Extreme Sports Research Articles

The Effect of Ball Heading and Subclinical Concussion On the Neuromuscular Control Of The Lower Limb: A Systematic Review.

Soccer is unique among sports because it is the only sport that involves purposeful use of the head to control, pass, or shoot the ball. Over the previous five years, a relationship between lower extremity (LE) injury and sports related concussion (SRC) has been established in various sporting populations. Athletes at the high school, collegiate, and professional levels have demonstrated a greater risk for sustaining a LE injury post SRC. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the relationship of the SRC with the incidence of LE injuries. Ten databases were searched with the following keywords: Lower limb, ball heading, neuromuscular control, concussion, MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily, and Ovid MEDLINE(R), EMBASE, and Scopus. The search was limited to English-language and peer-reviewed publications, until 15/12/2022. The PEDro scale was used for the assessment of the risk of bias among the included studies. All included papers were qualitatively analyzed. A total of 834 studies were identified and 10 articles (four concussion-MSK biomechanics, six concussion-MSK injury) were included in the qualitative analyses. Included papers ranged from low to high quality. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the included study designs, quantitative meta-analysis was unable to be performed. All four of the included concussion-MSK biomechanics studies demonstrated, to some degree, that worse cognitive performance was associated with lower extremity MSK biomechanical patterns suggestive of greater risk for MSK injury. Among the six injury related studies, two investigations failed to determine group differences in cognitive performance between subsequently injured and non-injured athletes. More research is needed to better understand the relationship of SRC and lower extremity injuries and the extent to which they are related to concussions and/or repetitive neurotrauma after ball heading sustained in soccer. 2.

Epidemiology of electronic mountain biking injuries: an unexplored emerging extreme sport

Epidemiology of electronic mountain biking injuries: an unexplored emerging extreme sport

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СМЫСЛОЖИЗНЕННЫХ ОРИЕНТАЦИЙ И ОТНОШЕНИЯ К РАЗНЫМ СТОРОНАМ ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТИ У ЛЮДЕЙ, СКЛОННЫХ К АУТОДЕСТРУКТИВНОМУ ПОВЕДЕНИЮ

The article presents the results of the research studying the attitude system in people prone to self-destructive behavior (alcohol addiction, extreme sports). In the last decade, there has been an increase in forms of self-destructive behavior, which causes great interest to the chosen research area. The study sample consisted of 90 participants: 30 men dependent on alcohol; 30 men, fans of extreme sports; 30 men (control group) who do not drink alcohol and do not engage in dangerous sports. The research tools used were the test of life-meaning orientations by D. A. Leontyev, a technique of unfinished sentences aimed at identifying ideas about oneself, about attitudes to various aspects of reality (primarily to life and death). The research revealed differences among the study groups in terms of meaningfulness, direction, and controllability of life. Representatives with alcohol dependence demonstrated reduced values in many parameters of attitude towards life and towards themselves, and did not demonstrate interest in finding the meaning of life. It is typical for fans of extreme sports to take an active life position, make plans for the future, fill their activities with meaning and be completely satisfied with their lives.

Psychometric properties and further validation of the emergency reaction questionnaire in a sample of Portuguese adults

Emergencies and disasters are abrupt, unexpected, dangerous events often traumatic. Individuals differ in the way they respond to this kind of adverse experience, depending on varied factors. This study used the Emergency Reaction Questionnaire (ERQ) to assess defensive mechanisms, feelings, and thoughts during emergency and disaster-related situations. The main objective of the present study was to confirm the factor structure and provide further support to the validity of the ERQ on a Portuguese sample. Here we replicated previous findings in showing that people who are more prone to react in an organized way in emergencies tend to have lower anxiety levels and a greater tendency for sensation seeking. We also found that females score lower than males; that ERQ specific readiness scores slightly increase with age and people who have risky jobs or routinely engage in extreme sports scored higher on the ERQ scales (meaning they act more readily and organized in an emergency). The ERQ and its Portuguese version show to be a psychometrically sound and valid measurement of emergency behavior, able to assess individual differences in the way people perform during various emergencies, and can be used in future research and in practice for screening or measuring training efficiency.

Risk-Taking: Liquid Modernity and Extreme Outdoor Practitioners

ABSTRACT In recent decades, the number of extreme outdoor sports in the natural environment has increased significantly. It could be said that, nowadays, extreme outdoor sports are more popular than ever. Part of the explanation probably lies in the fact that we find ourselves in the socio-historical context that Zygmunt Bauman called liquid modernity, which has transformed several activities, previously considered as marginal and/or exclusive, into mainstream. The concept of liquid modernity illustrates how social structures and identities are characterized by unpredictability and change in contemporary societies, and among its consequences we find the pluralization of outdoor physical-sports practices. Through 18 semi-structured interviews, this study set out to better understand the impact liquid modernity has had on extreme outdoor practitioners. A hierarchical content analysis led to the identification of two main themes: (a) freedom and intensity, and (b) a plurality of practices. The paper concludes with a number of practical implications and suggestions for further research that would continue to shed light on the phenomenon of extreme outdoor sports and their practitioners.

Effect of Flipped Classroom on Rope Skipping Movement Skill in Rhythm Rope Skipping Action Sport for Grade 4 Students

Background and Aim: The flipped classroom redefines learning by using technology for independent study at home and interactive engagement in class, yielding more effective teaching outcomes. Thus, three research objectives were proposed: 1) To compare the students’ rope skipping movement skills in rhythm rope skipping action sport before and after learning through the flipped classroom. 2) To compare the students’ rope skipping movement skills in rhythm rope skipping action sport after learning through the flipped classroom with the criteria set at 60 percent. 3) To assess the student’s satisfaction toward learning through flipped classroom design. Materials and Methods: The sample was 20 students in grade 4 of the No.3 Primary School in Zhoukou City, Henan Province (1 class) in the year of study 2023 which was derived from cluster random sampling method. The experimental design was a group pretest-posttest design. The research instruments were: (1) a lesson plan (2) a rope skipping movement skills evaluation form and (3) a questionnaire for students’ satisfaction. The data were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation, and t-test. Results: The results found that 1) the students’ rope skipping movement skills after learning through flipped classrooms were higher than before at a statistically significant level of .05. 2) The students’ rope skipping movement skills after learning through flipped classrooms were higher than the determined criterion of 60% at a .05 statistical significance level. 3）The students' satisfaction after learning through flipped classrooms was at a higher level. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the positive impact of the flipped classroom approach on students' rope-skipping movement skills. The findings reveal significant improvements in skill levels post-implementation, with students exceeding the set proficiency criterion. Moreover, the heightened satisfaction reported by students underscores the effectiveness of the flipped classroom in enhancing both skill acquisition and overall learning experiences.

From the ‘Musical Agora’ to an ‘Extreme Sport’: Negotiating Live Music’s Values in a Context of Urban Informality, Corruption and Violence in Mexico City

Mexico City’s live music industry is well integrated into transnational economic flows, sharing certain features of the Global North, while simultaneously maintaining an informal organization and conflicting dynamics typical of the Global South. Since the late 1990s, both the government and the entertainment industry in Mexico City have increasingly invested in live music, reflecting a strong emphasis on economic and political capitalization. In contrast, a notable segment of live music professionals has developed a distinctive yet contentious set of values, in which live music constitutes an essential component of urban life. This article investigates independent promoters and venue managers through 21 detailed interviews. Beginning in the informal economy of the city, interviewees started live music projects for creative purposes and brought people together to form emotional connections. The concept of ‘musical agora’ embodies their unique combination of values, emphasizing their potential contribution to local cultural democracy. However, factors such as the market structure, bureaucracy, corruption and violence turn most independent live music activity into an ‘extreme sport’, reflecting the complex nature of professionalization processes within cultural sectors in Mexico City.

Heidegger and the possibilities of ‘Authenticity’ in Sports participation

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to analyze the possibility of ‘authenticity’, in other words, ‘authentic being’ in sports, based on the ideas in Heidegger’s Being and Time (Sein und Zeit). In order to do that, I firstly explain Dasein and its existentialia (which are significant for this paper: being-in-the-world, thrownness, understanding, attunement, and possibilities), the concept of ‘care’, and Heideggerian understanding of authenticity. Then, I examine the possibilities of authenticity in sports participation, and I look at some related studies analyzing the Heideggerian take on authenticity in sports. Finally, considering human existence (i.e. Dasein) within the sportsworld, I describe some possibilities for an authentic being to reveal itself, even for a short moment, such as ‘the realization of our finitude’ (by confronting death, especially in extreme sports); ‘coping with failure or loss (by facing with the call of conscience)’; ‘anxiety of losing the familiarity to the world’ (non-skillful coping in sports) and anxiety accompanying the realization of being-in-the-sportsworld’ (They-self vs. One-Self as an athlete) etc.

Decision making influences movement variability and performance of high-level female football players in an elastic resistance task.

The inclusion of sport-specific constraints in resistance training promotes the development of player abilities in an integrated way, which maximises the effectiveness of player adaptations induced by training. Considering that perceptual-cognitive abilities play a fundamental role in football, decision making could be introduced to enhance the cognitive similarity of resistance tasks to sport actions. However, it is unknown how decision making as a constraint could affect the player during an elastic resistance task. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of decision making of high-level female football players on movement variability and performance during an elastic band resistance task. Twenty-three high-level female football players performed the elastic resistance task with a ball, both as attackers and as defenders without decision making (NDM) and with decision making (DM). The movement variability was quantified using the sample entropy derived from the acceleration recorded with an accelerometer placed at the lower back of each player. The passing accuracy of the attacker was quantified using a scoring scale. Results revealed that adding decision making to an elastic resistance task increased the movement variability of the defender but did not affect the movement variability of the attacker. In contrast, the passing accuracy of the attacker was reduced. Overall, the attacker had a higher movement variability compared to the defender. These findings suggest that decision making, as a football-specific constraint, can enhance the potential of an elastic resistance task in training. This is due to the fact that it reduces control and regularity of movement for the defensive role player and increases technical difficulty for the attacking role player. Furthermore, these effects are beneficial, as they can promote the adaptive processes necessary to optimise the performance of the players.

Timecourse of two-dimensional decision-making to offensive actions.

Decision-making is an important component in the perception-action coupling required for athletes to achieve fine performance. Signal detection theory (SDT) provides a means of quantifying athletes' decision-making processes, based on their ability to discriminate between different types of stimuli (sensitivity) and the locations of their response criteria along a decision axis in a given situation. Studies have shown differences in these two indices between athletes and less-experienced counterparts, although these studies were limited to unidimensional decision-making problems. In the present study, SDT analysis was applied to two-dimensional decision-making by volleyball players regarding their opponents' attacks, using a four-alternative forced-choice task combining judgments of the type (spike or tip) and direction (cross-court or down-the-line) of attacks. Furthermore, a temporal occlusion task was used to reveal the timecourses of changes in sensitivity and the location of response criteria relating to judgments of attack type and direction. There were three groups of participants, eight top-league players, ten collegiate players, and ten novices. The results showed clear effects of expertise and distinct timecourses for the two types of judgment. For the attack type judgments, the sensitivities of the top-league players were relatively low at the early occlusion points, and their response criteria were biased toward judging attacking actions as spikes. At the late occlusion points, their sensitivity peaked, and there was no bias in their response criteria. For the directional judgments, the sensitivity of the three groups improved as the occlusion point advanced, while their response criteria tended to become more similar, which was not the case for the attack type judgments. These results are discussed together with previous studies of volleyball players' decision-making and judgments regarding deceptive actions in sports.

Effects of a Sport Education Season of an Alternative Sport on School Climate, Emotional Intelligence, and Perceived Competence of Elementary School Students in a Culturally Diverse Context

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the influence of a Sport Education Model (SEM) season about colpbol on primary education students’ school climate, emotional intelligence, and perceived competence. Method: 77 (42 boys, 35 girls; 64% immigrant) fourth-to-sixth grade students (Mage = 10.87; SD = 1.09) from a southern Spain school took part in this study. Sixth-grade students were taught through co-teaching, while other grades followed traditional teaching. Over a five-week period, students participated in a season of 10 sessions of colpbol. Dependent variables were measured through questionnaires. Results: Results showed significant improvements in sixth-grade students (all analyzed variables) and fifth-grade students (perceived competence and emotional control and regulation). No significant changes were found in fourth-grade students. Discussion: It is shown the positive influence of co-teaching in culturally diverse classrooms on both psychological and socio-affective learning dimensions. Likewise, alternative sports could enhance the inclusive principles of the SEM inspired by the ‘sport for all’ policy. Keywords: alternative sport, physical education, pedagogical model, culturally diverse classrooms, co-teaching.

Pedagogical Models in Alternative Invasion Team Sports: A Systematic Review

Alternative sports are a popular sport practice that is being developed in the educational context, and its usefulness and validity is beginning to be disseminated through scientific publications. There are no documents that analyse these sports modalities. This research aimed to analyse the scientific production of alternative invasion team sports indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The guidelines established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) were followed. We studied variables grouped by contextual, procedural, and specific of alternative invasion team sports information. Seventy-one research studies published before 1 March 2023 were reviewed. A growth in the scientific literature was identified in the period 2004 to 2022. The predominant research approach was quantitative, where the most common designs were experiments and quasi-experiments. The most implemented sports were Floorball, Ultimate, and Korfball. They were oriented to a greater extent to the development of psychological factors, physical-motor factors, and values. The most-used pedagogical models were the Game-Centred Model and the Sports Education Model. Progress was generated by the practice itself and the use of these pedagogical models. The use of the hybridisation of the Self-Construction of Materials and Sports Education Model stood out, which favoured respect for the environment, education in sustainability, and prosocial behaviour. Sustainability becomes a fundamental objective in physical education classes. The scientific evidence of alternative invasion team sports is limited; therefore, the need to develop research on this topic of study is evident.

Participation in street sports - a national study of participation patterns among youth and adults

During the last 10–20 years, attention towards street sports has been growing internationally and in Denmark. This includes increasing attention from the main bodies for organised sports in Denmark and the development of initiatives and organisations within the field. Parallel to this, it has become more apparent that there is a general lack of knowledge regarding the participation pattern in street sports and lifestyle sports. This study examines the participation patterns and predictors of participation within seven activities collectively characterised as street sports. The data are drawn from a 2020 cross-sectional survey conducted among people 15 years and older living in Denmark. Results show that street sports activities are popular among youth and young adults, with half of all people aged 15–24 years having practised one of the seven activities. Logistic regression analysis reveals that immigrants of Western and non-western origin show higher odds ratios of practising street sports than ethnic Danes. Another important finding is that a higher level of education shows lower odds ratios of participation opposite the trends found in general research on sports participation patterns. This article reveals how street sports might have the potential to activate people who have been found to be less physically active and thereby contribute to ‘sport for all’. It provides a knowledge base for initiatives regarding the use of street sports as a vehicle for social inclusion in sports.

ARENA AIRSOFT GUN DI KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT

Pelaihari sub-district is one of the sub-districts in Tanah Laut Regency which is the center of government and offices for the regional government. Pelaihari sub-district is the most developed sub-district in Tanah Laut Regency. The tourism sector in Pelaihari District is very well developed, people outside Pelaihari make Pelaihari a tourist destination during holidays or weekends. Airsoft guns are replicas of firearms that are now used as sports equipment. Airsoft gun hobbyists realize the battlefield by shooting between teams. Strategizing or just getting an adrenaline rush is the goal of the airsoft gun game. Airsoft gun has now become a recreational sport which means that airsoft gun can be used as a tourist destination. Although classified as an extreme sport, airsoft gun can be a family-friendly tourist destination if it is equipped with good facilities and uses the right scenario.

The association between marathon running and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Marathon running is an extreme sport with a distance of about 42 kilometers. Its relationship to high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) remains controversial. As the gold standard for detecting myocardial injury, the trends of hs-cTn before and after a marathon were investigated and analyzed. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases by combing the keywords marathon and troponin, and studies regarding high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) concentrations before and after marathon running (not for half-marathon and ultra-marathon) were included. "Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After (Pre-Post) Studies With No Control Group" were used to assess the risk of bias. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager, presenting data as mean values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were performed if there was high heterogeneity among studies based on I2 statistic. A total of 13 studies involving 824 marathoners were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Both hs-cTnI (MD 68.79 ng/L, [95% CI 53.22, 84.37], p< 0.001) and hs-cTnT (MD 42.91 ng/L, [95% CI 30.39, 55.43], p< 0.001) were elevated after running a marathon, but the concentration of hs-cTnT returned to baseline after 72 to 96 h post-race (MD 0.11ng/L, [95% CI -1.30, 1.52], p= 0.88). The results of subgroup analysis demonstrated that the 99th percentile upper reference limit of hs-cTnT might be the source of heterogeneity. The concentrations of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT were increased after marathon running, but the change of hs-cTnT is usually not seen as irreversible myocardial injury.

Формирование восприятия и оценки спортивных событий посредством концептуальных метафор в англоязычном спортивном дискурсе

The research aims to identify the features of metaphorical conceptualization in the English-language sports discourse. The paper investigates the systematicity of conceptual metaphors and their capacity to create new and complex meanings in various contexts. Metaphors in the English-language sports discourse are examined taking into account three aspects: the common meaning of a metaphor, the initial metaphoric transfer, as well as the transfer created in the context of a wide range of unseen implications. The novelty of the research lies in describing the functioning of conceptual metaphors in the English-language sports discourse based on the football articles that cover the participation of the Icelandic national football team in Euro 2016. Special attention is paid to conventional metaphors that acquire new meanings and implications depending on the context and metaphors that express participation in a tournament as a journey (verbalization of the general ‘A tournament is a journey’ metaphor). These specific subcategories of metaphors help describe and evaluate sports actions, events and situations. The research findings show that metaphors highlight various aspects of sports events and characterize their participants, which influences the perception of sports discourse recipients.

Retracted: Sports Action Recognition Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Neural Networks

Retracted: Sports Action Recognition Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Neural Networks

SOSIALISASI OLAHRAGA TRADISIONAL HADANG DI DESA KARANGHARJA

The traditional game of hadang is a form of game that is popular in Indonesia, especially in Karangharja Village. However, now this game is starting to be forgotten and is no longer practiced by the community. The purpose of this community service activity is to introduce the traditional hadang game by way of socialization back to the people of Karangharja Village and increasing public interest in playing it. The method used in this study is the method of socialization and training. The results of the socialization activities showed that the people of Karangharja Village, Pebayuran District, had a high interest in playing the traditional Hadang game. It is hoped that this sport can be enjoyed by the people of Karangharja village and one day it will become a sport that is enjoyed by the people of Karangharja village. Hadang is a traditional Indonesian sport to improve the fitness and physical quality of the people of Karangharja Village. Presumably "Hadang" can also be an alternative sport. Hadang is a game that contains skill values and increases self-confidence and improves concentration. Increasing participants' interest in traditional obstacle sports.

Season ticket holder no-show behavior in the Czech Republic

ABSTRACT Rationale In professional sports, no-shows increasingly pose a significant challenge to the management. Even though previous research has already established that such spectator no-show behavior (NSB) is more widespread among season ticket holders (STHs), the related literature has produced conflicting findings on the antecedents of such potentially defective behavior, which requires additional analysis in alternative environments. Approach Accordingly, in this manuscript, we contribute to the slowly emerging literature explaining STH NSB by analyzing a previously unexplored football environment, i.e. the Czech Republic. Findings Interestingly, our findings suggest that most effects are likely robust across the different sporting environments and markets, despite a few noticeable differences. Practical implications While our results might inform more efficient STH recruitment (e.g. younger spectators, citizens of the town), they also underline that reducing no-show rates may be hard to obtain if seat supply exceeds demand. Research contribution Although future research on alternative sports and markets might be valuable, our results suggest that the marginal benefit of additional studies tends to decrease, perhaps naturally. In contrast, also reflecting on our apparent limitations, we believe that future research approaches might benefit tremendously from mixed methods approaches, ideally in cooperation with more than only one sporting association or club.

Emerging Quantitative Imaging Techniques in Sports Medicine.

This article describes recent advances in quantitative imaging of musculoskeletal extremity sports injuries, citing the existing literature evidence and what additional evidence is needed to make such techniques applicable to clinical practice. Compositional and functional MRI techniques including T2 mapping, diffusion tensor imaging, and sodium imaging as well as contrast-enhanced US have been applied to quantify pathophysiologic processes and biochemical compositions of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Dual-energy and/or spectral CT has shown potential, particularly for the evaluation of osseous and ligamentous injury (eg, creation of quantitative bone marrow edema maps), which is not possible with standard single-energy CT. Recent advances in US technology such as shear-wave elastography or US tissue characterization as well as MR elastography enable the quantification of mechanical, elastic, and physical properties of tissues in muscle and tendon injuries. The future role of novel imaging techniques such as photon-counting CT remains to be established. Eventual prediction of return to play (ie, the time needed for the injury to heal sufficiently so that the athlete can get back to playing their sport) and estimation of risk of repeat injury is desirable to help guide sports physicians in the treatment of their patients. Additional values of quantitative analyses, as opposed to routine qualitative analyses, still must be established using prospective longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes.