Extrinsic Motivation Research Articles

Exploring strategies to mitigate Internet's environmental damage: An investigation of intrinsic, extrinsic, and price‐based strategies

AbstractThe internet infrastructure, for example, the data centers, is purported to be making substantial damage to the environment. While there are many studies on the national or global interventions and technology developments to minimize environmental damage from the internet, very few have investigated the individual level strategies. This study examines individual‐level strategies, including intrinsic motivation (IM), extrinsic motivation, and price‐based interventions, that internet‐based organizations can implement to minimize the environmental impact of internet usage. The research aims to identify the most effective strategy for reducing individual internet usage after individuals become aware of the environmental consequences. The survey experiment results demonstrate that combining all three strategies proves most effective in mitigating the environmental damage caused by internet usage. Extrinsic motivation is particularly effective, both in combination with other strategies and when utilized independently after raising awareness. The results also depict that when taken individually, price‐based strategies (PPSs) show a lower impact, while IM exhibits the lowest impact on behavior change. Additionally, males exhibit a higher inclination towards extrinsic motivation strategies based on the multi‐group analysis. Remarkably, individuals, regardless of gender, age, income, or level of internet activity, show a willingness to adopt PPSs to decrease internet usage after exposure to an informational video. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of strategies to minimize the environmental impact of individual internet usage.

Putting the Honor Back in Academic Honor Systems

AbstractIn higher education in the United States, the language of honor is prevalent in academic settings. For the purposes of creating a fair educational environment and aiding in students’ personal character development, many universities and colleges implement honor systems that require students to adhere to honor codes. Most of these honor systems penalize forms of academic dishonesty, with some extending to include inappropriate social behaviors such as discrimination and harassment. We argue that the focus of academic honor systems on sanctioning honor violations overemphasizes the extrinsic motivation for compliance and detracts from the intended goal to nurture personal character development and the intrinsic motivation to act honorably. Despite this divergence from their intended goal, academic honor systems should be preserved because, if modified to align with the psychological principles underlying intrinsic motivation and the internalization of and adherence to moral norms, they can serve the significant goal, especially in an educational setting, of shaping individuals and a society that value honor and integrity.

MOTIVATION AND SELF-REGULATION OF LEARNING IN HOMESCHOOLED STUDENTS

In the context of education, motivation and self-regulation of learning are dominant issues. The degree of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to learn is related to students’ academic achievement and literacy development. This study aimed to research the regulatory styles and motivation to learn among homeschooled students, with a particular focus on those who practice unschooling, a form of self-directed learning. A quantitative research strategy was employed, and data were collected using the standardised SQR-Academic questionnaire adapted for the homeschooling context. The questionnaire was completed by 143 homeschooled children (4th to 9th grade), of whom 10.88% reported engaging in unschooling or self-directed learning. The results indicated that identified regulation was prevalent among homeschooled students, who tended to exhibit intrinsic rather than extrinsic motivation. This contrasts with full-time attending students, who generally display a more external regulation style. Among unschoolers, identified regulation was equally prevalent, but the Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) values were higher, indicating a stronger inclination towards intrinsic motivation. Despite these differences in RAI between unschoolers and other homeschoolers, the differences were not statistically significant. The findings are consistent with relevant research from other countries. Future research should explore the factors that influence the degree of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in homeschooled students. Keywords: homeschooled students, intrinsic motivation, lower secondary education students, primary education students, regulation of learning, unschooled students

БІЛІМ БЕРУ ЖҮЙЕСІНДЕ ГЕЙМИФИКАЦИЯ ҚҰРАЛДАРЫН ҚОЛДАНУДЫҢ МҮМКІНДІКТЕРІН ТАЛДАУ

In the modern information educational environment, there is a growing interest in the use of computer games to improve the quality of education, which determines the relevance of the proposed study for the analysis of software with the possibility of gamification of the educational process in the context of the requirements of the state, society and education. The research methodology is the study of information sources of psychological, pedagogical, methodological and technical orientation, the analysis of computer educational games of foreign and domestic authors. The article considers the need for gamification of the educational process, the principles of gamification, its impact on student motivation and participation, as well as the main aspects of the optimal implementation of game elements in training. Modern software resources and platforms offering gamification in the educational process of personal development are analyzed. All software tools with the possibility of gamification of training were divided into groups: gaming platforms, educational quests, learning management services and game development sites. Particular attention is paid to methods for evaluating the effectiveness of gamified programs and platforms, which will allow creating the best didactic tasks and recommendations for teachers. Gamification can increase student motivation and their participation in various educational tasks. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation have a special impact on students' cognitive abilities regarding learning outcomes and improve overall academic performance. Motivation, which is an important means of achieving learning goals, motivates students according to their interests. Since students perceive information differently, they can choose their activities according to their learning preferences. According to the research topic, the positive situation of gamified learning is analyzed and the relevance of digital gamification in education is determined.

The Investigation of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Impacting EFL Students' English Language Learning

The Investigation of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Impacting EFL Students' English Language Learning

The Relationship Between Teaching Motivation of Teachers Working at Science and Art Centers (BİLSEM) and Their Competence in Designing Digital Materials

In this study, the relationship between teaching motivation and digital material design competencies of teachers working in Science and Art Centres (BİLSEM) was examined. Research data were obtained from teachers working in BİLSEMs in the 2022-2023 academic year. In the research, mixed method was used in which quantitative and qualitative data were handled together. In the quantitative dimension of the research, gender and professional seniority differences between digital material design competencies and teaching motivation were examined with the data obtained from 106 teachers working in BİLSEMs across Turkey. In the qualitative dimension of the study, data were collected from 12 teachers working in a BİLSEM in the Western Black Sea Region with a semi-structured interview form. According to the results of the analyses, it was seen that BİLSEM teachers' digital material design competencies were at a high level. Teachers' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation levels were found to be at medium level. No significant difference was found between teachers' digital material design competencies and teaching motivation and gender and professional seniority variables. It was determined that there was a moderate positive relationship between teachers' digital material design competences and their teaching motivation (intrinsic-extrinsic). As a result of the research, it was revealed that teachers need training on current issues such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality, virtual reality.

Motivation of Running Community Members in Semarang City in Running Sport

Studi purpose. This study aims to determine the level of motivation among running community members in Semarang City regarding the sport of running. Materials and methods. This study uses a research method employing a survey approach. The subjects in the study are members of a running community in Semarang City, totaling 50 people. Consisting of 40 men and 10 women. The research instrument uses a motivation questionnaire that has been tested for validity with a value of 0.36 - 0.75 and a reliability value of 0.946. The data analysis technique uses quantitative descriptive analysis by finding the mean, standard of deviation, minimum and maximum value, data analysis using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 25 version. Results. Based on the results of the research on the motivation of running community members in Semarang show that their motivation level reaches 60%, which falls into the very high motivation category. In terms of intrinsic motivation, 50% of the running community members in Semarang are influenced by enjoyment aspect, with a percentage value of 35% and the fitness aspect 35%, both categorized as very high. Meanwhile, extrinsic motivation has a percentage value of 45%, driven by social interaction with 53% of the running community members in Semarang falling into the very high motivation category. Conclusions. Based on the research findings, the motivation level of running community members in Semarang City to engage in running is classified as very high, influenced by intrinsic motivations such as enjoyment and fitness, as well as extrinsic motivations like social interaction.

Assessing the psychological pathways of esports events spectators: an application of service quality and its antecedents and consequences

ABSTRACT Research question This research develops and tests a comprehensive structural model to explain the psychological pathway behind esports spectator behaviours, linking perceived service quality to its antecedents (i.e. extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation) and consequences (i.e. satisfaction and revisit intention). Research methods Two rounds of data collection were completed for Phase One (N = 485) and Phase Two (N = 217). The measurement items were borrowed from a range of pre-existing scales of traditional sport or esports. Phase One was designed to assess the psychometric properties of the measurement model. Phase Two was purported to test the pathways among the constructs as hypothesised in the structural model. Results and findings In Phase One, the model fit indices showed good model fit, reliability and construct validity. In Phase Two, the SEM model fitness indices showed a marginally acceptable model fit. The path analysis supported 15 out of 19 hypotheses; no significant relationships were found between relatedness and intrinsic motivation, autonomy and extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation and physical environment, and intrinsic motivation and interaction. Overall, the structural model showed a moderate to substantial predictive power. Implications The study provides empirical evidence for the proposed relationships among the constructs and expands the realm of the current theories to the context of esports, especially the application of the self-determination theory and the new esports service quality model. It also provides a more comprehensive picture for esports practitioners to understand their spectators and balance their effort in managing elements which promote future attendance.

Optimizing EFL learning: exploring the role of learner background factors and the nuances of their effects on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among university students in a mixed-methods study

IntroductionMotivation is a driving force behind man’s behavior which has led to many psychological studies throughout the world. Moreover, it is the fuel for successful learning. While intrinsic motives provide the internal rewards, extrinsic motivation supplies the required external rewards to keep the engine of learning running. Knowing the factors which impact intrinsic/extrinsic motivation helps educators target their efforts at a higher level and make more informed decisions.MethodThis study intends to examine how intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation may be influenced by demographics including learners’ background factors of major, age, and occupation and to determine the relationships that may exist between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. To this end, an explanatory sequential mixed-methods research was conducted at one of the public universities in Shiraz on the majors of Elementary Education, Educational Affairs, Social Studies and Theology, and the Arabic language which were selected through cluster sampling. These students were having their English courses at the university. Based on Krejcie and Morgan’s formula for sample size, a questionnaire was administered to 100 participants to collect quantitative data. Moreover, semi-structured interview sessions were conducted with one fourth of the participants.ResultsUsing Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Pearson correlation, we found that learners’ background factors of age, field of study and professional status did not affect intrinsic nor extrinsic motivation. However, significant and positive relationships were found between intrinsic motivation and total motivation index, and between extrinsic motivation and total motivation index. Qualitative data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using a thematic analysis. The results of the interviews showed some new illuminating trends as revealed from the participants’ responses and it was found that most interviewees followed intrinsic motives and considered motivation as a factor of great significance.ConclusionIn the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context in which our study was conducted, instructors can follow more similar classroom motivational techniques and strategies since neither type of motivation was influenced by the variables of different major, age and occupation. Though many studies have shown that EFL learners are more extrinsically motivated in comparison with ESL ones, our study revealed that participants were more intrinsically motivated. Thus, this study may be replicated in other educational contexts such as an ESL context. The study can also be repeated in some universities in which other educational systems such as coed education is used to see the possible similarities and differences. Motivation is the important stimulant to impel the learners to achieve their learning goals; thus, it should receive sufficient attention in various educational settings.

Navigating the Challenges of Primary Health Care in Selected Local Government Authorities in Tanzania: Bringing Lipsky’s Theory in Its Requisite Panorama

Introduction The robust delivery of primary health care (PHC) service is a complex interplay of key stakeholders, including policymakers, citizens, the government, parliamentarians, academics, and street-level bureaucrats - health staff in this context. While each of these players has a stake in ensuring robust PHC delivery, this paper specifically examines the role of street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) in dealing with service delivery challenges in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania. Although the engagement with these actors gained momentum in the decentralization reforms of the 1990s, their contribution has been slow. The question remains: How can SLBs cope with LGAs’ predicaments to enhance service delivery? Lipsky’s (1980) theory focuses on this contention by proposing that under challenging encounters, SLBs can develop specific patterns of practices to deal with the status quo. Methods Data were collected through interviews with policymakers at Mvomero District and Moshi Municipal Councils. To assess the effectiveness of primary health care services attributes such as authority, accountability, and access were closely examined. A thematic review of the literature was conducted to corroborate the findings from the interviews. Results The findings indicate that SLBs can cope with complex and challenging situations related to PHC delivery by rationing resources, simplifying their work environment, or exiting from turbulent environments. Although the engagement of SLBs gained momentum during the decentralization reforms of the 1990s, their contribution has been slow. The primary factor hindering their effectiveness is the inability to establish a mutually beneficial relationship between the Central Government and LGAs. Conclusion The government's attempts to control SLBs' behaviors, including limiting their intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, undermine their client responsiveness. Empowering SLBs and fostering a more collaborative relationship between the central government and LGAs is essential to enhance PHC delivery.

A case study on exploring the motivation of English-major EFL students in online exchange programs

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the education sector worldwide, prompting a swift transition to technology-driven learning solutions. One notable response to this challenge has been the introduction of online versions of study-abroad and international exchange programs. Considering the limited existing research on how EFL university students perceive online international exchange programs, this study investigated the motivation of EFL students toward such programs initiated in response to the cancellation of in-person exchanges. The survey among 84 students from a private women's university in Kansai in August 2021 revealed that an overwhelming majority (93%) expressed their desire to participate in online international exchange programs. This study gained further insights by employing the KH Coder text mining software (Higuchi, 2016) to analyze the free-text responses obtained from the questionnaire. The analysis of the responses unveiled their recognition of the distinct advantages offered by online exchange programs. Approximately half of the respondents indicated their willingness to engage in non-credit programs, while a similar percentage conveyed that academic credits could enhance their motivation to participate. Notably, the analysis of the free text revealed that the latter group's seemingly extrinsic motivation was largely self-determined, with their primary goal being program participation. These findings underscore the potential for online international exchanges to be well-received by students, particularly when academic credits are awarded. Additionally, correspondence analysis highlights that the desire to earn academic credits is a topic of interest across all school year levels.

Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Motivation and Decision-making.

Motivation is often thought to enhance adaptive decision-making by biasing actions toward rewards and away from punishment. Emerging evidence, however, points to a more nuanced view whereby motivation can both enhance and impair different aspects of decision-making. Model-based approaches have gained prominence over the past decade for developing more precise mechanistic explanations for how incentives impact goal-directed behavior. In this Special Focus, we highlight three studies that demonstrate how computational frameworks help decompose decision processes into constituent cognitive components, as well as formalize when and how motivational factors (e.g., monetary rewards) influence specific cognitive processes, decision-making strategies, and self-report measures. Finally, I conclude with a provocative suggestion based on recent advances in the field: that organisms do not merely seek to maximize the expected value of extrinsic incentives. Instead, they may be optimizing decision-making to achieve a desired internal state (e.g., homeostasis, effort, affect). Future investigation into such internal processes will be a fruitful endeavor for unlocking the cognitive, computational, and neural mechanisms of motivated decision-making.

Pengaruh Emotional Labour dan Reward terhadap Performa Kerja Karyawan Divisi Pemasaran PT MI

Purpose: This study aims to deepen the understanding of the influence of emotional labor ability and rewards on employee performance, with a case study focusing on PT MI. Methodology: This study used a quantitative approach by collecting data using a questionnaire from 30 employees of the marketing division of PT MI. Statistical analyses were performed to examine employee characteristics, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the dimensions of variables, and the links between variables, mainly using multiple linear regression. Results: The results indicate that rewards significantly affect job performance, while emotional labor does not have a significant impact. Both independent variables simultaneously and significantly influence job performance. The coefficient of determination of 62.3% indicates that emotional labor and rewards can explain 62.3% of the variability in job performance, while the remaining variability is explained by other factors. Limitations: We face a limitation in collecting a higher number of respondents due to the limited number of employees in the marketing division of PT MI. Contribution: This study found that financial and non-financial rewards significantly enhance job performance through intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and psychological contracts between employees and the organization. In contrast, the lack of a significant impact of emotional labor may be due to individual differences in managing emotions, job characteristics, and other dominant factors, such as technical skills and intrinsic motivation. These findings underscore the importance of rewards in improving employee performance and the need for further research on the role of emotional labor in various contexts.

Acquisition Intrinsic or Extrinsic motivators; Boom or Bust on performance; The case study of Fast Food Operations in Egypt

Acquisition Intrinsic or Extrinsic motivators; Boom or Bust on performance; The case study of Fast Food Operations in Egypt

Between Public Guidelines for User Involvement and Ideals About Free Research: Using Collaborative Autoethnography to Explore Researcher Experiences From a User Involvement Process.

User participation is a prerequisite for receiving research funding in healthcare in Norway. Despite many positive benefits, studies report challenges from users' and researchers' perspectives. Limited knowledge exists concerning researchers' experiences in scenarios where the users are professionals within healthcare and research. The aim of this retrospective study was to explore and reflect on personal experiences as researchers from a process of planning and developing research questions for a PhD project, following the James Lind Alliance guidelines, which were a requirement for funding. We focused on how the process of collaboration with a specific group of users influenced the researchers' sense of selves. We used a qualitative design based on collaborative autoethnography, exploring personal experiences from a sociocultural point of view. Two of the three researchers in the team recollected their experiences from the user involvement process while applying the James Lind Alliance guidelines. We used different data sources to develop two autoethnographic narratives. The narratives were analysed using thematic analysis. The autoethnographic narratives demonstrate the complexity of user involvement from the researchers' perspectives. We identified four themes in the analysis: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, competing paradigms, hierarchy and dual roles. The accounts illustrated the researchers' ambivalence within the process, indicating that they feared a loss of control over the direction of the research project. The narratives visualised a struggle to appear as credible researchers, illustrating how the involvement of a specific group of users and adherence to a specific guideline for user involvement influenced the researchers' experiences of their roles and identities in the collaboration. The results point to the relevance of the sociocultural backdrop; researchers might become frontline providers of policy implementation in research, balancing tensions between regulatory constraints, user involvement and researchers' professional identity and research ideals, when a specific, detailed procedure for user involvement is required. Two user panels comprising participants from clinical practice, education and research, along with a service user, collaborated in the planning and development of research questions for a PhD project. This autoethnographic study elaborates this process.

Survey of Student’s Physical Education Learning Motivation at SD Negeri 09 Rawamangun during the Pandemic

This study aimed to investigate the motivation levels of students at SDN 09 Rawamangun in the context of physical education during the pandemic. The primary focus was to assess how motivation influenced their engagement with physical education classes delivered remotely. Employing a survey research method, the study utilized a questionnaire as the main instrument for data collection. The sample comprised 70 students from SDN 09 Rawamangun, selected through total sampling, who participated in sports learning activities from home due to pandemic restrictions. The data analysis involved calculating the average response for each statement to gauge the motivation levels. The findings indicated that motivation in physical education was influenced by two main dimensions: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. For the intrinsic dimension, 53 students (76%) were categorized as having very high motivation, while 17 students (24%) fell into the high motivation category. Conversely, in terms of extrinsic motivation, 32 students (46%) were rated in the very high category, and 38 students (54%) were categorized as having high motivation. These results suggest a strong overall motivation among students, with both intrinsic and extrinsic factors playing significant roles in their engagement with remote physical education.

Exploring the Relationship Between Leadership Styles and Employee Motivation in the Context of Contemporary Management

The objective of this research is to examine the relationship between leadership styles and employee motivation in the context of contemporary management. This research employs a literature review approach to analyse various leadership theories, including transformational, transactional, autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, and servant leadership. Each leadership style is evaluated in relation to employees' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The findings indicate that transformational and democratic leadership styles have the most significant influence on employees' intrinsic motivation, whereas transactional and autocratic leadership styles emphasize extrinsic motivation. This study contributes to contemporary management literature by providing insights into the importance of tailoring leadership styles to employees' motivational needs to achieve optimal performance.

Secondary vocational education and academic motivation in Sint Maarten

This study investigates the relationship between career and study fair participation and the motivations of Sint Maarten’s secondary vocational students. Using a mixed-method design, data was collected from 98 participants (N = 98) who completed an online survey consisting of the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS). Twenty-one survey participants were subsequently interviewed. Key findings indicated that extrinsic motivation was the highest among participants. The results indicate that a single career fair alone may not be sufficient for improving the intrinsic motivation of students. Future studies should investigate the impact of attending multiple career fairs over a longer period. Overall, the research findings contribute to our understanding of academic motivation and the correlations between career and study fairs and secondary vocational student motivations in Sint Maarten. The findings highlight the importance of improving fair attendance through better promotion and logistical support for students, while also emphasizing the need to address stigmas that affect intrinsic motivation of students. The findings of this study can be particularly useful among policymakers and school leaders in the field of vocational education.

Examining the Effect of Knowledge Seeking on Knowledge Contribution in Q&A Communities.

Based on motivational theory, this study investigated the effect of users' knowledge seeking on users' knowledge contribution in question-and-answer (Q&A) communities. We collected 4643 samples from the largest social Q&A platform in China (Zhihu) and applied a mediation effect test to the data. The results showed that knowledge seeking affects intrinsic motivations (altruism and self-efficacy) and extrinsic motivations (social support, group identity, and reputation), further affecting knowledge contribution. Our findings indicated that Q&A communities should be concerned with users' intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to ensure balanced knowledge exchange on social Q&A platforms, ultimately fostering long-term stability and growth. Existing research has mainly focused on a single behavioral state, such as knowledge seeking or knowledge contribution, and has paid little attention to the connection between these two types of user information behaviors. This study aimed to fill this gap by revealing the mechanisms through which users' knowledge seeking affects their knowledge contribution.

Pandemic perspectives: A scoping review of undergraduate nursing students' motivations in the age of COVID-19

Background and objective: The COVID-19 pandemic intensified global nursing shortages, underscoring the urgency to understand the evolving motivations of undergraduate nursing students (UNS). While intrinsic and extrinsic factors are known to influence career choices, the pandemic's impact necessitates a closer examination of these motivations. This scoping review maps and explores primary research on the multifaceted motivations influencing UNS career decisions during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, providing a comprehensive overview of the factors shaping the future nursing workforce.Methods: Guided by Arksey and O'Malley's framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a systematic search across five databases (CINAHL, PsycInfo, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus) identified relevant studies published between January 2020 and January 2024. Rigorous screening and data extraction were followed by qualitative synthesis to identify key motivational themes.Results: Thirteen studies from diverse regions (Asia, Middle East, United States, Europe) revealed a complex interplay of intrinsic (e.g., personal fulfillment, altruism) and extrinsic (e.g., financial security, job prospects) motivations. The pandemic amplified concerns about occupational risks and work-life balance while highlighting the profession's societal value. Gender disparities emerged, with distinct motivations and barriers observed among male and female students.Conclusions: This review provides a nuanced understanding of UNS career motivations in the pandemic era, emphasizing the need for tailored recruitment and retention strategies that address both intrinsic aspirations and extrinsic concerns. By recognizing the multifaceted nature of motivations and their regional variations, stakeholders can foster a resilient and adaptable nursing workforce equipped to meet the challenges of the evolving healthcare landscape.