Eye Gaze Position Research Articles

The inion response revisited: evidence for a possible cerebellar contribution to vestibular-evoked potentials produced by air-conducted sound stimulation.

This study investigated the effect of eye gaze and head position on vestibular-evoked potentials (VsEPs). Head position would be expected to affect myogenic sources, and eye position is known to affect ocular myogenic responses (ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials), whereas a neurogenic source should behave otherwise. Eleven healthy subjects were recruited, and VsEPs, using 72-channel EEG, were recorded at a fixed intensity above the vestibular threshold. Three eye gaze and three head positions were tested (-20°, 0°, and +20° to the horizontal). Short-latency potentials showed that in addition to the expected effect of gaze on infraocular (IO') leads, where up-gaze gives a maximum response, significant changes in amplitude were also observed in electrodes remote from the eyes and in particular, from contralateral parietal-occipital (PO) and neck (CB') leads. Short-latency potentials of similar latency were observed (p10/n17 and n10/p17, respectively). The pattern of change with gaze in the PO leads was distinct from that observed for the IO' leads. For the PO leads, the maximum response was obtained with neutral gaze, and this was also distinct from that observed for CB' electrodes, where a maximal response was observed with head flexion in the second wave but not the first. Evidence of modulation of N42 and N1 potentials with both eye and head position was also observed. Head- and eye-position manipulation thus suggests that the inion response consists of an early neurogenic component, as well as myogenic responses. The p10/n17 at PO, in particular, may be an indicator of vestibulocerebellar projections.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Loud sounds were used to activate vestibular receptors in human volunteers and the effects of head and eye position studied for short-latency responses. A potential (p10/n17) recorded in the parieto-occipital leads showed behavior not expected for a response with a myogenic origin. Source modeling suggested a possible origin from the cerebellum. It may represent a new indicator of human vestibulocerebellar function.

Clinical evaluation of video imaging technology during visual field exams

PurposeVideo imaging consists in recording the entire visual field process in synchrony with the video of the patient's head. Several clinical applications have been investigated to evaluate the clinical usefulness of this new technology.MethodsThe study included results from 48 visual field exams performed on a MonCvONE full field projection perimeter with synchronized video recording.The video from a large viewing field camera was recorded in synchrony with the position of the visual stimulus, with other test parameters such as luminance and size and with the patient's response obtained from the patient's press button or from the operator judgment. The study included patients who were unable to perform automated perimetry due to young age or handicap, patients with abnormal eye movements, head posture or ptosis and controls performed after automated perimetry.ResultsVideo recording was extremely useful in the majority of clinical cases. 24 exams were performed on young children (age between 2 and 5 years) using attraction perimetry. The eye orientation responses could be interpreted and validated after the exam. In other cases, the video recording facilitated the interpretation and documentation of visual field results with the inclusion of video snapshots in the examination report. Additional applications included the recording of cardinal eye gaze positions and of the fusion visual field.ConclusionsSynchronized video imaging performed during visual field exams is a clinically useful tool for the examination of patients who cannot perform automated perimetry and for the documentation of artefacts and situations such as ptosis, abnormal eye movements, abnormal head posture and incorrect position of refraction.

Eye Gaze Position before, during and after Percept Switching of Bistable Visual Stimului

Eye Gaze Position before, during and after Percept Switching of Bistable Visual Stimului

Evaluation of the Visual Demands of Digital Billboards Using a Hybrid Driving Simulator

Digital billboards (DBBs) are designed to present a virtually limitless stream of information intended to acquire the attention of passing motorists. Unfortunately, very little published research has been conducted to examine how much information drivers can extract during these epochs, or how the acquisition of this information impacts driving performance. Large-format signs are difficult to study using conventional driving simulators because their displays lack the spatial resolution needed to adequately render signs at distances greater than 100-ft. The current study used a hybrid video/mechanical driving simulator to overcome such limitations. Lane keeping, eye gaze position and reading performance were monitored while participants read digital billboards displaying 4, 8 and 12 words while traveling at 25 and 50 MPH. Results indicated that drivers gradually drift away from the centerline during the DBB inspection interval, and then execute large / sudden compensatory steering inputs to re-establish their position in the center of the lane after the billboard had been overtaken. Conditions leading to visual processing overload are iden-tified and some preliminary guidelines for the design and placement of roadside DBBs are proposed.

Visual Attention Region Prediction Based on Eye Tracking Using Fuzzy Inference

Visual attention region prediction has attracted the attention of intelligent systems researchers because it makes the interaction between human beings and intelligent nonhuman agents to be more intelligent. Visual attention region prediction uses multiple input factors such as gestures, face images and eye gaze position. Physically, disabled persons may find it difficult to move in some way. In this paper, we propose using gaze position estimation as input to a prediction system achieved by extracting image features. Our approach is divided into two parts: user gaze estimation and visual attention region inference. The neural network has been used in user gaze estimation as the decision making unit, following which the user gaze position at the computer screen is then estimated. We proposed that prediction in visual attention region inference of the visual attention region be inferred by using fuzzy inference after image feature maps and saliency maps have been extracted and computed. User experiments conducted to evaluate the prediction accuracy of our proposed method surveyed prediction results. These results indicated that the prediction we proposed performs better at the attention regions position prediction level depending on the image.

Towards Understanding and Improving Geoscientific Data Interpretation

Geoscientific data interpretation is a highly subjective and complex task as human intuition and biases play a significant role. Based on these interpretations, however, mining and petroleum industries make decisions with paramount of financial implications. As a first step towards understanding and improving the interpretation process, we carried out two experiments to monitor the human-data interactions during the process of identifying â??targetsâ?? (porphyry-style intrusive systems) within the aeromagnetic imagery. This is achieved by capturing the eye gaze position using an eye tracker system and the brain responses using electroencephalography (EEG). The first experiment was intended to analyse the target spotting performance and the data observation patterns. For this experiment participants performed exercises, where the same magnetic image was presented in different orientations. Some key findings include: inconsistencies in target spotting performance within and between the interpreters; an improvement performance when the data were viewed in multiple orientations; and a strong correlation between the target spotting performance and efficient (systematic) data observation pattern. There was no correlation between success in identifying targets and the participantsâ?? perception of their expertise. The second experiment was designed to identify the characteristics of the targets that are easier to detect using EEG. For this experiment images with targets and without targets were presented in a rapid visual display. The analysis on the image characteristics based on the human visual attention model show a strong correlation between target spotting difficulty and dispersion of the visual attention.

Gaze Contingent Control for a Robotic Laparoscope Holder

Gaze Contingent Control for a Robotic Laparoscope Holder

Real-time eye-gaze estimation using a low-resolution webcam

Eye detection and gaze estimation play an important role in many applications, e.g., the eye-controlled mouse in the assisting system for disabled or elderly persons, eye fixation and saccade in psychological analysis, or iris recognition in the security system. Traditional research usually achieves eye tracking by employing intrusive infrared-based techniques or expensive eye trackers. Nowadays, there are more and more needs to analyze user behaviors from tracking eye attention in general applications, in which users usually use a consumer-grade computer or even laptop with an inexpensive webcam. To satisfy the requirements of rapid developments of such applications and reduce the cost, it is no more practical to apply intrusive techniques or use expensive/specific equipment. In this paper, we propose a real-time eye-gaze estimation system by using a general low-resolution webcam, which can estimate eye-gaze accurately without expensive or specific equipment, and also without an intrusive detection process. An illuminance filtering approach is designed to remove the influence from light changes so that the eyes can be detected correctly from the low-resolution webcam video frames. A hybrid model combining the position criterion and an angle-based eye detection strategy are also derived to locate the eyes accurately and efficiently. In the eye-gaze estimation stage, we employ the Fourier Descriptor to describe the appearance-based features of eyes compactly. The determination of eye-gaze position is then carried out by the Support Vector Machine. The proposed algorithms have high performances with low computational complexity. The experiment results also show the feasibility of the proposed methodology.

注視点検出と瞳孔マウスの組合せによるPC入力法

We propose a method combining eye-gaze detection and PupilMouse to use for communicators for severely physically handicapped people. Both methods are based on remote pupil detection with a near-infrared light source. We had already implemented those methods in similar systems . With PupilMouse, the cursor on the PC display screen is moved smoothly and accurately based on the pupil movements in the camera image caused by the user ' s head movement. In contrast, with the eye-gaze detection method, the cursor moves quickly by shifting the eye-gaze point on the screen and arrives at an inaccurate eye-gaze position. In the proposed method, to use the advantages of both methods, the method is switched in accordance with the speed of the eye-gaze shift. The experimental results show that the proposed method enables characters to be inputs more quickly, accurately, and comfortably than when using one of the two conventional methods.

장애인을 위한 새로운 감성 인터페이스 연구

Objective: Making a new ergonomic interface system based on camera vision system, which helps the handicapped in home environment. Background: Enabling the handicapped to manipulate the consumer electronics by the proposed interface system. Method: A wearable device for capturing the eye image using a near-infrared(NIR) camera and illuminators is proposed for tracking eye gaze position(Heo et al., 2011). A frontal viewing camera is attached to the wearable device, which can recognize the consumer electronics to be controlled(Heo et al., 2011). And the amount of user's eye fatigue can be measured based on eye blink rate, and in case that the user's fatigue exceeds in the predetermined level, the proposed system can automatically change the mode of gaze based interface into that of manual selection. Results: The experimental results showed that the gaze estimation error of the proposed method was 1.98 degrees with the successful recognition of the object by the frontal viewing camera(Heo et al., 2011). Conclusion: We made a new ergonomic interface system based on gaze tracking and object recognition Application: The proposed system can be used for helping the handicapped in home environment

Waveform type evaluation in congenital nystagmus

Congenital nystagmus is an ocular–motor disorder characterised by involuntary, conjugated and bilateral to and fro ocular oscillations. In this study a method to recognise automatically jerk waveform inside a congenital nystagmus recording and to compute foveation time and foveation position variability is presented. The recordings were performed with subjects looking at visual targets, presented in nine eye gaze positions; data were segmented into blocks corresponding to each gaze position. The nystagmus cycles were identified searching for local minima and maxima (SpEp sequence) in intervals centred on each slope change of the eye position signal (position criterion). The SpEp sequence was then refined using an adaptive threshold applied to the eye velocity signal; the outcome is a robust detection of each slow phase start point, fundamental to accurately compute some nystagmus parameters. A total of 1206 slow phases was used to compute the specificity in waveform recognition applying only the position criterion or adding the adaptive threshold; results showed an increase in negative predictive value of 25.1% using both features. The duration of each foveation window was measured on raw data or using an interpolating function of the congenital nystagmus slow phases; foveation time estimation less sensitive to noise was obtained in the second case.

視線インタフェースシステムのための虹彩中心検出誤差軽減手法の検討

We have developed an eye-gaze interface system. The purpose of this system is to develop an easy to use system for spreading to ordinary people as well as people with motor-disabilities of upper limbs. Our system uses a compact video camera and a Windows PC equipped with a frame grabber.This system detects the eye-gaze position on a computer display through the detection of the center of the iris from a captured eye image. When a user gazes at a peripheral point on the display, eye-gaze detection has slightly poorer accuracy because of influences of inner and outer corners of the eye. In this paper, we propose two new procedures to overcome the problem. We show the evaluation of these procedures through the comparing experiments on the accuracy of the eye-gaze estimation.

Robust gaze-tracking method by using frontal-viewing and eye-tracking cameras

Gaze-tracking technology is used to obtain the position of a user's viewpoint and a new gaze-tracking method is proposed based on a wearable goggle-type device, which includes an eye-tracking camera and a frontal viewing camera. The proposed method is novel in five ways compared to previous research. First, it can track the user's gazing position, allowing for the natural facial and eye movements by using frontal viewing and an eye-tracking camera. Second, an eye gaze position is calculated using a geometric transform, based on the mapping function among three rectangular regions. These are a rectangular region defined by the four pupil centers detected when a user gazes at the four corners of a monitor, a distorted monitor region observed by the frontal viewing camera, and an actual monitor region, respectively. Third, a facial gaze position is estimated based on the geometric center and the four internal angles of the monitor region detected by the frontal viewing camera. Fourth, a final gaze position is obtained by using the weighted summation of the eye and the facial gazing positions. Fifth, since a simple 2-D method is used to obtain the gazing position instead of a complicated 3-D method, the proposed method can be operated at real-time speeds. Experimental results show that the root mean square (rms) error of gaze estimation is less than 1 deg.

Gaze tracking based on active appearance model and multiple support vector regression on mobile devices

Gaze tracking technology is a convenient interfacing method for mobile devices. Most previous studies used a large-sized desktop or head-mounted display. In this study, we propose a novel gaze tracking method using an active appearance model (AAM) and multiple support vector regression (SVR) on a mobile device. Our research has four main contributions. First, in calculating the gaze position, the amount of facial rotation and translation based on four feature values is computed using facial feature points detected by AAM. Second, the amount of eye rotation based on two feature values is computed for measuring eye gaze position. Third, to compensate for the fitting error of an AAM in facial rotation, we use the adaptive discrete Kalman filter (DKF), which applies a different velocity of state transition matrix to the facial feature points. Fourth, we obtain gaze position on a mobile device based on multiple SVR by separating the rotation and translation of face and eye rotation. Experimental results show that the root mean square (rms) gaze error is 36.94 pixels on the 4.5-in. screen of a mobile device with a screen resolution of 800×600 pixels.

Eye-gaze based real-time surveillance video synopsis

This paper presents a novel real-time surveillance video summarization system that employs the eye-gaze positions of the surveillance operator. The system output can be used to efficiently review the overlooked sections of the surveillance video, which increases the reliability of the surveillance system. The summary of the operator-monitored actions can also be obtained for efficient re-examination of the surveillance videos. The system employs a novel non-linear video abstraction method that can mix actions from different frames into the same summary frame for more compact videos. The video summaries are performed in real-time on average hardware thanks to our improved dynamic programming based summary techniques. We performed several experiments using synthetic and real world surveillance videos, which showed the practical applicability of our system. Sample videos and their summaries can be reached at http://vision.gyte.edu.tr/projects.php?id=5.

A robust eye gaze tracking method based on a virtual eyeball model

Gaze positions can provide important cues for natural computer interfaces. In this paper, we describe a new gaze estimation method based on a three dimensional analysis of the human eye which can be used in head-mounted display (HMD) environments. This paper presents four advantages over previous works. First, in order to obtain accurate gaze positions, we used a virtual eyeball model based on the 3D characteristics of the human eyeball. Second, we calculated the 3D position of the virtual eyeball and gaze vector by using a camera and three collimated IR-LEDs. Third, three reference frames (the camera, the monitor and the eye reference frames) were unified, which simplified the complex 3D converting calculations and allowed for calculation of the 3D eye position and gaze position on a HMD monitor. Fourth, a simple user-dependent calibration method was proposed by gazing at one position based on Kappa compensation. Experimental results showed that the eye gaze estimation error of the proposed method was lower than 1°.

An assessment of the pattern of spontaneous eyeblink activity under the influence of topical ocular anaesthesia

To determine whether there is a change in the pattern of human eyeblink events under topical ocular anaesthesia. Forty male subjects, aged between 19 and 52 years and with no significant ocular surface disease, were recruited. Their spontaneous eyeblink activity, in primary eye gaze position and in silence, was recorded for 5-min periods, before and after instillation of benoxinate 0.4% eyedrops. The surface anaesthesia was confirmed by aesthesiometry. The spontaneous eyeblink rate (SEBR) decreased from 9.1+/-4.0 blinks/min to an average of 5.7+/-3.3 blinks/min, with 37 subjects showing a decreased eyeblink rate under anaesthesia. Three blink patterns were observed before anaesthesia (symmetrical, J-type and I-type) and these were essentially unchanged under anaesthesia. These studies confirm that the SEBR is usually reduced under surface anaesthesia (so is sensitive to exogenous control) but the pattern of the eyeblink activity is unchanged (so is less sensitive to exogenous control). The removal of exogenous stimuli by anaesthesia does not shift the eyeblink pattern to a single type, so indicates endogenous control.

Performance of a Computer System for Recording and Analysing Eye Gaze Position Using an Infrared Light Device

Our aim is to develop a computer system in order to study the visual scanning and eye fixation during exploration of image. The system uses an infrared device to detect the horizontal and vertical eye movements. In this paper, our interest is concentrated mainly on the calibration procedure. More precisely, on the correction of the nonlinearity in the oculomotor for individual subject's eyes. An adaptive calibration algorithm is developed. The algorithm uses a polynomial model and the optimal correction is obtained by using a mean square error criterion. The paper presents also a method to correct head movements. Experiments show that the proposed approach is fast and accurate for the study of visual perception and recognition processes.

Machine Classification of Dental Images with Visual Search

Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to assess the performance of a computer-based classification system that uses gaze locations of observers to define the subspace for machine learning. Materials and Methods Thirty-two dental radiographs were classified by an expert viewer into four categories of disease of the periapical region: no disease (normal tooth), mild disease (widened periodontal ligament space), moderate disease (destruction of the lamina dura), and severe disease (resorption of bone in the periapical area). There were eight images in each category. Six observers independently viewed the images while their eye gaze position was recorded. They then classified the images into one of the four categories. A sample of image space was used as input to a machine learning routine to develop a machine classifier. Sample space was determined with three techniques: visual gaze, random selection, and constrained random selection. κ analyses were used to compare classification accuracies with the three sampling techniques. Results With use of the expert classification as a standard of reference, observers classified images with 57% accuracy, and the machine classified images with 84% accuracy by using the same gaze-selected features and image space. Results of κ analyses revealed mean values of 0.78 for gaze-selected sampling, 0.69 for random sampling, 0.68 for constrained random selection, and 0.44 for observers. The use of sample space selected with the visual gaze technique was superior to that selected with both random-selection techniques and by the observers. Conclusion Machine classification of dental images improves the accuracy of individual observers using gaze-selected image space.

Amplitude of Accommodation for Different Head Positions and Different Directions of Eye Gaze

One of the theories of the mechanism of presbyopia is the Hess-Gullstrand theory. This theory predicts that amplitude of accommodation should increase in downgaze because of movement of the lens under the influence of gravity, and that this should be more marked for older than for younger subjects. We assessed this theory by measuring the effect of direction of eye gaze and head posture on amplitude of accommodation for two age groups. Farpoints, nearpoints, and amplitude of accommodation were determined for two subject groups, a young group aged 18 to 25 years and an older group aged 35 to 45 years. Small but significant shifts of nearpoints toward the eye were observed when head position or eye gaze was shifted from above to below the horizontal, for the younger observers only (the maximum mean difference between conditions was 1.1 D, compared with a mean accommodation level of 9.8 D for this young group). Previous studies by others found changes in the same direction for eye gaze and head position, respectively, but our changes were much smaller. We do not believe that particular care is needed in selection of head position and eye gaze during clinical measurements of the amplitude of accommodation. Because the shift of the nearpoint was noted only for the younger group, this study does not support the Hess-Gullstrand theory of presbyopia.