a low root mean squared error (1.1–3.37 mm) and dense point clouds. The proposed procedure leads to a plausible 3D model, and there is no need for complex hand–eye calibration, as this step can be compensated for by pose optimization algorithms.

Laterality and performance in elite male golfers

ABSTRACT Human beings display laterilised behaviour. In sport, including golf, players adopt a right- or left-handed stance. There may be advantages in going against convention in the position of the dominant hand relative to golf stance. However, no work has investigated this in an elite sample of golfers or considered how various combinations of hand, eye, and foot dominance may be associated with elite golfing ability. This study aimed to establish the lateralised preferences of elite golfers, and how the combination of lateralised behaviours may associate with high-level performance. We elicited hand preference, eye dominance, foot dominance, and full swing stance in 71 male golfers all currently playing professionally on tour and ranked in the top 500 in the world. Performance was measured using rankings and ‘strokes gained’ statistics. There was an underrepresentation of left-hand dominance and left-hand stance in the sample, with a large proportion of players having ‘crossed’ eye dominance. There was limited association between performance and hand dominance, eye dominance and stance. However, higher ranking position was associated with right foot dominance and uncrossed combinations between hand, eye, and foot dominance. This study provides an enhanced understanding of lateralised behaviour in an elite golfing sample.

Eyelid Contact Dermatitis: 25-Year Single-Center Retrospective Study

Background/Objectives: Eyelid dermatitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the palpebral skin characterized by itching, edema, and scaling of the periorbital area. This entity can be a manifestation of various underlying dermatological diseases, but allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is the predominant etiology of eyelid dermatitis among patients, being diagnosed in 43.4% of cases. The thin and highly permeable nature of eyelid skin increases its susceptibility to allergens, making it a distinct clinical entity. This study aimed to identify the primary haptens associated with eyelid ACD and compare these findings with the allergens implicated in non-eyelid ACD over a 25-year period in a large cohort of patients. Methods: We conducted a monocentric, retrospective study on a dataset of 7955 patients patch-tested for ACD at the Outpatient Allergy Dermatology Clinic of the Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS) from 1997 to 2021. Eyelid ACD cases were identified based on clinical features and positive patch test results. Data on demographics, occupation, and personal history of atopy were collected. The statistical analyses assessed the associations between allergens and eyelid ACD. The trends in the sensitization rates for the most prevalent allergens were also evaluated. Results: Eyelid ACD was identified in 4.6% of the study population, predominantly affecting women (88.6%). Patients with eyelid ACD were more likely to exhibit single-hapten positivity (54.6%) and an atopic phenotype (52.3%) compared to non-eyelid ACD cases. Nickel sulfate (54%), cobalt chloride (13.4%), and thimerosal (12.6%) were the most common allergens associated with eyelid ACD. While thimerosal sensitization decreased significantly following its removal from topical products, nickel sensitization increased, likely due to exposure from electronic devices and hand–eye contact. Conclusions: The haptens identified in eyelid ACD largely overlap with those found in other body regions, including metals, fragrances, and preservatives. However, the unique characteristics of eyelid skin and hand–eye contact patterns play a significant role in sensitization. This study highlights the need for further investigation into the pathophysiology of eyelid allergic contact dermatitis, with particular emphasis on elucidating the mechanisms of hapten sensitization. Such insights could contribute to the development of effective strategies aimed at reducing allergen exposure.

Characteristics of patients diagnosed with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) who request reinstatement of their driving privileges.

Patients who experience seizures, including PNES, are usually advised to discontinue driving, or have their driving privileges revoked until a determined period of seizure-freedom is achieved. In this retrospective study, patients with PNES who requested driving privileges or reported having resumed driving were compared to those who did not on measures of depression, anxiety, PTSD, and cognitive flexibility/motor speed. DiagnosisofPNESwasconfirmedwithvideo-EEG.Demographicand clinical dataand requests for reinstatement of driving privileges (requiring 6 or more months seizure freedom) and reports of decisions to resume driving were noted. Tests of motor speed and hand eye coordination and self-report questionnaires of depression, anxiety and PTSD administered as part of neuropsychological assessment were analyzed. A total of 403 patients with PNES evaluated in 2010-2020 were identified. Of those, 365 patients were eligible for inclusion, and of those, 60 applied for driving privileges or reported that they resumed driving. When the two groups were compared, the group that applied for driving privileges or decided to resume driving was significantly less depressed (p=0.001) when tested than the group that did not. Furthermore, a significant difference was seen in measures of motor performance between those who requested to resume driving and those who did not (DKEFS T1, p=0.006, DKEFS T2, p=0.001, DKEFS T3, p=0.002, DKEFS T4, p=0.001; GPT dominant, p=0.05, GPT non-dominant, p=0.003). Driving a motor vehicle is a useful measure of improvement for PNES because patients with seizures are required to discontinue driving until seizure-freedom is achieved. This study revealed that lower levels of depression and better fine motor functioning were associated with reported seizure-freedom and driving resumption. Depression is commonly associated with diminished performance (slower motor response times and impaired fine motor movements) on tests of motor functioning, both of which may result in less interest in pursuing permission to resume driving. These findings suggest that mood symptoms (and associated performance on measures of motor speed and coordination) may have prognostic significance in patients diagnosed with PNES. This also suggests that timely treatment of depression in newly diagnosed patients with PNES may be indicated.

Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Excutive Fuction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that imposes a serious caregiving burden on society and families. Especially for children with early detection and diagnosis of autism, more and better treatment methods are needed to improve their daily living abilities and quality of life. The existing technological means are mostly behavioral interventions, and physical factors have not been used as routine treatments. There are also few cases of transcranial magnetic therapy applied to younger ASD children. This case report describes a 4-year-old child with autism spectrum disorder who not only has developmental delays but also executive dysfunction. Therefore, he received rehabilitation treatment. He continuously received behavioral interventions and increased high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic therapy treatment. As a result, it was found that the developmental quotient of the children improved after treatment, especially in the hand eye coordination area and personal social area. At the same time, children's control inhibition improved, GO test accuracy increased, and reaction time shortened. However, there was no significant change in the NOGO test accuracy and reaction time. In conclusion, high frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation may improved executive function and growth and development in children with ASD. We need to conduct more controlled trials and objective evaluation methods in the future to understand the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of transcranial magnetic therapy on executive function in children with autism.

Using a mixed-reality headset to elicit and track clinically relevant movement in the clinic.

21st century neurology will require scalable and quantitative tools that can improve neurologic evaluations over telehealth and expand access to care. Commercially available mixed-reality headsets allow for simultaneous presentation of stimuli via holograms projected into the real world and objective and quantitative measurement of hand movement, eye movement, and phonation. We created 6 tasks designed to mimic standard neurologic assessments and administered them to a single participant via the Microsoft HoloLens 2 mixed-reality headset. The tasks assessed postural hand tremor, finger tapping, pronation and supination of hands, hand and eye tracking of a center-out task, hand and eye tracking of a random motion task, and vocal assessment. We show the utility of the HoloLens for commonly used neurological exams. First, we demonstrate that headset-derived holograms can project hand movements and objects in 3D space, providing a method to accurately and reproducibly present test stimuli to reduce test-test variability. Second, we found that participant hand movements closely matched holographic stimuli using a variety of metrics calculated on recorded movement data. Third, we showed that the HoloLens can record and playback exam tasks for visual inspection, sharing with other medical providers, and future analysis. Fourth, we showed that vocal recordings and analysis could be used to profile vocal characteristics over time. Together, this demonstrates the versatility of mixed reality headsets and possible applications for neurological assessment. Administering components of the neurologic exam via a self-contained and commercially available mixed-reality headset has numerous benefits including detailed kinematic quantification, reproducible stimuli presentation from test to test, and can be self-administered expanding access to neurological care and saving hospital time and money.

Investigating the relationship between manual dexterity and auditory spatial processing

BackgroundManual dexterity, referring to fine motor skills and hand–eye coordination, has been suggested to influence various cognitive processes, including attention. Attention has been shown to be strongly related to auditory spatial processing, which primarily involves the perception and interpretation of sound locations in the environment. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between manual dexterity and auditory spatial processing abilities.MethodA total of 30 participants, aged 19–25 years (mean age: 22.06 ± 1.85 years), were assessed for handedness using the Edinburgh Handedness Questionnaire (EHQ). They were divided into 2 groups: 15 right-handed (RH) and 15 left-handed (LH) individuals based on their EHQ scores. The virtual auditory space identification (VASI) test was administered for the assessment of auditory spatial skills. It consists of presenting a series of virtually presented sounds from 8 azimuths (0°, R45°, R90°, R135°, 180°, L90°, L135°, and L45°) randomly through TDH HDA 200 headphones. Correct responses and biased responses along with their corresponding reaction times were calculated.ResultsResults revealed that although the RH group displayed a slightly stronger leftward bias in both degrees of error and reaction compared to the LH group and vice-versa, these differences were not statistically significant.ConclusionThe study concluded that there is little to no association between handedness and an individual’s auditory spatial ability. The absence of a significant difference in auditory spatial performance between RH and LH individuals may contribute to more inclusive and equitable approaches in fields where auditory spatial abilities are important.Trial registrationSH/IRB/RP/08. Registered 12 January 2023.

Eye Drop Instillation Success and Hand Function in Adults with Glaucoma: A Pilot Study

Eye Drop Instillation Success and Hand Function in Adults with Glaucoma: A Pilot Study

Comparison of NeedleTrainer™ and ultrasound tissue simulator in a simulated environment among novice regional anaesthesia practitioners

BackgroundUtilising ultrasound technology has resulted in higher success and lower complication rates during regional anaesthesia (RA) procedures. Proper training is necessary to accurately identify structures, optimise images, and improve hand–eye coordination. Simulation training using immersive virtual environments and simulation models has enabled this competency training to be conducted safely before performing on patients. We conducted a study to compare the simulator performance and users’ feedback on a Blue Phantom Regional Anaesthesia Ultrasound Training Block and NeedleTrainer™.MethodsForty-seven participants were recruited via convenient sampling during a RA workshop for novice practitioners. They were divided into the N or B group and then crossover to experience using both Blue Phantom and NeedleTrainer model. Time-to-reach-target, first-pass success rate, and complication rate were assessed, while the learning and confidence scores were rated using six-item and three-item questionnaires, respectively, via a 5-point Likert scale.ResultsBlue Phantom model has a longer time-to-target as compared to the NeedleTrainer model (16 ± 8 vs 8 ± 3 s, p < 0.001), higher first- pass success rate (100% vs 80.9%), and lower complication rate (0% vs 19.1%). Higher overall learning satisfaction scores (28 ± 4 vs 25 ± 4, p = 0.003) and confidence scores after training (13 ± 2 vs 12 ± 2, p < 0.001) were recorded for the Blue Phantom model.ConclusionsWe postulated that the artificial intelligence structure recognition software enables NeedleTrainer users to attain shorter time-to-target. That being said, Blue Phantom provides better operator learning satisfaction, improved confidence, higher success and lower complication rates among novice RA practitioners, possibly due to greater tactile feedback during the simulated training.

Mitigating Cybersickness in Virtual Reality: Impact of Eye–Hand Coordination Tasks, Immersion, and Gaming Skills

Cybersickness remains a significant challenge for virtual reality (VR) applications, particularly in highly immersive environments. This study examined the effects of immersion, task performance, and individual differences on cybersickness symptoms across multiple stages of VR exposure. Forty-seven participants aged 18–45 completed a within-subjects design that involved the Cybersickness in Virtual Reality Questionnaire (CSQ-VR) and the Deary–Liewald Reaction Time (DLRT) task. Cybersickness symptoms were assessed across four stages: before and after VR immersion, and before and after a 12 min rollercoaster ride designed to induce cybersickness. The results showed significant increases in symptoms following the rollercoaster ride, with partial recovery during the post-ride tasks. Eye–hand coordination tasks, performed after the ride and VR immersion, mitigated nausea, as well as vestibular, and oculomotor symptoms, suggesting that task engagement plays a key role in alleviating cybersickness. The key predictors of symptom severity included a susceptibility to motion sickness and gaming experience, particularly proficiency in first-person shooter (FPS) games, which was associated with a reduced cybersickness intensity. While task engagement reduced symptoms in the later stages, particularly nausea and vestibular discomfort, overall cybersickness levels remained elevated post-immersion. These findings underscore the importance of task timing, individual differences, and immersive experience design in developing strategies to mitigate cybersickness and enhance user experiences in VR environments.

Research on Target Hybrid Recognition and Localization Methods Based on an Industrial Camera and a Depth Camera in Complex Scenes

In order to improve the target visual recognition and localization accuracy of robotic arms in complex scenes with similar targets, hybrid recognition and localization methods based on an industrial camera and depth camera are proposed. First, according to the speed and accuracy requirements of target recognition and localization, YOLOv5s is introduced as the basic algorithm model for target hybrid recognition and localization. Then, in order to improve the accuracy of target recognition and coarse localization based on an industrial camera (eye-to-hand), the AFPN feature fusion module, simple and parameter-free attention module (SimAM), and soft non-maximum suppression (Soft NMS) are introduced. In order to improve the accuracy of target recognition and fine localization based on a depth camera (eye-in-hand), the SENetV2 backbone network structure, dynamic head module, deformable attention mechanism, and chain-of-thought prompted adaptive enhancer network are introduced. After that, on the basis of constructing a dual camera platform for target hybrid recognition and localization, the hand–eye calibration, collection and production of image datasets required for model training are completed. Finally, for the docking of the oil filling port, the hybrid recognition and localization experimental tests are completed in sequence. The test results show that in target recognition and coarse localization based on the industrial camera, the recognition accuracy of the designed model reaches 99%, and the average localization errors in the horizontal and vertical directions are 2.22 mm and 3.66 mm, respectively. In target recognition and fine localization based on the depth camera, the recognition accuracy of the designed model reaches 98%, and the average errors in depth, horizontal, and vertical directions are 0.12 mm, 0.28 mm, and 0.16 mm, respectively. These not only verify the effectiveness of the target hybrid recognition and localization methods based on dual cameras, but also demonstrate that they meet the high-precision recognition and localization requirements in complex scenes.

The Effect of Interaction between Training Methods and Eye-Hand Coordination on the Accuracy of the Forehand Groundstroke of Court Tennis

This study aims to determine the Effect of Training Methods on the Accuracy of Court Tennis Reviewed from Eye Hand Coordination. This study uses a 2x2 factorial design experiment, which is an experimental design method that combines several independent variables while still considering the potential impact of factorials. Moderator variable on the outcome or independent variable. This research was carried out at the Kentoeng Tennis Academy Sukoharjo Field, Pojok, Mulur, Bendosari District, Sukoharjo Regency. There was no effect of interaction between eye hand treatment and coordination on the improvement of accuracy Groundstroke forehand . This is evidenced by the results of the anova statis tical test with a probability value of 0.841 &gt; 0.05. The test results with 2-way anova statistics were obtained in the interaction test, a calculated f value of 0.042 and a probability of 0.841. Based on the criteria mentioned above, the probability of &gt; 0.05 means that the interaction factor does not affect the improvement of the accuracy of the forehand groundstroke of the court. The interaction factor means that the training method and eye-hand coordination do not work together to improve the accuracy of the forehand groundstroke court tennis. So, Hypothesis 3 which states: there is an interaction between training methods and eye-hand coordination on improving the accuracy of the forehand groundstroke of the tennis court, is rejected.

Impact of prior experience and gender on cognitive load during initial drone use

The purpose of this demonstration study was to determine the effect of prior experiences and gender on cognitive demands at the initial educational technology experience. The task of drone operation was selected as a novel educational technological tool and videogame use was determined to be a tangential prior experience. Through the framework of embodied cognition, the NASA Task Load Index was used to measure cognitive demand. Practicing middle- and high-school science teachers were recruited to participate in this study. Participants operated drones at three instances over two weeks. An additional challenging task was also presented. A mixed ANOVA suggested a significant interaction between videogame use and time: F(2, 28) = 3.77, p<\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$p<$$\\end{document} 0.05. A significant interaction between gender and time was also observed: F(2, 29) = 3.72, p<\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$p<$$\\end{document} 0.05. For both prior experience and gender, the differences were observed at the first instance of drone operation and not at subsequent trials. Results suggest prior experience and gender may only affect cognitive load at the initial experience and leveling of cognitive load occurs with continued practice. These findings can support an educator’s planning for drone-based activities and help to mitigate the stigma of gender differences regarding technology use. Additionally, these findings support the need to examine and enhance related and transferable skills, such as hand–eye coordination and spatial thinking, to lessen cognitive load at the initial educational experience.

Contribution of Arm Muscle Strength and Hand Eye Coordination to the Lower Service Results of the Mts S Muaro Sijunjung Volleyball Extracurricular Team

The aim of this research was to see the contribution of arm muscle strength, hand eye coordination to the volleyball bottom serve results of the MTs S Muaro Sijunjung Volleyball extracurricular team. The type of research used in this research is correlation research. The population in this study were all volleyball extracurricular athletes at MTs S Muaro Sijunjung, while the sampling technique in this study used total sampling, so the sample in this study was 18 people. The tests used in this research used arm muscle strength tests (push ups), baseball throwing and catching, and volleyball bottom serve tests. From the results of tests carried out on MTs S Muaro Sijunjung volleyball extracurricular athletes, the results obtained were that there was a contribution between arm muscle strength to the lower serve of 1.23% and the remaining 98.77% was influenced by other factors, there was a contribution between hand eye coordination and volleyball bottom serve is 8.26% and the remaining 91.74% is influenced by other factors, and there is a contribution of arm muscle strength and hand eye coordination to volleyball bottom serve of 2.97% and the remaining 97.03% is influenced by other factors.

Vision-guided robot calibration using photogrammetric methods

We propose novel photogrammetry-based robot calibration methods for industrial robots that are guided by cameras or 3D sensors. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our methods are capable of calibrating the robot kinematics, the hand–eye transformations, and, for camera-guided robots, the interior orientation of the camera simultaneously. Our approach uses a minimal parameterization of the robot kinematics and hand–eye transformations. Furthermore, it uses a camera model that is capable of handling a large range of complex lens distortions that can occur in cameras that are typically used in machine vision applications. To determine the model parameters, geometrically meaningful photogrammetric error measures are used. They are independent of the parameterization of the model and typically result in a higher accuracy. We apply a stochastic model for all parameters (observations and unknowns), which allows us to assess the precision and significance of the calibrated model parameters. To evaluate our methods, we propose novel procedures that are relevant in real-world applications and do not require ground truth values. Experiments on synthetic and real data show that our approach improves the absolute positioning accuracy of industrial robots significantly. By applying our approach to two different uncalibrated UR3e robots, one guided by a camera and one by a 3D sensor, we were able to reduce the RMS evaluation error by approximately 85% for each robot.

Contribution of Hand Eye Coordination and Arm Muscle Strength to Volleyball Serving Ability

The aim of the research is to find out whether there is a contribution between the eyes and arms and arm muscle strength on the ability of the upper body in the sport of volleyball among students at SMA 08 Oku. Correlation research method with quantitative enhancement. The samples are X.1 and Data collection techniques are tests and documentation. The data analysis techniques are normality test, multiple linear correlation, T test and F test. The results of the correlation research for X1 and Y produced a figure of 0.892, while X2 and Y produced a figure of 0.892. For the F test, Fcount (86.470) &gt; Ftable (3.555) and the significant p-value &lt; 0.05, namely 0.000. So it is concluded that Ho is rejected, this means that push-ups and wrist flexibility affect the volleyball serve.

One-Step Solving the Robot-World and Hand–Eye Calibration Based on the Principle of Transference

One-Step Solving the Robot-World and Hand–Eye Calibration Based on the Principle of Transference

Enhanced Hand–Eye Coordination Control for Six-Axis Robots Using YOLOv5 with Attention Module

Utilizing machine vision technology based on YOLOv5, a six-axis robot can quickly identify and classify targets. However, when the YOLOv5 model is used for the recognition and grasping of small workpieces, issues such as low precision and missed detections frequently occur. This paper proposes an enhanced object recognition algorithm, integrating a CBAM attention module and an improved loss function into YOLOv5 to control the hand–eye coordination of the six-axis robot during grasping. The CBAM attention module is incorporated into the backbone network of YOLOv5 to enhance its feature extraction capabilities, while the original loss function is modified to accelerate convergence and improve regression accuracy. An experimental platform for six-axis robot hand–eye coordination grasping was built, and grasping experiments were conducted. The proposed method significantly improves the robot’s grasping accuracy, with a 99.59% mAP0.5 and a 90.83% successful grasping rate, effectively addressing the challenges of low accuracy and missed detections in traditional systems.

Using a Guidance Virtual Fixture on a Soft Robot to Improve Ureteroscopy Procedures in a Phantom

Manipulating a flexible ureteroscope is difficult, due to its bendable body and hand–eye coordination problems, especially when exploring the lower pole of the kidney. Though robotic interventions have been adopted in various clinical scenarios, they are rarely used in ureteroscopy. This study proposes a teleoperation system consists of a soft robotic endoscope together with a Guidance Virtual Fixture (GVF) to help users explore the kidney’s lower pole. The soft robotic arm was a cable-driven, 3D-printed design with a helicoid structure. GVF was dynamically constructed using video streams from an endoscopic camera. With a haptic controller, GVF can provide haptic feedback to guide the users in following a trajectory. In the user study, participants were asked to follow trajectories when the soft robotic arm was in a retroflex posture. The results suggest that the GVF can reduce errors in the trajectory tracking tasks when the users receive the proper training and gain more experience. Based on the NASA Task Load Index questionnaires, most participants preferred having the GVF when manipulating the robotic arm. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the benefits and potential of using a robotic arm with a GVF. More research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of the GVFs and the robotic endoscope in ureteroscopic procedures.

One-year developmental changes in motor coordination and tennis skills in 10–12-year-old male and female tennis players

BackgroundTo date, no longitudinal studies of quarterly changes have been conducted on the differences in the development of motor coordination between boys and girls in relation to changes in their tennis skills level. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the development of motor coordination of 10–12-year-old tennis players over the course of 1 year, in the light of changes in tennis skills preparation.MethodsOne-hundred eighty male and female tennis players aged 10, 11, or 12 years old participated in the study. Each age group comprised 30 boys and 30 girls. To investigate their motor coordination development, a battery of general tests (simple reaction, complex reaction, Spalding test, spider test, hexagon jumping, Starosta’s test, hand–eye test, balance, plate tapping, jump rope) and specific tennis skills tests (wall game and 100-tennis ball tests) were performed 4 times quarterly over 1 year. Differences between sexes and the time points were assessed. The rate of development evaluation was based on beta coefficient of linear regression.ResultsBoys generally performed better in tennis skills tests than girls. The boys performed better also in one motor coordination test (Spalding test) among 10-year-olds, in two additional tests (spider and plate tapping tests) among 11-year-olds, and another three more tests (simple reaction, complex reaction and Starosta’s tests) among 12-year-olds. Jump rope test among 10-year-olds and hexagon jump test among 12-year-olds were the only tests where girls performed better than boys. On the other hand, girls showed higher rate of development in balance and complex reaction tests than boys.ConclusionsWe conclude that motor coordination and tennis skills development over 1 year is age-, sex-, and task-dependent, with the 10–12-year-old male tennis players performing better in tennis skills and overall motor coordination than females.