Exudative Changes Research Articles

Effects of hydrocortisone and polyvalent antivenin on the histological changes in the lung after Naja nigricollis envenomation

The effects of repeated injections of N. nigricollis venom on the lung tissue of albino mice have been studied. The venom resulted in exudation, haemorrhages and emphysematous changes in the alveoli of the lung, as well as peribronchial infiltrations of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Oedematous changes were observed in the blood vessel walls. These lesions were prevented by the treatment of the venom with anti-snake-venom serum, but were only ameliorated when hydrocortisone was injected with the venom.

Clinical and Histopathological Contribution on the Vocal Cord Polyp

Clinical and histopathological examinations were performed on 188 cases of vocal cord polyp.In our patients the vocal cord polyps were most frequently found in males than females, the ratio being 6 to 4. In one half of these cases, namely 89 cases, the polyps were located approximately at the junction of the middle and anterior thirds of the total cord length. The size of polyps was mostly either miliary or rice grain in size. As to the duration of symptoms (hoarseness), about six months had elapsed before operation in most cases.After the histological examination, the epithelial layer of the polyps showed less histological changes as compared with the subepithelial layer.The subepithelial layer showed various changes, and the author observed regional circulatory disturbances such as hemmorrhage, seruminfiltration, vascular expansion and thrombosis. After our examination the histopathology of the vocal cord polyp would be classified in the following four types, d. i. exudative (102 cases), proliferative (40 cases), combined (22 cases) and granulation (8 cases) types.Some correlation between the duration of the lesion and their histological findings was observed. Either exudative or proliferative type was observed in both cases with shorter or longer duration, but there were more cases belonging to the proliferative type than those of exudative type in the cases of more than 4 years duration. After these findings it is considered that the initial exudative histological changes might become proliferative with time.The author would conclude that the vocal cord polyps might appear owing to eigher the localized circulatory disturbances or inflammations, since there were histopathologically findings caused by the circulatory disturbances and also some findings associated with inflammation.

Continuous oxygen therapy in chronic airway obstruction. Observations on possible oxygen toxicity and survival.

Continuous ambulatory oxygen, in sufficient flow to correct hypoxemia, was given to 20 patients with severe chronic airway obstruction. Survival ranged from 7 to 61 months, with 14 patients dying after an average of 26.7 months on oxygen. Postmortem examination in 12 of these showed exudative or proliferative tissue change consistent with oxygen toxicity in 6 and no such changes in 6. Survival was not shortened in those with histologic changes attributable to oxygen. Five patients have lived an average of 42.4 months with continued excellent clinical benefit. The clinical value of oxygen outweighs the possibility of oxygen toxicity.

Nephropathy of secondary syphilis. A clinical and pathological spectrum

Two patients illustrate the clinical and pathological spectrum of renal involvement in secondary syphilis. The first patient had a transient nephrotic syndrome (acute syphilitic nephrosis), with mild proliferative changes shown on light microscopy and subepithelial electron-dense deposits on electron microscopy. The second patient had hemorrhagic nephritis, with diffuse, axial, proliferative and exudative changes shown on light microscopy and subepithelial hump-like deposits on electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent study, done in the first case, revealed subepithelial deposits of IgG and complement (β₁c-globulin) along the glomerular basement membrane. This provides further evidence that the nephropathy of secondary syphilis is an immune-complex disease.

Nephropathy of Secondary Syphilis

Two patients illustrate the clinical and pathological spectrum of renal involvement in secondary syphilis. The first patient had a transient nephrotic syndrome (acute syphilitic nephrosis), with mild proliferative changes shown on light microscopy and subepithelial electron-dense deposits on electron microscopy. The second patient had hemorrhagic nephritis, with diffuse, axial, proliferative and exudative changes shown on light microscopy and subepithelial hump-like deposits on electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent study, done in the first case, revealed subepithelial deposits of IgG and complement (β 1 c-globulin) along the glomerular basement membrane. This provides further evidence that the nephropathy of secondary syphilis is an immune-complex disease.

Renal transplantation in rabbits. 3. Morphological alterations in allografts.

The quantitative morphological alterations in kidney allografts, removed 1 to 14 days after transplantation, have been studied in 118 rabbits. Infiltration by small lymphocytes gradually increased from the first day after transplantation. These cells were later transformed into or followed by larger lymphocytes which dominated the infiltrates after the fourth or fifth day. Swelling or proliferation of endothelial and mesangial cells in the glomeruli slowly became more marked in frequency and extent, followed by proliferations of vascular endothelium and exudation of polymorphonuclear cells and fibrin in glomeruli and vessels. As a rule, proliferative changes were more widespread than exudative changes in the glomeruli and vessels. Thrombosis and cortical necrosis were frequent. In only two cases, however, was massive glomerular microthrombosis present. In the rabbit, the renal allograft reaction differs from renal autograft reaction less in qualitative respects than in quantitative, i.e. by the severity and early appearance of lesions in the allograft.

RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN RABBITS.

Histopathological changes have been studied in 82 specimens from 52 autografts removed from 1 hour to 45 days after transplantation. Discrete lymphocytic infiltrates were found in about 30 per cent of the autografts. Swelling or proliferation of the endothelium in glomeruli and intrarenal vessels was found in about 25 per cent of the grafts, and exudative changes in glomeruli or vessels were seen in about 10 per cent of the autografts. Glomerular microthrombosis occurred in 10 per cent of the grafts, always in connection with recent vascular thrombosis. In conclusion, the same type of histopathological changes described as occurring in the acute allograft reaction may also be found in autografts. The lesions in autografts, however, are inconstant and slight compared with those in allografts. These observations indicate that the kidney graft possesses a reaction pattern which can be activated by non‐immunological as well as by immunological factors.

Crotalaria spectabilis:The Pulmonary Hypertension Plant.

An annual shrub, found in the southern United States as a cover crop, called Crotalaria spectabilis , bears stems, foliage, and seeds containing the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline which produces experimental pulmonary hypertension. A diet of C spectabilis seeds leads to pulmonary hypertension with medial hypertrophy of small pulmonary arteries, right ventricular hypertrophy, and congestive heart failure with organ congestion in young rats. Evidence of pulmonary hypertension includes direct measurements of right atrial and ventricular pressures. Through a series of fascinating experiments, the authors put together a chain of evidence with a skill which parallels the sequential arguments of a trial lawyer. The evidence that C spectabilis induces pulmonary hypertension is generously convincing. The mechanism is not known and probably is not due to mast cell increase which occurs paralleling the exudative pulmonary changes and seems to have nothing to do with serotonin, although the hypothesis was attractive. Although this is a

家兎実験梅毒における多重感作実験

In experimental syphilis in rabbit, an exudative change which brings about destruction of the site of inoculation may be caused by the antigen-antibody complex.In this investigation, an immunosuppressive agent was used to control the production of antibody.On the other hand, multiple sensitization by the Treponema pallidum Nichols strain was repeated.As a result, a gumma and a granuloma which was likely to change into a gumma were produced. In the central region of the gumma, the presence of Treponema pallidum was proved.In the sensitized rabbits, serum antibody was measured by VDRL, TPHA, and TPIA. To check the presence of localized antibody, the fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antigen technique was applied.

Diplacusis. II. Etiology.

DIPLACUSIS may be congenital as seen in tone-deaf people, or acquired when due to allergy, trauma, infection, toxin, and neoplasm. Provocative food testing will often elicit diplacusis which can be improved by a strict allergic regimen. Trauma may vary from the din of a discotheque to a direct blow to the head or to iatrogenic injury. Infection may be indirect as with a focus in septic tonsils or direct pressure on the oval or round windows in a suppurative otitis media. Toxic factors include: aspirin, quinine, streptomycin, kanamycin, carbon monoxide, and excessive sodium intake. Leukemia, with associated cochlear hemorrhage or acoustic neurinoma, with initial coagulum effect, are neoplastic causes of diplacusis. Cochlear dysharmonics result from physical, chemical and bioelectric effects of anoxia, vasopasm, edema, abnormal capillary permeability, hemorrhage, exudate, and viscosity changes. Capillary fragility can be easily tested using the vacuum-cup method with graduated suction of 10 to 20 or

Arteritis of coronary arteries in mice receiving a single dose of cortisone.

AbstractMice were given a single injection of cortisone acetate and killed from one to seven days later. Arterial lesions occurred first and were predominantly located in the right ventricle. Hyalin was present in media of these coronary arteries within 24 hours following administration of cortisone. Exudative and proliferative changes in the arterial walls and perivascular spaces followed medial hyalinization. The highest incidence of arterial lesions (90%) was attained on the third day following cortisone injection and then decreased slightly (57%) by the seventh day. Myocardial necrosis was observed first in mice killed 48 hours after receiving cortisone and the incidence did not change significantly thereafter.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EDEMATOUS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. 1. TRIETHYLTIN EDEMA.

WHITE 1 was the first to report that the toxic effect of alkyl tin compounds on the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) was primarily paralytic, particularly in the hind limbs. His findings have been confirmed by later investigators 2,3 who have also indicated that the most active forms of alkyl tin are its triethyl derivatives. The in vitro studies show that the toxicity of triethyltin compounds is due to their interference with oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria by inhibiting oxygen consumption. 4,5 Histological and histochemical investigations were carried out by Magee et al 3 who observed interstitial edema in the white matter of the CNS of rats after intraperitoneal and oral administration of triethyltin compounds. The gray matter was not involved. Inflammatory or exudative changes could not be demonstrated; there was no evidence of any alteration in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. These observations have been confirmed by

急性肝炎時の胃幽門部,十二指腸における機能的ならびに器質的変化に関する研究

For the purpose to study histopathological conditions of the duodenum in acute hepatitis, biopsy examinations of the mucosa at the third part of duodenum were done under fluoroscopy by the intestinal biopsy capsule after Crosby. The subjects of the present study were 5 cases of normal controls and 12 patients with acute hepatitis admitted to our clinics, and on the latter group similar examinations were given at two stages; one at icteric stage and the other at convalescent stage. Biopsy specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Azan stain, Pap's method of a modified form of Bielschowsky's silver impregnation, Van Gieson's stain, and PAS-Schiff reaction. Each group of these specimens were prepared into 100 serial sections of 15μ in thickness, and theses were examined according to the following items:The length and width of villi, the arrangement and morphology of epithelial cells; the abnormality in the array of epithelial cell nuclei; the number of lymphocytes within vacuoles of epithelium; the number of goblet cells among epithelial cells; breakages of basement membrane: the lymphocytes in tunica propria; infiltration of plasmocytes, the thickness of mucosa, mitotic index in lacuna; and arrangement and morphology of epithelial cells in crypt; the number of lymphocytes in epithelial cells, the number of goblet cells among epithelial cells; exsdative pathological changes in the neck of crypt and in villi; and accumulation of mucus. As the result the following were obtained.For computing the mitotic index the method of Leblond was used.1. Normal controls: The morphology of villi in normal controls may be classified into three; those of normal shape villi (88.5%). those of branching villi (8.4%), and those fused villi (3.0%).Average length of villi proved to be 487±57μ, average width of 140±41μ, and average thickness of mucosa 142±28μ.Histological findings were similar to those reported by other workers, but there could be observed some lymphocytes sparsely scattered in the edithelial cells. In no case, however, there could be detected eosinophils within epithelial cells. Mitotic index was fonnd to be 2.99±0.19.2. Acute Hepatitis in icteric stage: As for the morphology of villi at the icteric stage in acute hepatitis, some were mixed with short villi, and there were club-shaped villi (13.5%) and mushroom-shaped ones (8.6%). The length of villi tended to be shortened (413±53μ) and in parallel with this shrinkage the mitotic iudex was markedly decreased (1.87±0.59). However, there were no significant differences in the width of villi and the mucosal thickness as compared with those in normal controls. Histological findings revealed disarrangement of epithelial cells, and increase in the number of lymphocytes among epithelial cells, infiltration of lymphocytes and plasmocytes in tunica propria, an increase in goblet cells of villi and crypt, exudative pathological changes in between villi, as well as atrophy and exudative inflammatory changes of duodenal mucosa at the icteric stage in acute hepatitis.3. At the convalescent stage in acute hepatitis: Morphology of villi approaches to that of normal ones, but there could be obesvred long branching villi (16.7%) and average length of villi tended to increase (537±52μ). Paralleling with these changes, mitotic index increased (3.30±0.52). Histologically, no exudative and inflammatory changes were at all observed in villi and tunica propria.

線維芽細胞抑制剤による慢性肝疾患の治療に関する研究

Using the granuloma pouch technique of Selye, effect of chloroquine on the inflammatory tissue reactions was examined in rats.1) The increase of the weight of pouch wall, the volume of pouch exudate, the leukocyte counts in the exudate and histological inflammatory changes were distinctly interrupted in the group treated with chloroquine. The concentration of the drug was the most dense in the liver and the next in the wall.2) The initiation of the effect of chloroquine on the inflammatory tissue was relatively faster accompaning with fibroblast-inhibiting action of the drug.3) It is clear from above observations that chloroquine has an anti-inflammatory action. The mode of anti-inflammatory action of chloroquine was discussed.

Changes in sap exudation of maize and occurrence of lags in exudation during the growing season

1. A method of “measuring strips” for the investigation of the sap exudation of crops under field conditions is described. The quantity of liquid exuded from the detopped stem stump is determined from the length of a wetted zone of a narrow strip of filter paper protected against evaporation of the liquid by a polyethylene cover bag. The strips with the cover bags can be used even to collect greater amounts of exudated liquid. 2. Using this method, the sap exudation of detopped maize plants was observed during the whole growing season. On typical curves illustrating the course of the wetting of the measuring strips, the temporary absorption of the sap from the cells and conducting elements severed by the cut, the lag in exudation and the actual sap exudation can be distinguished. 3. The length of the lag period indicates the magnitude of the momentary water deficit of the investigated plant and the rate of sap exudation indicates the availability of soil moisture. 4. The rate of sap exudation reached its maximum at the end of June and then decreased gradually. In this period also the distinct lag periods were first observed. The occurence of shorter lag periods between the 5th and 29th July, i.e. in the shooting stage which from the standpoint of precipitation is critical for the height of yield, signifies that the critical stage probably coincides with the period in which the natural disproportion between available soil moisture and transpiration may become important. 5. During the period of long lags towards the end of the growing season, the measuring strips were fastened upon the plant stumps 24 hours after the decapitation. The “exudation after 24 hours” determined in this way indicates a significant decrease at the end of August when the soil moisture dropped to a value approaching the permanent wilting percentage. 6. The results have shown that the method of “measuring strips” permits an easy and sensitive evaluation of the water relations of maize plants growing under field conditions.

Studies on experimental silico-tuberculosis. Comparative study with dusts of varying contents of free silica.

1. The tuberculous changes induced in the experimental silicoticlungs of rabbits were found perceptibly more aggravated than those in the control rabbits with simple tuberculosis. 2. In groups of animals subjected to nearly the same rounds of dust inhalation, the tuberculous lesions were somewhat more aggravated in the animals subjected to inhalation of dust with high silica content than those given low silica content, but the difference was rather slight. 3. In the groups made to inhale dust with the same silica content, the animals subjected to more rounds of inhalation showed higher aggravation of the tuberculous lesions, in number, size and tendency to exudative changes, than those subjected to lesser rounds of dust inhalation. 4. The higher accumulation of silica-dust carrying cells in the cases with higher aggravation of the tuberculous changes seems to suggest that in accounting for the development of silico-tuberculous lesions we must pay more attention to the total amount of silica, especially, the dysfunction of the phagocytes due to their satiation with silica particles, rather than to the content of free silica in the dust.

PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE CHANGE IN THE LIVER AND LUNG OF THE DOGS IN DIFFERENT AGES CAUSED MAINLY BY THE LARVAE OF INFECTING ROUNDWORM (TOXOCARA CANIS)

It is known that Toxocara canis does not parasitize in the adult dog but in minor. As to this point, some immunological studies are performed by many authors. In this report, differences depending on the age of dogs in histological changes around the larbored in the liver or lung, and histological findings in the lung of the parasitized adult dog after the operation of anastomosis between portal vein and inferior vena cava, are described. About ten thousand eggs of Toxocara canis per kilogram of body weight are given by catheter into the stomach of dogs which are 7 and 15 days old, 1, 2, 3 and 6 months old and over one year old, and above mentioned operated dog, respectively. On the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th day after giving the eggs, the liver and lung were studied histologically at autopsy. In cases of the dog which were 7 or 15 days old, general symptom were almost normal after giving the eggs, that is, eosinophilic leucocyte did not increase, and visceral migration rate of the larva was prompt. On the 5th day, round cell infiltration around the larva was found in the liver and lung, but on the 10th day, this was almost entirely repaired. In cases of the dogs which were 1_??_3 months old, marked general responses appeared, eosinophilic leucocyte count increased moderately, the visceral migration rate was lessened and the growth of larva was retarded. In the liver and lung, the reactions were found to be localized, the round cell infiltration around the larva changed into the proliferation of fibrocytes or reticulocytes on the 10th day after the infection, and into a perfect tubercle on the 30th day after. In cases of the dogs which were over 6 months old, the general reactions were slight, a marked eosinophilia was found, the visceral migration rate was so slow that the majority of larvae remained in the liver even on the 10th day. The reaction in the liver and lung was a localized and productive one at the initial stage, and complete tubercles were found until the 20th day. In case of the adult dog which was parasitized after making the anastomosis between portal vein and inferior vena cava, a comparatively strong exudative change was found around the larva in the lung, and a nearly complete tubercle was formed on the 35th day after the infection. In conclusion, the defence power of hepatic and pulmonary tissues against the larva of Toxocara canis is thought to be established almost completely in 6 months of age. The fact that adult dogs are scarcely parasitized by Toxocara canis is due to the strong defence power of their liver tissue and that of the lung tissue solely is not sufficient.

Effects of iodoacetic acid on ocular inflammatory responses.

Introduction In a previous study 1 evidence was produced that systemic administration of iodoacetic acid (IAA) and ionizing radiation, when administered to the eye only, elicit very similar ocular lesions. The clinical and histological changes produced by these two different agents in the lens and retina of rabbits correlate surprisingly well. However, there were some significant differences observed with regard to the latent periods of the exudative changes in the aqueous humor and vitreous (Table 1). The exudation appeared somewhat earlier after irradiation than after IAA. The most puzzling feature, however, was presented by the fact that the leading cell type in the exudate of irradiated eyes consisted of polymorphonucleocytes, whereas the exudate in the eyes of IAA-treated animals was dominated by red blood cells. Such a difference in the exudative manifestations was difficult to understand and certainly was in contradiction to the commonly favored view that both IAA and

EFFECT OF ACTH ON CERTAIN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE EYE

The current investigation, with which this preliminary report is concerned in part, was motivated by several considerations. First, artificially induced fever used in the treatment of many of the inflammatory disorders of the eye frequently may achieve the desired effect by the acceleration of the mechanisms normally evoked in many stress states. In this regard, the results of recent laboratory and clinical research are such as to ascribe a basic role to the adrenal gland. Second, the eye is particularly suited, as is no other organ, for direct and minute visualization of disease processes. Here the vascular, cellular and exudative changes of both primary and secondary disease can be observed. In a sense, this opportunity may be considered comparable to that which Markee 1 recognized when he visualized the hormonal response of endometrial tissue implanted in the anterior chamber of the monkey's eye. Thus, to be able to directly observe

Hemangioblastoma of the retina; von Hippel-Lindau disease.

PATHOANATOMIC OBSERVATIONS Collins 3 was the first to report pathologic observations on the disease; the previous observations had been solely ophthalmoscopic, the authors depicting the characteristic features—the enormous dilatation, the tortuosity and change in color of the vessels, and even the subsequent exudative changes—but failing to visualize the true nature of the process, the tumor formation within the retina, and concluding that the visible nodule with the two feeding vessels represented an aneurysm. Clinically, the aneurysmal nature of the nodule was questioned by the circumstance that pressure on the bulbus elicited pulsation of the vessels but that neither pulsation nor bleeding of the nodule accompanied the pressure. According to von Hippel, this lack of pulsation is evidence against the aneurysmal connection between artery and vein, and the possibility that the pulsation is concealed by the coagulation products present seems to lack factual confirmation. Other authors, such as Jacoby, emphasized that