Eye Clinic Research Articles

Clinical and genetic risk factors underlying severe consequence identified in 75 families with unilateral high myopia

BackgroundsUnilateral high myopia (uHM), commonly observed in patients with retinal diseases or only with high myopia, is frequently associated with amblyopia with poor prognosis. This study aims to reveal the clinical and genetic spectrum of uHM in a large Chinese cohort.MethodsA total of 75 probands with simplex uHM were included in our Pediatric and Genetic Eye Clinic. Patients with significant posterior anomalies other than myopic fundus changes were excluded. Variants were detected by exome sequencing and then analyzed through multiple-step bioinformatic and co-segregation analysis and finally confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Genetic findings were correlated with associated clinical data for analysis.ResultsAmong the 75 probands with a mean age of 6.21 ± 4.70 years at the presentation, myopic fundus of C1 and C2 was observed in 73 (97.3%) probands. Surprisingly, specific peripheral changes were identified in 63 eyes involving 36 (48.0%) probands after extensive examination, including peripheral retinal avascular zone (74.6%, 47/63 eyes), neovascularization (54.0%), fluorescein leakage (31.7%), peripheral pigmentary changes (31.7%), and others. Exome sequencing identified 21 potential pathogenic variants of 13 genes in 20 of 75 (26.7%) probands, including genes for Stickler syndrome (COL11A1 and COL2A1; 6/20), FEVR (FZD4, LRP5, and TSPAN12; 5/20), and others (FBN1, GPR179, ZEB2, PAX6, GPR143, OPN1LW, FRMD7, and CACNA1F; 9/20). For the peripheral retinal changes in the 20 probands, variants in Stickler syndrome-related genes were predominantly associated with retinal pigmentary changes, lattice degeneration, and retinal avascular region, while variants in genes related to FEVR were mainly associated with the avascular zone, neovascularization, and fluorescein leakage.ConclusionsGenetic defects were identified in about one-fourth of simplex uHM patients in which significant consequences may be hidden under a classic myopic fundus in up to half. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic genetic study on simplex uHM to date. In addition to routine care of strabismus and amblyopia, careful examination of the peripheral retina and genetic screening is warranted for patients with uHM in order to identify signs of risk for retinal detachment and other complications and provide meaningful genetic counseling.

Application of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a disease whose main cause is complications of diabetes mellitus. High levels of sugar in the blood (glucose) are caused by the pancreas' inability to produce insulin. Prevention of diabetic retinopathy and blindness by carrying out examinations at an early stage and doing them regularly. Currently, doctors still carry out examinations manually so they are prone to errors in examinations. This research aims to build an application to diagnose Diabetic Retinopathy in order to facilitate the work of the medical team and doctors at the eye clinic. In the application creation process, MATLAB is used, while feature extraction uses GLCM and for classification, SVM is used. The results of the research are that doctors and medical teams are helped in carrying out manual patient diagnoses and reduce the occurrence of human error.

Capabilities and Limitations of Student-Led Free Vision Screening Programs in the United States.

The Consortium of Student-Led Eye Clinics (CSLEC), founded in 2021, administered a comprehensive survey to document the types of services, most common diagnoses, and follow-up care protocols offered by student-led free vision screening programs (SLFVSP) in the United States. An 81-question institutional review board (IRB)-approved survey was administered to student-led vision screening eye clinics from October 1, 2022 to February 24, 2023. Sixteen SLFVSPs were included in the final analysis, of which 81% (n = 13) conducted variations of fundoscopic examinations and 75% (n = 12) measured intraocular pressure. Cataracts and diabetic retinopathy were reported as the most frequent diagnoses by the majority of SLFVSPs (n = 9, 56%); non-mobile SLFVSPs more commonly reported cataract as a frequent diagnosis (P < 0.05). Most patients screened at participating programs were uninsured or met federal poverty guidelines. Prescription glasses were offered by 56% of the programs (n = 9). SLFVSPs that directly scheduled follow-up appointments reported higher attendance rates (66.5%) than those that only sent referrals (20%). Transportation was the most cited barrier for follow-up appointment attendance. SLFVSPs, one community vision screening initiative subtype, vary significantly in scope and capabilities of identifying vision threatening disease. The follow-up infrastructure is not uniformly robust and represents a key target for improving care delivery to at-risk populations. The CSLEC aims to develop a consensus-based standardization for the scope of screening services, offer guidelines for diagnostic criteria, promote real-time data stewardship, and identify means to improve follow-up care mechanisms in member communities.

The Yin and Yang of non-immune and immune responses in meibomian gland dysfunction

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a leading cause of dry eye disease and one of the most common ophthalmic conditions encountered in eye clinics worldwide. These holocrine glands are situated in the eyelid, where they produce specialized lipids, or meibum, needed to lubricate the eye surface and slow tear film evaporation – functions which are critical to preserving high-resolution vision. MGD results in tear instability, rapid tear evaporation, changes in local microflora, and dry eye disease, amongst other pathological entities. While studies identifying the mechanisms of MGD have generally focused on gland obstruction, we now know that age is a major risk factor for MGD that is associated with abnormal cell differentiation and renewal. It is also now appreciated that immune-inflammatory disorders, such as certain autoimmune diseases and atopy, may trigger MGD, as demonstrated through a T cell-driven neutrophil response. Here, we independently discuss the underlying roles of gland and immune related factors in MGD, as well as the integration of these two distinct mechanisms into a unified perspective that may aid future studies. From this unique standpoint, we propose a revised model in which glandular dysfunction and immunopathogenic pathways are not primary versus secondary contributors in MGD, but are fluid, interactive, and dynamic, which we likened to the Yin and Yang of MGD.

A Closed Loop Audit on the Quality of Referrals from the Emergency Department to the Emergency Eye Clinic

A Closed Loop Audit on the Quality of Referrals from the Emergency Department to the Emergency Eye Clinic

Clinical validation of artificial intelligence-based cataract screening solution with smartphone images (Logy AI cataract screening module)

Background: Purpose of the study was to clinically assess the accuracy of Logy AI cataract screening solution, an artificial intelligence-based module, which works through WhatsApp and also as a separate smart phone application, that can detect cataracts using images taken by a smartphone camera, by comparing with slit lamp based diagnoses made by ophthalmologists. Methods: A prospective clinical study was conducted in an eye clinic of a tertiary care hospital in the southern part of India with 437 patients. Smartphone images taken were sent to the Logy AI cataract screening solution which predicted if the patient had cataract or not. It graded cataracts as immature and mature. Patients were examined by ophthalmologists with slit-lamp and diagnosis was documented. Both were compared. Results: 794 eye images were included in the study. The overall accuracy of the AI screening solution for cataract detection was computed to be 90.08%. Further, the accuracy was 88.02% for immature cataract, 97.16% for mature cataract, and 90.08% normal category. The sensitivity was 90.38%, the specificity was 89.87%, and the F1 score was 87.98%. The positive predictive value was 85.71% and the negative predictive value was 93.29%. Logy AI cataract prediction module’s AUC (0.8946) falls under the good category. Conclusions: Logy AI cataract screening module could work as an effective cataract screening tool at the community level in remote areas where there is no expensive equipment and ophthalmic health care workers considering the accuracy and efficiency to work in low resource settings. It can also be a good home screening tool suitable for the post-COVID era.

Treatment Options for Dry Eye Disease at Svjetlost Eye Clinic Sarajevo - a Review

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic condition that significantly impacts global health by causing discomfort and vision disturbances. It arises from the loss of tear film homeostasis, driven by inflammation, hyperosmolarity, and ocular surface damage. These elements create a cycle that exacerbates the condition, leading to severe symptoms that can impede daily activities. The Tear Film &amp; Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop II (TFOS DEWS II) has classified DED into aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) and evaporative dry eye (EDE), with the latter being more common and primarily caused by Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Objective: The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the treatment options for dry eye syndrome available at Eye Clinic Svjetlost and their frequency. By exploring the various therapeutic approaches, including medical treatments and advanced procedures such as LipiFlow, it seeks to inform readers about the diverse strategies to manage and alleviate dry eye symptoms. Methods: This review examines treatment strategies for DED, particularly those used at Eye Clinic Svjetlost in Sarajevo, based on a five-year analysis of patient records. Results and Discussion: Key treatments include artificial tears, punctum plugs, cyclosporine, and LipiFlow. Artificial tears, especially lipid-based formulations, are fundamental in managing DED. Punctum plugs offer a non-invasive option to retain natural tears. Cyclosporine, an immunomodulator, reduces inflammation and enhances tear production. LipiFlow, targeting MGD, provides significant and lasting relief.Additionally, lifestyle modifications, environmental adjustments, and nutritional supplements, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, play crucial roles in alleviating symptoms. Conclusion: The effectiveness of these treatments highlights the importance of personalized care tailored to individual patient needs. This comprehensive analysis underscores the need for ongoing research and innovation to improve treatment efficacy and quality of life for DED patients. It serves as a call to action for healthcare professionals and researchers to continue advancing in this field.

Assessment of dry eye using Schirmer test in patients attending a tertiary hospital eye clinic in Nigeria

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a frequently encountered ocular morbidity seen among adult patients attending ophthalmic clinics in Nigeria. It can be assessed using different methods although there is differing consensus on reliable tests for accurate diagnosis.&#x0D; Aim: The aim of this study was to assess DED using Schirmer 1 without anaesthesia among adult patients attending the Eye Clinic in a tertiary hospital in Calabar.&#x0D; Methodology: This was a cross sectional study among adult patients who attended the Eye Clinic of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital who were recruited consecutively from January 1st to March 31st, 2019. All consenting participants had comprehensive eye examination and were assessed for DED using the Schirmer 1 Test. Test values of less than 10mm were diagnostic of aqueous tear deficiency. Initial data categorization yielded frequencies, percentages and proportions. Categorical variables were analysed using Chi-square test and continuous variables using Student’s t-test. Statistical significance was found where p-values were &lt;0.05 at one degree of freedom.&#x0D; Results: Overall, 73 participants were included in the study 29 males and 44 females with male-female ratio of 1:1.5, and the prevalence of DED was 28.8%. Most participants had normal distance visual acuity in both eyes. There was a statistically insignificant inverse linear relationship between age and Schirmer 1 test. The relationship between gender and Schirmer 1 test values and consequently for dry eye was statistically significant, p 0.04.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study showed no significant association between DED and age. Female gender was associated with a higher risk of DED but a significant association between DED compared to the male gender. Its assessment in persons with other ocular complains is important. Primary and secondary prevention strategies are recommended.

Barriers to the uptake of eye care services: A cross-sectional survey from rural and urban communities.

To explore the barriers to the uptake of eye care services in urban and rural communities in Papua New Guinea. This was a population-based cross-sectional descriptive study and involved multi-stage sampling. Communities were randomly selected from each of the three clusters of Madang District for free eye care outreaches from June to September 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the outreach patients. The study excluded attendees who refused to consent. Responses were rated from 1 (not a barrier) to 10 (a very strong barrier). The p-value significance was set at ≤ 0.05. The majority of the 972 participants (60.2%) were from rural communities. The mean age of participants was 40.82 ± 13.14 years. Almost two-thirds of the participants (61.4%) never had an eye examination before this study was conducted. All the participants reported that time constraint, insufficient income, good vision in the fellow eye, not considering their eye conditions as serious issues and cultural beliefs were personal barriers to accessing eye care services. Provider-related challenges included long waiting periods at eye clinics and fear of procedure complications. There were differences in barriers with respect to the participants' demographic clusters. There are major personal- and service-related barriers to eye care services in Madang. These barriers could be overcome through strategic human resource development, health education, school screening programs, and establishing eye care centres in the communities to improve the uptake of eye care services in Madang and more widely across the country.

Vision impairment among patients attending Al-Aqiq Hospital, Saudi Arabia

Objective: This study aimed to assess the most common types of vision impairment (VI) and their incidence in patients who attended the Al-Aqiq Hospital (AqH) eye clinic and to compare the results with other clinics inside and outside Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted using the recorded data of patients who visited the AqH eye clinic for eye care from 2021 to 2022. Results: The study sample included 1,711 patients; among them, female responses (n = 879, 51.4%) outnumbered male responses (n = 832, 48.6%). Most patients were Saudi (n = 1,403, 82.0%), with a mean age of 34.63 ± 21.90 years in women and 36.15 ± 23 years in men. Refractive error (RE) was the most common VI (31%), followed by red eye and allergy (15.7%). Blindness, amblyopia, and age-related macular degeneration were the least common disorders (2%). Other presentations of VI such as corneal dystrophies and infections, constituted 10.5% of patients, while 9.1% of patients did not have VI. In the defined data, presbyopia was the most common type of RE (9.8%), followed by stigmatism (4%). Among female patients, RE, dry eye (DR), trauma, DR, and glaucoma were more common among male patients. Conclusions: The incidence of VI was higher among female and Saudi patients at the AqH eye clinic. The most common cause of VI was RE, while amblyopia was the least common cause. The rate of routine follow-up was higher than elsewhere in KSA, indicating a high level of knowledge about eye health care.

Pre-operative cataract patient profile at Utama eye clinic gresik period October-November 2023

Pre-operative cataract patient profile at Utama eye clinic gresik period October-November 2023

Clinical outcome of organ‐cultured preloaded DMEK compared to standard DMEK ‐ A single center study

The use of ready‐to‐use grafts from specialized eye banks might provide a number of benefits, including graft quality control, assured availability at a certain operation time, a decreased likelihood of case cancellation, and a shorter and less sophisticated DMEK surgery, with a resulting lower risk of graft damage. However, it is critical to thoroughly establish the clinical safety of employing these preloaded tissues. Especially since most of the studies were prepared and stored under hypothermic conditions. There are only a few studies on preprepared tissues in organ culture, which are partly controversial.In this prospective study we included patients who received DMEK surgery at the Knappschaft Eye Clinic Sulzbach between 05/2021–12/2022. Patients received either a preloaded DMEK (pDMEK), prepared 5 days before surgery in the eye bank, or a conventional, directly before surgery, surgeon‐prepared DMEK (sDMEK).The preliminary data shows that preloaded DMEK is a safe procedure, but there is a trend towards more frequent rebubbling in the pDMEK group and a statistically non‐significant lower postoperative endothelial cell count compared to the sDMEK group. However, visual acuity and corneal thickness reduction were similar in both groups.

ZEISS VISULAS green SLT in primary open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: 6 month follow up in a real‐world setting

Aims/Purpose: The aim of this study is to report preliminary data of efficacy and safety of ZEISS VISULAS® green Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) in primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) in a real‐life clinical setting.Methods: We prospectively collected data of 34 treated eyes in 17 patients during 2022. Patients followed a regular clinical management in our center (San Giuseppe Hospital, University Eye Clinic, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy). Follow up was of 6 months. Inclusion criteria were adult patients, diagnosis of POAG or OHT. Exclusion criteria were previous laser trabeculoplasty (LT), filtration surgery, and cyclophotocoagulation procedures. Main outcome was ≥20% intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction at 6 months. All the procedures were performed by two doctors (CB, DT). Adverse events were recorded.Results: We included 34 eyes of 17 patients. Mean age was 67.4 ± 11.5 years. Patients were 88.2% Caucasian, 47.1% females, with a diagnosis of OHT (64.7%), mild POAG (29.4%), or moderate POAG (5.9%). The mean IOP was significantly decreased from baseline to 6 months (21.5 ± 2.1 vs 18.0 ± 2.6 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05). Primary outcome (≥ 20% IOP reduction at 6 months) was reached in 52.9% cases. There was no significant increase in glaucoma medical therapy at 6 months (1.1 ± 1.0 vs 1.4 ± 1.0 medication per eye, p = 0.23). No patient received a second SLT treatment or underwent filtration surgery or cyclophotocoagulation procedures during the follow‐up. No major ocular or systemic side effects were found. The most common adverse event was ocular discomfort in 10 cases (29.4%), always mild and transient. SLT treatment was performed with an average of 100.2 ± 6.7 spots, 27.4 ± 4.7 μJ energy, and a 360° distribution for 32 of 34 eyes (2 eyes treated at 270°).Conclusions: We reported the preliminary short‐term data of efficacy and safety of ZEISS VISULAS® green SLT treatment in POAG and OHT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ZEISS VISULAS® green SLT in a real‐life clinical setting. This technology has been shown to be effective and safe in lowering IOP at 6 months after the treatment. Limits of this study were the small sample size and the short follow‐up time.

Associations between dry eye disease and sleep quality: a cross-sectional analysis

Background/aimsTo investigate relationships between dry eye (DE) disease and sleep quality, with a focus on which aspects of sleep most closely relate to DE.Methods141 veterans (mean age: 56±5) seen at...

Management of severe delirium with dexmedetomidine in a palliative care patient—a case report

Dexmedetomidine is used as an adjunct to anaesthesia or as a stand-alone agent for conscious sedation. It is a potent α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, with a fast onset of action and peak effects in 30 minutes to 1 hour after application, depending on the route of administration. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine as a glucuronide. It potentiates analgesia and is effective in opioid sparing. Clinical trials show its efficacy in the treatment of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) delirium with an effect comparable to antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. It has also been used at the Eye Clinic of the University Medical Centre Ljubljana to sedate patients undergoing intraocular surgery. It proved to be an excellent alternative to other sedatives and analgesics, such as midazolam and remifentanil. The aim of this paper is to review the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine and to investigate its potential use in the palliative care population, particularly in the management of delirium. This area of application is still largely unexplored and opens up a new field of application. At the Institute of Oncology (IO) Ljubljana, we have used it with success in several palliative patients with delirium, when all other modalities were failing. At the IO Ljubljana, anaesthesiologists are involved in the palliative management of patients, especially in pain management, but also in sedation and delirium treatment. Given its favourable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects, dexmedetomidine could be used more frequently and perhaps alternative and less complex routes of administration, such as intranasal administration, could be explored. In this paper, we present a case of a palliative care patient in whom dexmedetomidine was used successfully.

The outstanding Russian ophthalmologist Alexey Nikolaevich Maklakov

The conducted archival research and analysis of literary publications allowed us to supplement the biography and creative path in science, clinical and social activities of the outstanding Russian ophthalmologist A.N. Maklakov. This article emphasizes the urgency of the problem of teaching in medical universities, and gives special attention to the thoughts of the scientist about providing clarity in the process of teaching students. The article notes his role in the arrangement and equipment of the new eye clinic of the Moscow University, and presents fragments of memoirs of his student and mentee, another famous Russian ophthalmologist S.S. Golovin. A remark is made about the need to clarify the terms traditionally accepted in the history of medicine in relation to surgery and ophthalmology. An assessment is given on the contribution of A.N. Maklakov to the establishment of the Moscow Ophthalmological Circle, his efforts to unite doctors, and the development of the statutory documents of the All-Russian Society of Eye Doctors.

Research on Nourishing Yin Moisturizing Eye and Eyes Tea in the Treatment of Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency and Dry Eye Clinical

Research on Nourishing Yin Moisturizing Eye and Eyes Tea in the Treatment of Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency and Dry Eye Clinical

Knowledge of refractive errors and barriers to spectacle lens utilisation among patients attending selected eye clinics in tertiary hospitals in Bauchi State, Nigeria

Knowledge of refractive errors and barriers to spectacle lens utilisation among patients attending selected eye clinics in tertiary hospitals in Bauchi State, Nigeria

Ramón Castroviejo (1904–1987): The father of the modern corneal transplantation

Ramón Castroviejo Briones was born in 1904 in Logroño, Spain. He received his medical education at the University of Madrid, where he graduated in 1927. In 1929, he received a fellowship to work as assistant in the Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital and College of Chicago. In 1930, he passed his American Board Examination and returned to Europe to visit the centers where keratoplasty was a fact. He visited the University eye clinics of Madrid, Paris, Vienna, Berlin, and Prague. When he returned to the United States, Castroviejo had a clear idea of what was being done in Europe and what he hoped to achieve. William L. Benedict had offered him a research fellowship at the Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota, which Castroviejo accepted. In 1932, Dr. Maynard C. Wheeler granted Castroviejo a Research Fellowship at the new Eye Institute of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. He moved to New York, where he continued his research in animals in the Eye Institute of the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, and was an early developer of techniques for transplanting corneal tissue from the eyes of those who had just died to damaged eyes of the living. While not being the first to successfully graft human cornea, he improved the technique of the operation in the 1930s and 1940s, prompting the worldwide adoption of corneal transplantation as a standard way to deal with severe corneal pathology. His keratoplasty technique, creating a rectangular rather than circular “window” in the cornea, was the secret to his successful transplants, and remained standard until more efficient suture materials became available. The surgeon described this technique in 1937 to the American College of Surgeons. He contended that rectangular windows gave better results than the circular ones that had been tried earlier, since their edges could be fitted better to merge with and become a living part of the rest of the eye. Although the medical community was slow to recognize his successes, Castroviejo was eventually lauded for his sight‐saving corneal tissue transplant techniques, which he continued to refine and teach for many years. Castroviejo also promoted the donation of corneal tissue in the United States and designed numerous ophthalmic instruments, including the Castroviejo needle holder ‐an instrument used in eye, dental and other forms of microsurgery‐ Castroviejo callipers and corneal scissors. He became the director of Ophthalmology at St. Vincent's Hospital before he opened his own hospital when he bought the Hammond House in New York. After closing his private hospital he retired as clinical professor of the University of New York and moved permanently to Madrid, where he founded the Instituto Castroviejo, at the Complutense University of Madrid, and organized the Spanish Eye Bank, maintaining extensive clinical activity whenever his health permitted. Ramón Castroviejo died in 1987, at the age of 82, and is widely recognized as one of the 10 most influential people in ophthalmology of the 20th century.

Intraocular lens power calculation formulas: a scientometric analysis.

The most accurate method of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in cataract surgery has not been determined, and further studies are needed to reach a consensus. The aim of this study was to assess publications related to IOL power calculation formulas, mapping their yearly trends, most productive authors, top publishing countries and institutions, and areas of specialization for IOL power formulas. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of research articles published on the topic of IOL power calculation formulas. Using PubMed, we employed appropriate search terms and filtered the results for the period of January 1, 1946, to June 28, 2023. Data were analyzed using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Microsoft Excel programs. The visual representations of the collected data through the use of figures was provided to demonstrate the aspects of IOL power calculation research. We retrieved 5475 documents in the initial search. Analysis of these documents revealed an increase in the number of publications, from one publication in 1946 to 201 publications in 2023. The top three countries contributing to these publications were the United States, China, and Japan, collectively accounting for over 27% of the total articles. However, the two institutions with the highest contributions were located in the United Kingdom and Hungary, neither of which was among the top 10 countries in overall contributions. Overall 15 326 authors contributed to publications pertaining to IOL power calculation formulas. Among these authors, the most prolific contributors included Achim Langenbucher from Saarland University (Germany), Giacomo Savini from G.B. Bietti Foundation I.R.C.C.S. (Italy), and Kenneth J Hoffer from the University of California (United States). Saarland University emerged as the most productive institution, contributing equally to two distinct departments: the Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell Research and Congenital Aniridia, as well as the Department of Experimental Ophthalmology. The School of Physical Science at the Open University in the United Kingdom engaged in partnership with various institutions including Eye & Laser Clinic Castrop Rauxel in Germany and Johannes Kepler University Linz in Austria. Among the top 10 keywords found in the publications were "cataract", "cataract surgery", and "intraocular lens". This study represents the first scientometric analysis of publications related to IOL power calculation formulas. The study offers valuable insights into the geographic distribution, contributing authors, and emphasis of research on the IOL power calculation formulas. Further cooperation is essential to pinpoint the most suitable formula and to address gaps in our current understanding.