Extrinsic Material Research Articles

The Statutory Development for Criminal Responsibility based on International Trade Law of Aggressive Tax under Travaux Preparatoires: A Case Report of Joe Cinque

Purpose: Taxes are responsibilities of a company to comply with the goals of sustainable development. Corporate Code of Conduct must exercise tax compliance and avoid tax evasion as source of criminal liability. This paper aims to develop tax avoidance based on statutory interpretation concerning Hague Convention as its extrinsic material to extend the legal principle of travaux preparatoires. Hence, UNCITRAL legal modelling framework is utilized to make commercial transactions universal to trade law, for addressing legal gaps in marketing behavior of taxation system involving intellectual property of product design. Thus, this statutory interpretation intends to resolve issues for the lack of legal measures in protecting public safety resulting to increase in domestic violence proportional to massive terrorism serving as a question in deontology.
 Methodology: Tax aggressiveness is the obligation of the company to provide revenue distribution to public sector. Unlawful behavior on tax aggressiveness is known as tax evasion while tax avoidance is not a violation and serves as a loophole to the taxation system. UNCITRAL model law is a legal arbitration concept of making “commercial” expand to other comparable jurisdiction of international trade. Hague Convention drafted travaux preparatoires to conceptualize a legal framework of making the commercial transactions universal to other extended territories in terms of international trade law.
 Findings: Corporate Governance is a systematic design of stakeholders and their corporate social responsibility to advocate sustainable development. Therefore, in terms of tax avoidance, the strict liability of the company must be addressed with constitutional issues and commercial responsibilities of selling its product design with elemental performance of domestic violence under Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) of United Nations Convention. The statutory interpretation for tax avoidance serves as a developed measurement to allocate funds, from sources of criminal actions, since deviation of tax avoidance would result to illegal diversions as criminal offenses from tax avoidance, for promotion of public welfare and safety in public sector, as well as in police enforcement of constitutional right.
 Recommendation: Corporate social responsibility must be observed as fulfillment of business ethics’ goals of financial intelligence to sustainable development of Corporate Governance. Thus, it is suggested for advocacy of artificial intelligence adoption as authorless works for promoting intellectual property as a constitutional right.

Carrier dynamics in blue, cyan, and green InGaN/GaN LEDs measured by small-signal electroluminescence

We study the carrier dynamics for c-plane InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with various emission wavelengths near the green gap using a small-signal electroluminescence method. The LEDs were grown by Lumileds using state-of-the-art growth conditions. Radiative and non-radiative recombination rates are numerically separated, and the carrier recombination lifetime and carrier density are obtained. Experiment shows that the causes of efficiency reduction at longer wavelength in the present structures are injection efficiency decrease, radiative recombination rate decrease, and imbalance of the increase in Auger–Meitner and radiative terms due to the interplay between the carrier–current density relationship and the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE). The effects of QCSE, phase-space filling, and the carrier–current density relationship on efficiency reduction at longer wavelengths are examined separately with experimental data and Schrödinger–Poisson calculations. In addition, we confirm the scaling law between Cn and Bn under electrical injection and find that the increase in carrier density at a given current density is the primary cause for lower radiative efficiency at high current density in longer wavelength LEDs. Conversely, we do not observe a significant efficiency reduction at longer wavelengths from extrinsic material degradation.

Investigations for Material Tracing in Selective Laser Sintering: Part ΙΙ: Validation of Modified Polymers as Marking Agents

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is currently in transition to the production of functional components. However, the ability to apply it is confronted with new requirements for reliability and reproducibility. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of aging processes in polymers is essential. Regarding material traceability as well as defective component identification with subsequent cause tracing, the application of a material-inherent marking technology represents a solution. SLS in combination with modified polymers as a marking technology proves to be an efficient opportunity to produce reproducible and high-quality components due to an increased understanding of the process. Based on a selection of modified polymers for use in SLS, which were characterized in part I of the study, this work focuses on the experimental validation of the result. The influence of modified polymers on materials and component properties and the SLS process's influence on the traceability of modified polymers are examined. Intrinsic and extrinsic material properties as well as mechanical properties, surface quality and sinter density are analyzed. No discernible influences of the modified polymers on the investigated properties could be observed and the traceability of the modified polymers could also be confirmed in the aged powder and component using mass spectroscopy.

Creation of an extrinsic pseudocapacitive material presenting extraordinary cycling-life with the battery-type material Co(OH)2 by S2− doping for application in supercapacitors

Some battery-type materials show the potential for storing high density energy in supercapacitors because of their high theoretical capacity. So far, the very unsatisfied electrochemical performance is still the label of these battery-type materials, which is attributed to their diffusion-controlled kinetics of energy storage. Some efforts try to transform their electrochemical behavior to extrinsic pseudocapacitive behavior through nanostructuring. However, the extrinsic pseudocapacitive materials are rare due to the restriction of no phase transformation. In this work, we propose an alternative strategy to create an extrinsic pseudocapacitive material from the typical battery-type material Co(OH)2 by S2− doping. The doped S2− ions further increase energybarrierfor the intercalation of OH− ions into the interlayer space of Co(OH)2, thus suppressing its bulk phase transformation. Also, the decreased OH− ions-Co(OH)2 interaction plus the surface reaction feature induced by S2− doping results in the pseudocapacitive behavior. Thus, the S2− doped Co(OH)2 presents the comprehensive electrochemical signatures of pseudocapacitive materials and an extraordinary cycling life of 200,000 charge-discharge cycles. This work initiates a new way for acquiring electrode materials with high electrochemical performance for application in supercapacitors.

Nonlinear optical response, theoretical efficiencies, and high photosensitivity of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx thin films for photonic applications

In this paper, we have investigated the nonlinear optical response and theoretical efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx thin films from the optical transmission and reflection measurements. The dispersion of the complex refractive index is evaluated using the Wemple–DiDomenico single oscillator model. The oscillator energy (E0) of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx follows by an empirical relationship with optical bandgap (Eg) as E0 ≈ 2.41 Eg for chemical dip coating, spray, and E0 ≈ 1.63 Eg for dipping deposited samples, respectively. The long wavelength refractive index, average oscillator wavelength, and oscillator strength are also determined using the Sellmeier oscillator equation. The estimated third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility is found to be the order of 10−12 esu. The incident photon and charge carrier interaction in CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is studied from the dielectric response of the samples. The charge carrier excitation is found higher at lower wavelength and experienced bulk excitation in volume while surface excitation on the surface region. The optical conductivity of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is notably high, which leads to an increase in carrier transfer through the extrinsic halide perovskite material expedient for higher conversion efficiency. The highest theoretical efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is estimated to be 17.4%, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental report. From photosensitivity study, it is confirmed that CH3NH3PbI3−xClx films are highly photosensitive. All these results comprehend that CH3NH3PbI3−xClx is a potential candidate for photonic applications.

Electrical transport properties of highly doped N-type GaN materials

This paper presents a comparative study of electron transport phenomena in n-type gallium nitride strongly doped, above the Mott transition, with silicon and germanium. The samples under study were grown by molecular beam epitaxy, metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy and halide vapor phase epitaxy. The temperature dependence of resistivity and Hall Effect was investigated at temperatures ranging from 10 K up to 650 K. The measurements at sub-room temperatures allow the study of scattering mechanisms related to extrinsic material properties. The observed temperature dependences of the electrical transport properties were analyzed in the frame of the model taking into account a typical scattering mechanism and degree of degeneracy of free carrier electron gas. The limitations of the applied models will be presented.

Structurally modified V2O5 based extrinsic pseudocapacitor

Rapidly changing demand on energy storage systems makes it essential to redesign the device architecture and materials required to fabricate the devices. It is crucial to introduce capacitive behaviour in a conventional energy storage device (batteries) to improve the lifetime and power efficiency of the hole energy storage system. The charge storing nature of electrode material primarily depends on particle size, grain size, the electrode’s chemical structure, and effective diffusion lengths for electrolytes within the electrode. Here V2O5 based Li-ion battery electrode is transformed into a Li-ion pseudocapacitive electrode by structural modifications. The modified structures are achieved by optimizing reaction pressure to obtain larger, medium and smaller V2O5 particles (namely, V2O5-L, V2O5-M and V2O5-S). As a result, the plateau regions in galvanostatic charge–discharge plots and highly intense redox peaks in the CV plots of V2O5-L get flattened for V2O5-S. Also, the lucrative improvement in rate capabilities and stability for V2O5-S indicates induced pseudocapacitance in V2O5. Some devices are fabricated with the extrinsic pseudocapacitive material (V2O5-S), providing 4.36 mWh cm−3 volumetric energy density with 125 mW cm−3 volumetric power density. The device retains around 95% of its initial capacitance after 10k cycles and holds up to 63% after 25k stability cycles.

‘No one was clapping for us’: care, social justice and family carer wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales

The inequalities laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic have had particular implications for the wellbeing of family carers. This article considers these impacts from a social justice perspective, drawing on elements of the ethics of care and the capabilities approach, as well as findings from interviews with 30 family carers in Wales, UK, during the initial months of ‘lockdown’ in 2020. In the interviews, key themes emerged around the sense of loss, poorer outcomes, ‘caring solidarity’ and its absence, and concerns about the dominant discourse on care. Although rooted in the specifics of the pandemic experience, all have wider implications for how we understand wellbeing itself, and, in particular, its application to questions of social justice. We argue for the value of an extended conception of wellbeing – one that avoids the individualistic tendencies of some accounts and incorporates the importance of relationality and extrinsic material factors.

High-temperature dielectric behavior of hexagonal HoMnO3

The ac electrical response of hexagonal HoMnO3 was investigated in the temperature range 340≤T≤700K. The combination of impedance and electrical modulus spectra reveal a single dielectric relaxation. However, the ac conductivity in the range 340≤T≤600K revealed two electro-active regions with dissimilar activation energies associated with grain and grain boundary regimes. We suggest that grains have the largest capacitance, whereas grain boundary dominates the overall resistance of the sample. The most interesting was the first-hand observation of a positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR) effect in HoMnO3, and the sample behaves as an extrinsic semiconductor material. Both bulk effects and grain boundary were observed to contribute together to the PTCR phenomena. A correlation between the ac conductivity and dielectric data was built up. Results show that oxygen non-stoichiometry and associated electron holes are liable for the complex dielectric behavior. The scaling behavior of ac conductivity was studied using different formalisms.

Anisotropic and curved lattice members enhance the structural integrity and mechanical performance of architected metamaterials

Architected metamaterials exhibit unique properties bestowed by their engineered structure rather than their chemical composition. Extrinsic material properties have been achieved as a result of advances in additive manufacturing. Contemporary fabrication techniques, such as multiphoton lithography and digital light processing, have enabled the fabrication of complex structures with inherent hierarchies at length scales ranging from nanometers to micrometers. However, despite significant insight into the role of buckling in the mechanical behavior of materials reported in earlier studies, particularly strength and energy dissipation, the structural and design principles responsible for the improved mechanical performance were not fully elucidated, thus limiting the design space of these structures. The principal objective of this study was to investigate how controlled three-dimensional assembly and orientation of intertwined lattice members influence localized buckling and the overall mechanical response of such metamaterial structures. The novelty of the present design approach stems from a mechanical metamaterial inspired by the three-compound octahedron and the symmetry variance observed during phase change of crystalline solids. For a specific orientation and tactical joining of the unit cells, this geometry demonstrates unprecedented resilience to large deformations and high energy dissipation capacity. The selective shape modification of specific lattice members is shown to greatly improve the structural integrity of ultralight structures undergoing large deformation. Results from finite element simulations and in situ scanning electron microscopy-microindentation experiments reveal the actual deformation of metamaterial structures with straight and curved lattice members and elucidate the effects of anisotropy and orientation characteristics on the dominant mechanisms affecting the mechanical performance of intertwined lattice structures.

Enriched pseudocapacitive lithium storage in electrochemically activated carbonaceous vanadium(iv, v) oxide hydrate

Vanadium(iii) oxide (V2O3) derived, carbon integrated hydrated vanadium oxide (V5O12·0.4H2O) as an extrinsic pseudocapacitive material for excellent lithium storage in lithium ion battery anodes.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanopraticle Hematite (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) Minerals from Natural Iron Sand Using Co-Precipitation Method and its Potential Applications as Extrinsic Semiconductor Materials Type-N

This research is about nanoparticles hematite (NPH) synthesized and characterized from natural iron sands using co-precipitation method and its potential applications as extrinsic semiconductor materials type-N. The aims of this study is to determine the process parameters to obtain hematite of high purity degree and to observe its physical characteristics as an extrinsic semiconductor materials type-N. The iron sand was first separated by magnetic technique and then dissolved into HCl solution before conducting the precipitation process. Precipitation was done by dripping ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). Precipitated powder was dried at 80°C for 2 hours, and then calcined at 500°C, 600°C 700°C for 2 hours respectively. The composition of iron sands, purity degree, hematite mineral grain size, and space group were analyzed by XRF, XRD, FTIR and SEM. The XRF analysis result of raw material, showed that dominant element and composition in the sample is Fe with purity degree is 90.51%. The XRD result before and after precipitation showed Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3. Fe3O4 purity degree was obtained 85%, and α-Fe2O3 in NPH500, NPH600, NPH700 were 63%, 83%, and 76%, respectively. FTIR spectral showed crystalline hematite characteristics stong band of 472.07 to 559.62 cm-1. SEM image showed the morphology of agglomeration particulates, when the calcinaton temperature increases, the agglomeration will be seperated due to thermal energy. Based on the charaterization results it was found that the natural iron sand synthesized has the potential to be applied as an N-type extrinsic semiconductor material.

Are transformational and transactional types of leadership compatible? A two‐wave study of employee motivation

Transformational and transactional leadership strategies have become prominent in public administration research, but it is unclear whether they are compatible or whether they could undermine each other. We examine the combined and interactive effects of transformational and three types of transactional leadership (contingent verbal rewards, material rewards, and sanctions) on employee work motivation, conceptualized as work engagement and intrinsic motivation. Panel analyses using repeated measures of 385 leaders and 3,797 employees show that transformational leadership and contingent verbal rewards increased employee motivation. However, simultaneous use of contingent material rewards undermined the benefits of transformational leadership. Thus, the motivational potential of service‐ or community‐oriented visions was undercut when leaders also appealed to extrinsic material motives. This could help explain why financial incentives do not always have the expected benefits in public organizations. We therefore argue that research and practice should pay more attention to how different leadership strategies work in combination.

'Importing' Restrictions from One Federal Rule of Evidence Provision to Another: The Limits of Legitimate Contextual Interpretation in the Age of Statutes

In 1975, the Federal Rules of Evidence took effect. The basic policy thrust of the Rules was to simplify and liberalize the law of Evidence in federal court. In particular, as the Supreme Court has acknowledged, Federal Rule 402 was intended to deprive the courts of the power to either enforce or enunciate uncodified exclusionary rules. Yet, as Part I of this article demonstrates, in several lines of authority federal courts have relied on contextual interpretation to impose evidentiary restrictions that have no grounding in statutory text. The common fact pattern in these lines of authority is the following: One provision of the Federal Rules contains a restriction, a second provision is silent on the restriction, and the text of neither provision manifests a legislative intent to import the restriction from the first provision into the second. The question naturally arises as to what are the legitimate uses and limits of contextual construction. As Part II explains, the enactment of the Federal Rules roughly coincided with the emergence of the textualist school of statutory interpretation. For formal and practical reasons, textualists assert the primacy of text and caution against uncritical reliance on extrinsic legislative history material. Unlike extrinsic material, legislative text has the formal status of law; and extrinsic history materials are vulnerable to distortion from the influence of special interest groups. The diminished importance of extrinsic history has enhanced the importance of contextual arguments, that is, arguments based on other provisions in the same legislative scheme. After all, like the text being construed, the contextual provisions have the formal force of law. The question of contextual interpretation is not limited to the setting of the Federal Rules of Evidence. More broadly, it affects the construction of all legislation in the Age of Statutes. Part II uses the Federal Rule as a microcosm for exploring the concept of contextual interpretation. On the one hand, Part II identifies several perfectly legitimate uses of contextual interpretation. To begin with, the wording of one provision may be used to eliminate an ambiguity in the wording of a second provision. By way of example, the court may look to the character evidence prohibition codified in Rules 404-45 to inform the meaning of “unfair prejudice” in Rule 403. Moreover, a blanket prohibition on the admission of a certain type of evidence in one provision may necessitate a narrowing construction of another provision that would otherwise permit the introduction of that very type of evidence. Hence, the prohibition of the introduction of evidence of nolo contendere pleas in Rule 410 can require a limiting construction of Rule 801(d)(2)(A) on statements or admissions of a party-opponent. However, when neither of those uses of context is in play, with one exception a court may not simply import a restriction from one provision of the Federal Rules into another. Doing so exceeds the interpretive power of context. Subpart II.B proposes that the importation is justifiable only in the exceptional situation in which the extrinsic legislative history contains an extraordinarily powerful showing of a broad legislative intent to bar the admission of a particular type of evidence, not a narrower intent to prescribe a restriction in one provision of the Federal Rules. Part III uses the standard proposed in subpart II.B to critically evaluate the three lines of authority discussed in Part I. Part III concludes that two of the three lines are flawed; one does not manifest the right type of intent, and the second relies on extrinsic history that is too mixed and conflicted to qualify as an extraordinarily powerful showing of intent. Only one line of authority is based on extrinsic history that includes compelling evidence of an intent to prevent the admission of a certain type of evidence under any theory. Hopefully, this article will not only prevent misreadings of the Federal Rules but also contribute to the larger debate over the proper role of contextual interpretation in the Age of Statutes.

Decent work, work motivation and psychological capital: An empirical research.

The Decent Work (DW) concept, proposed by the International Labour Organization, can be enriched by the contributions of a Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology (WOPP) perspective. Namely, it would be important to relate DW perceptions to the main concepts in the WOPP realm. Understanding these relations would expand our knowledge of the nomological network of the DW concept and of its practical implications. To analyze the relationships between DW, work motivation and psychological capital among knowledge workers in Portugal and Brazil. The Decent Work Questionnaire (DWQ), a previously validated measure of 7 dimensions of DW from a WOPP perspective, the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS), and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) were administered to 2912 knowledge workers. Relations among concepts were analyzed by canonical correlation analyses and linear regression. The DW dimension Fulfilling and Productive Work was positively associated with intrinsic and identified work motivation, and negatively with amotivation. A second significant canonical variate related (negatively) Social Protection (DW dimension) to extrinsic material work motivation. Results from regression analysis support the idea that DW promotes psychological capital. Results suggest that DW is an important predictor of work motivation and psychological capital. Practical implications for human resources management are presented.

Profesijos pedagogų asmenybės bruožų ir darbo motyvacijos ryšys

Nowadays, as a means of supplying the market with a highly qualified workforce, vocational teachers play a significant role in Lithuania’s educational system. It is assumed that the most important factor determining the quality of education is the teacher. Undoubtedly, the vocational teacher’s personality traits and their work motivation are considered to be important components of a successful educational process. Aim: this study was carried out in order to detect the relationship between the vocational teachers’ personality traits and their work motivation. Method: The personality traits were evaluated using the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John et al., 1991, 2008) while the work motivation was assessed by employment of the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS; Gagne et al., 2015). 364 teachers from various Lithuania’s vocational schools participated in the research (243 of them were women, 93 men, while 10 did not specify their gender). Results: The study revealed that a greater expression of neuroticism correlated with an increase of the teachers’ motivation (p < .01), extrinsic (social and material) regulation (p < .01) and introjected regulation (p < .05), although the identified regulation (p < .05) and intrinsic motivation (p < .01) were observed to decrease. Meanwhile, with the increase of the teachers’ expression of extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness, intrinsic motivation (p < .01) and identified regulation (p < .01) heightened, and the extrinsic (material) motivation decreased (in case of extraversion and agreeableness – p < .01, in case of conscientiousness and openness to experience – p < .05). Moreover, the differences of work motivation noticed among various personality profiles were added to the results of the research. [...]

Description of the Damage and Healing Behavior of an Extrinsic and Autonomous Self‐Healing Anisotropic Material

AbstractIn this contribution, the damage and healing behavior of a fiber reinforced polymeric composite will be investigated. Therefore, the considered Helmholtz free energy function for the polymeric matrix material consists of two parts, an isotropic part for the description of the isotropic polymer and an anisotropic part for the reinforcement. As theoretical framework, the Theory of Porous Media is used, where internal interactions (phase transitions, temperature exchange, ...) can be described by so‐called production terms. At the end a numerical example of an anisotropic self‐healing polymer is presented. (© 2017 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Tailoring the Doping Mechanisms at Oxide Interfaces in Nanoscale.

Here, we demonstrate the nanoscale manipulations of two types of charge transfer to the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces: one from surface adsorbates and another from oxygen vacancies inside LaAlO3 films. This method can be used to produce multiple insulating and metallic interface states with distinct carrier properties that are highly stable in air. By reconfiguring the patterning and comparing interface structures formed from different doping sources, effects of extrinsic and intrinsic material characters on the transport properties can be distinguished. In particular, a multisubband to single-subband transition controlled by the structural phases in SrTiO3 was revealed. In addition, the transient behaviors of nanostructures also provided a unique opportunity to study the nanoscale diffusions of adsorbates and oxygen vacancies in oxide heterostructures. Knowledge of such dynamic processes is important for nanodevice implementations.

The Effect of Extrinsic Material and Radiation Dose on Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction Chest Computed Tomography Reconstruction Time: A Phantom-Based Study

ObjectiveCompare effect of extrinsic materials and radiation dose levels on image processing times for model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) in computed tomography. MethodsChest computed tomography scans were performed on a phantom with three different levels of clothing and medical equipment at three tube current settings to reflect differing radiation doses. Reconstruction time for MBIR was recorded, and objective image quality was assessed via noise within the phantom mediastinum. Reconstruction time and noise were compared between scans, with noise also compared between MBIR and matching filtered back projection (FBP) images. ResultsReconstruction times (minutes:seconds) ranged from 37:31 to 42:24. Times were generally faster with less extrinsic material and prolonged among high-dose scans when materials were present. On both the MBIR and FBP images, noise levels were improved with higher radiation doses, although for MBIR only minimally, and the relative effect of extrinsic materials at a given radiation dose was also minimal. In addition, noise was better with MBIR than FBP reconstruction for all conditions. ConclusionsTypical MBIR reconstruction times are faster with less extrinsic materials in the scan field of views, and removing extraneous blankets or medical devices could positively affect workflow over the course of the day. In addition, MBIR reconstruction times are also shorter when using lower dose protocols in situations requiring extensive materials.

Exposure age of Saturn's A and B rings, and the Cassini Division as suggested by their non-icy material content

Saturn's rings are composed primarily of water ice with a small fraction of non-icy constituents that are likely both intrinsic and extrinsic in origin. The intrinsic material is thought to be characteristic of the ring progenitor, while the extrinsic material is derived from the continual stream of hypervelocity impacting micrometeoroids that pollute the rings over time. Thus constraining these relative volume fractions and their radial distribution provides a powerful tool by which one can reveal clues about the rings’ ultimate origin and age. In this companion to our first paper for the C ring (Zhang et al., 2017), we present new measurements of the non-icy material fraction in Saturn's B ring, Cassini Division and A ring as determined from microwave radiometry observations acquired by the Cassini spacecraft.We investigate the near-zero azimuthal angle observations and demonstrate a radially varying scattering phase function for B ring particles which transitions from half-Mie-half-isotropic in the inner and outer B ring to purely isotropic in the middle B ring. This variation follows the trend of the optical depth in that as the optical depth increases, more particles scatter isotropically. In the A ring radially inward of the Encke gap, we find that the phase function can vary from purely isotropic for 55% porous particles to a combination of 30% Mie/70% isotropic for porosities of 90%, while outwards of the Encke gap particles are most likely 90% porous and scatter light isotropically. We derive the non-icy material fractions, assuming silicate as the non-icy material, and show that there is a significant dependence on the assumed porosity in the B ring, but the radial distribution follows the same trend as the optical depth. Owing to the B ring's high opacity (i.e. high optical depth but low surface density), the particles there are likely to have 85%–90% porosity, with corresponding non-icy volume fractions of ∼0.3%–0.5% in the inner and outer B ring, and ∼0.1%–0.2% in the middle regions. For the A ring interior to the Encke gap, the derived non-icy material volume fraction is ∼0.2%–0.3% everywhere for porosities ranging from 55%–90%. Finally, our results for the Cassini Division indicate a non-icy material fraction of ∼1%–2% similar to most regions in the C ring, except that the Cassini Division particles are more likely to have a porosity ≳90% due to the high opacity there. We find that the overall pollution exposure time for the A and B rings and the Cassini Division ranges from ∼30–150Myr, which is in line with the ∼15–90Myr we previously derived for most regions in the C ring. These exposure times assume an initially nearly pure-ice ring that has been continuously contaminated by in-falling micrometeoroids since its formation, using the currently accepted value of the micrometeoroid flux (Grün et al., 1985; Cuzzi and Estrada, 1998; Kempf et al., 2013; Altobelli et al., 2015). Our results here, taken together with our previous findings for the C ring, further support the idea that Saturn's rings may be ≲150Myr old suggesting an origin scenario in which the rings are derived from the relatively recent breakup of an icy moon.