Extreme Power Research Articles

HeM3D

Heterogeneous manycore architectures are the key to efficiently execute compute- and data-intensive applications. Through-silicon-via (TSV)-based 3D manycore system is a promising solution in this direction as it enables the integration of disparate computing cores on a single system. Recent industry trends show the viability of 3D integration in real products (e.g., Intel Lakefield SoC Architecture, the AMD Radeon R9 Fury X graphics card, and Xilinx Virtex-7 2000T/H580T, etc.). However, the achievable performance of conventional TSV-based 3D systems is ultimately bottlenecked by the horizontal wires (wires in each planar die). Moreover, current TSV 3D architectures suffer from thermal limitations. Hence, TSV-based architectures do not realize the full potential of 3D integration. Monolithic 3D (M3D) integration, a breakthrough technology to achieve “More Moore and More Than Moore,” opens up the possibility of designing cores and associated network routers using multiple layers by utilizing monolithic inter-tier vias (MIVs) and hence, reducing the effective wire length. Compared to TSV-based 3D integrated circuits (ICs), M3D offers the “true” benefits of vertical dimension for system integration: the size of an MIV used in M3D is over 100 × smaller than a TSV. This dramatic reduction in via size and the resulting increase in density opens up numerous opportunities for design optimizations in 3D manycore systems: designers can use up to millions of MIVs for ultra-fine-grained 3D optimization, where individual cores and routers can be spread across multiple tiers for extreme power and performance optimization. In this work, we demonstrate how M3D-enabled vertical core and uncore elements offer significant performance and thermal improvements in manycore heterogeneous architectures compared to its TSV-based counterpart. To overcome the difficult optimization challenges due to the large design space and complex interactions among the heterogeneous components (CPU, GPU, Last Level Cache, etc.) in a M3D-based manycore chip, we leverage novel design-space exploration algorithms to trade off different objectives. The proposed M3D-enabled heterogeneous architecture, called HeM3D , outperforms its state-of-the-art TSV-equivalent counterpart by up to 18.3% in execution time while being up to 19°C cooler.

Analysis of Custom IoT Based Electricity Monitoring System

Electricity is a resource that currently exists in various sectors of the community. Each person’s electricity needs are different depending on the needs of the electronic equipment used. Excessive use of electronic equipment creates extreme electrical power. Electricity consumption is an issue that discussed since a long ago. This research aims to present a custom electronic sensor to monitor electricity consumption based on the Internet of Things. It also explained the correlation between input and output points from the custom electronic sensor. This research method consists of 4 steps: system requirement, system design, system implementation, and last, testing and analysis. The system developed is able to get the current, voltage, and power data. The data then processed by Arduino UNO and directly send by ESP8266 to Blynk Application on Android smartphones via Internet communication. The voltage testing is done in the voltage and current sensors to get the program’s main loop’s constant values. The system input value and the Blynk Application value are also measured to check the system’s error.

WITHDRAWN: A novel methodology to capture the maximum power from variable speed wind turbines using fuzzy proportional integral Controllers, modified PSO-GSA algorithm

This article provides a modified technique for controlling generator torque efficiently in wind turbines (WT). The generator torque is generally used at low wind speeds to obtain extreme power. In this study, we introduce a method for torque of the WT generator is controlled by using a fuzzy proportional integral controller (FPI). To upsurge the PI gain, by using a radial base function neural network (RBF-NN). And another hand we conducted the optimal dataset for training this neural network has been delivered by the techniques of modified procedure of gravity search algorithm and particle swarm optimization (GSA-PSO) algorithm. Thus, the benefits of enhanced technique performance and the reliability of the FPI can be completely utilized in the control course. By showing the simulation of WT experiments with help of Matlab, the performance of a modified GSA-PSO based FPI controller to meet the high accuracy and quick response requirements of permanent magnet direct drive (PMDD) is better than that of a PI controller, Without the use of modified PSO in situations where the wind speed changes abruptly.

A Q-learning based transient power optimization method for organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery system in heavy duty diesel engine applications

In recent years, the organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery (ORC-WHR) technology gains popularity in heavy-duty diesel engine applications. Drastic fluctuations of the waste heat caused by variable daily operation of mobile heavy-duty trucks bring an extreme transient power optimization challenge to ORC-WHR systems. Existing power optimization methods either neglect transient behavior of the Rankine cycle system or compromise model accuracy for computation efficiency. Different from literature, this study first time proposes a model-free reinforcement learning method to achieve online transient power optimization for the ORC-WHR system and explains the benefits of learning method in this application. A tabular Q-learning is formulated to optimize the net power on an experimentally validated ORC-WHR system. Q-learning is explained in detail using states, action, and policy information. To quantify the power optimization of the proposed method, Proper-Integral-Derivative method, state-of-art offline and online Dynamic Programming methods are implemented. The results showed that Q-learning generated 22% more cumulative energy than the energy Proper-Integral-Derivative method generated. Furthermore, Q-learning produces 96.6% of cumulative energy that the offline Dynamic Programming generates over a transient engine condition, while it requires less computation cost and is executed online. Additionally, the Q-learning produces 0.5% more cumulative energy than the machine learning-based online Dynamic Programming results and exhibits better vapor temperature robustness than the online Dynamic Programming method (4 °C-28 °C superheat by Q-learning vs. 5 °C-94 °C superheat by online Dynamic Programming). Given the excellent power production performance, low computation cost requirement and high robustness, the proposed Q-learning method has the potential to improve the power production of the ORC-WHR system with different configurations.

Measuring Instruments for Assessing the Explosive Power of the Lower Limbs in Volleyball Players

The most accurate data for measuring the explosive power of the lower extremities are provided by modern measuring instruments and apparatus for measuring the maximum isometric force of the leg extensors with associated hardware and software, tensiometric probe inside the foot platform, force reader with PC such as Quattro Jump, Ergo Jump, Myotest. Given that explosive power is one of the essential abilities in volleyball, which contributes to the vertical jump of volleyball players, this research would aim to present and assess the validity of these measuring instruments. The method of work is to collect relevant literature in the period from 2007 to 2021 and analyze them. The results showed practicality, efficiency, the economy in transport, validity, reliability, as well as the static correlation of tested variables. The research included nine original scientific papers, which satisfied the research problems and could provide an answer to the set goal. With the help of the found research, we can freely say that the application of measuring instruments for estimating the explosive power of the lower extremities in recreation and sports is in expansion and an increasingly common ally of coaches in initial measurement, tracking form, and designing training sessions.

Poststroke Effects on Power Production in Older Adults

Muscular power is an important performance component to emphasize in older adults following stroke. Aging affects neuromuscular function reducing strength and power; in turn, this loss is exacerbated in clients with stroke. Stroke can impact both ipsilateral and contralateral extremity power production, which correlates with reduced function in gait, transfers, and impaired hand use. A variety of objective clinical tests assess lower extremity power production. Studies demonstrate that exercise regimens that improve muscular power improve function poststroke. Future research should focus on best practice interventions to maximize extremity power in this population of older adults.

Allied Power Constraint Optimization and Optimal Beam Tracking Schemes for Mobile mmWave Massive MIMO Communications

The fifth generation (5G) networks and internet of things (IoT) promise to transform our lives by enabling various new applications from driver-less cars to smart cities. These applications will introduce enormous amount of data traffic and number of connected devices in addition to the current wireless networks. Thus 5G networks require many researches to develop novel telecommunication technologies to accommodate these increase in data traffic and connected devices. In this paper, novel power constraint optimization and optimal beam tracking schemes are proposed for mobile mmWave massive MIMO communications. A recently published novel channel model that is different from other widely used ones is considered. The channel model considers the number of clusters and number of rays within each cluster as varying due to user mobility. The proposed power constraint optimization scheme harmonizes conventional total power constraint (TPC) and uniform power constraint (UPC) schemes into a new one called allied power constraint (APC) that can significantly improve the system performance in 5G networks while achieving fairness among users. TPC and UPC have major drawbacks with respect to fairness and achieving quality-of-service (QoS) for users in dense networks. Thus APC aims to harmonize TPC and UPC by adjusting each antenna element’s constraint to adapt for some power resilience to a specific antenna element, hence proposing an intermediate solution between the two extreme case power constraint optimization schemes. Three optimal beam tracking schemes: (i) conventional exhaustive search (CES), (ii) multiobjective joint optimization codebook (MJOC), and (iii) linear hybrid combiner (LHS) scheme, have been provided for the mobile mmWave massive MIMO system with the proposed APC scheme. For the proposed APC scheme a comprehensive performance analysis is provided and compared with TPC and UPC. Spectral efficiency (SE), bit-error-rate (BER), Jain’s fairness index, channel occupancy ratio (COR) and instantaneous interfering power metrics are investigated. It has been shown that the proposed scheme can significantly outperform conventional schemes.

Power Training for Improvement of Postural Stability and Reduction of Falls in Individuals With Parkinson Disease

Recurrent falls are common in persons with Parkinson disease (PD), and a decrease in lower extremity (LE) power is predictive of falls in the general population of older adults. To date, we are unaware of a synthesis of the literature pertaining to power training, postural stability, and falls in persons with PD. This narrative review synthesizes current literature related to the effect of LE power training on postural stability and falls in older adults with PD. There is limited yet compelling evidence to support an association between LE power and the performance of balance and mobility tasks in persons with PD. A need for further research is indicated to determine the strength of the relationship between improved power output, LE power symmetry, and falls reduction in individuals with PD.

Effects of Upper Extremity Coordination Exercises Based on Fatigue Prediction on Upper Extremity Sensory-motor Functions in Chronic Stroke Survivors

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of upper extremity coordination exercises based on fatigue prediction on fine and gross manual dexterity, upper limb motor function, shoulder and elbow proprioception, occupational performance, and activities of daily living in chronic stroke survivors. Methods: In this pilot double-blind randomized clinical trial, 24 chronic strokes were enrolled using the non-probability sampling method. Participants were randomly allocated to the control (received routine occupational therapy) and intervention (received upper extremity coordination exercises based on fatigue prediction using the Kinect) groups. Before and after the interventions (six weeks, three sessions/week, 45 min/session), as well as six weeks after completion of interventions, participants were assessed using the following tools: Box-Block Test, Purdue-Pegboard Test, Wolf-Motor Function Test, Action Research Arm Test, Manual Ability Measure-16, Grip Dynamometer, Shoulder Position Sense Test (SPST), Elbow Position Sense Test (EPST), Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, Shah-Barthel Index (SH-BI), and Multi-dimensional Fatigue Inventory. This project was carried out in the rehabilitation department of Shafa-Yahyaeian Hospital from May 2019 to June 2020. Results: The results showed a significant improvement in all assessments of both control and intervention groups (P≤0.05), except for SH-BI. Further, the improvement of EPST and SPST scores in the intervention group was significantly greater than the control group (P≤0.05). Also, a significant decrease in fatigue severity was observed in both control and intervention groups (P≤0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that upper extremity coordination exercises based on fatigue prediction in combination with routine occupational therapy could lead to improvement of upper extremity sensory-motor functions and power grip and caused a decrease in fatigue severity in chronic stroke.

Stochastic model-based assessment of power systems subject to extreme wind power fluctuation

Extreme outliers of wind power fluctuation are a source of severe damage to power systems. In our previous work, we proposed a modelling framework, verified its usefulness via real data, and develo...

Lower Extremity Muscle Power Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee joint. A decrease in lower extremity power is commonly seen in older adults who have knee osteoarthritis and TKA. This review integrates the current evidence regarding the change in lower extremity muscle power following TKA, rehabilitation efforts to improve power following TKA, and changes in muscle power related to function after TKA. It is recommended that lower extremity muscle power be measured and rehabilitated appropriately following TKA. A need for future research examining best treatment protocols to develop lower extremity power after TKA is warranted.

An analysis of physical performance parameters among university netball and volleyball female players

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyse netball and volleyball players for differences in physical performance parameters among female university players.Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight female participants (14 netball + 14 volleyball players) participated in this study voluntarily. Any player with lower extremity musculoskeletal injury or a record since the last three months was excluded from the study. The average age of players was 19.54±0.69 years, body weight 52.99±10.51 kg., height 156.71±5.34 cm., and body mass index 21.57±4.09. Anthropometrical characteristics were measured with the help of a bioelectrical impedance analyser, while physical performance parameters (Muscular endurance, lower extremity power, dynamic stability, agility, speed) were determined by the numerous functional tests.Results: No statistically significant differences were found in physical performance parameters except agility (p=.041) and speed (p=.015) variables between netball and volleyball university female students. A significant positive relationship was also found in some of the physical performance parameters irrespective of the sports.Conclusion: The study's findings show that physical performance parameters do not differ significantly in female netball and volleyball players. Team coaches and physiologists must consider functional test outcomes while preparing players for competition. The individual training program should also be established on test outcomes, which is more likely to improve performance.

Examination of lower-upper limb of power and force parameters of elite athletes

Background and Study Aim. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the power and force parameters of lower and upper extremities of the individual and team athletes who practice different branches.
 Material and Methods. 32 elite athletes, most of whom are university students, with an average age of 21.16 ± 2.08, who are active in sports, participated in the study. The groups were formed from Boxing and Handball (BG and HG) branches in which the upper extremities are used predominantly and from Taekwondo and Football (TG and FG) branches in which the lower extremities are used predominantly. The anaerobic power values of each individual’s upper and lower extremities were measured by a Monark 894E. The isokinetic force values of dominant arms and legs were measured by a Cybex humac norm device.
 Results. After examination of the data it was found that the upper extremity power values of BG and HG were significantly higher than TG when the top values of peak powers (PP) were evaluated. In the evaluations with respect to leg 60°/s and 180°/s extension and flexion; HG and FG was significantly higher than TG in 60°/s extension at PP; HG and FG were significantly indifferent but they were significantly higher than BG and TG in 60°/s flexion at PP. In the comparisons of the groups’ 60°/s and 180°/s extension and flexion values of lower extremities anaerobic power and isokinetic force and lower extremities’ wingate values, a number of positive relations were found between all of the groups. All of the groups were positively related to each other in terms of upper extremities wingate and 60°/s, 180°/s internal and external isokinetic forces. 
 Conclusions. Both the isokinetic arm force values and arm wingate levels were higher in the branches in which the upper extremities are used predominantly than the branches in which the lower extremities are used predominantly. On the other hand, the difference seen in the upper extremities was not seen in the lower extremities.

DETERMINING ASYMMETRY USING SPECIFIC UNILATERAL TESTS IN YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS

Defining the differences between the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) leg is one of the ways to determine the asymmetry between the extremities and thus the risk of injury. The aim of this research is to determine the differences in specific unilateral tests in young male and female basketball players. The sample consisted of 17 female basketball players (average height 177.96 ± 6.38 cm; average weight 69.53 ± 8.00 kg and age 15.50 ± 0.96 yr.) and 34 male basketball players (average height 194.29 ± 7.52 cm; average weight 83.66 ± 9.66 kg and age 15.40 ± 1.28 yr.) of the cadet and junior national teams. Tests were used to assess the explosive power of the lower extremities: high jump with D and ND leg take-off with arm swing (S_vis_jedn_L; S_vis_jedn_D), basketball two-step with D and ND leg take-off (Dvokorak_L, Dvokorak_D) and Drift protocol consisting of 5 consecutive unilateral jumps in place (Drift_L, Drift_D). The tests S_vis_jedn (p = 0.02) and Dvokorak (p = 0.03) showed statistically significant differences with an error of p˂0.05 in the group of male basketball players. Significant differences were found in female basketball players in the test S_vis_jedn (p = 0.03). In other tests, there are no significant differences between jumps with D and ND leg take-off. The presented results indicate differences between the extremities and represent the basis for the correction of the training plan and program. The methodology in this paper is simple to implement and analyse and is

Monitoring Neuromuscular Performance in Military Personnel.

A necessarily high standard for physical readiness in tactical environments is often accompanied by high incidences of injury due to overaccumulations of neuromuscular fatigue (NMF). To account for instances of overtraining stimulated by NMF, close monitoring of neuromuscular performance is warranted. Previously validated tests, such as the countermovement jump, are useful means for monitoring performance adaptations, resiliency to fatigue, and risk for injury. Performing such tests on force plates provides an understanding of the movement strategy used to obtain the resulting outcome (e.g., jump height). Further, force plates afford numerous objective tests that are valid and reliable for monitoring upper and lower extremity muscular strength and power (thus sensitive to NMF) with less fatiguing and safer methods than traditional one-repetition maximum assessments. Force plates provide numerous software and testing application options that can be applied to military’s training but, to be effective, requires the practitioners to have sufficient knowledge of their functions. Therefore, this review aims to explain the functions of force plate testing as well as current best practices for utilizing force plates in military settings and disseminate protocols for valid and reliable testing to collect key variables that translate to physical performance capacities.

Damage modeling framework for resilience hardening strategy for overhead power distribution systems

Several disastrous storms, such as Hurricane Sandy in 2012, that brought massive area power outages for several days and even weeks in some areas, highlight the necessity of enhancing the physical power distribution system, including the pole-wire network. To develop grid hardening strategies, accurate damage predictions from extreme weather events are needed to make decisions implementing cost-effective hazard preparation measures. Physics-based modeling supported by historical data has been found to better link extreme weather events, structural failure, and power outages for improved prediction of pole-wire system performance. A damage modeling framework for the overhead power distribution system (DM-OPD) is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of grid reliability enhancements under budgetary constraints. Monte Carlo simulation is used to consider various uncertainties of the power distribution system. The methodology is presented alongside a case study of conditions imposed by Hurricane Sandy in the State of Connecticut considering effects of aging infrastructure and pole replacement as a demonstrative hardening action. Due to uncertainties regarding several economic parameters, various scenarios are presented for utility companies to analyze the cost-effectiveness. The results indicate infrastructure age is a critical factor in the power system resilience under extreme storm events, with pole replacement having high potential for outage reductions. However, with its high associated costs, pole replacement should be reserved only for highly weakened poles.

Negotiating Jewish Divorce

In this article, I argue that beyond identifiable instances of extortion and abuse, the threat of being a chained wife disempowers women in divorce negotiations in a manner that is fundamentally problematic and must be remedied in a manner different than remedies often discussed that focus on punishing individual cases of abuse. Indeed, focus on the impermissibility or illegality of “abuse” creates a false sense that the agunah threat can be neutralized by curtailing individual immorality through legal means. In contrast, my argument is that the Jewish legal system that creates non-mutual, extreme power imbalances in negotiations cannot be remedied without changing the power imbalance embedded in the structure of Jewish divorce itself. Merely outlawing “extortion” might improve individual cases but fails to address the crux of the problem and obfuscates the need for more fundamental, structural reform. Using negotiation theory, I demonstrate how power imbalances that affect divorce negotiations are often left unacknowledged and yet create the potential for injustice for all women in Jewish divorce. Furthermore, these power differentials are only exacerbated by modern divorce law’s focus on gender neutrality, taking away women’s bargaining endowments that could have been used to counterbalance the unequal agunah threat. After providing reasons why instances of abuse and not fundamental problems with Jewish divorce negotiations dominate agunah discussions, I suggest ways to alter power imbalances in Jewish divorce negotiations that could ease the problems women face, assuming that the problematic status of chained wife itself cannot be completely removed without a change in religious law.

Effects of High Intensity Exercise during Early Postmenopause-the Randomized Controlled ACTLIFE-Study

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a dedicated exercise program on important menopausal risk factors and complaints in osteopenic early-postmenopausal women. Fifty-four women, 1-5 years postmenopause with osteopenia were randomly assigned (a) to a high impact weight bearing/high intensity, high velocity resistance training group (EG: n=27) exercising three times a week or (b) to an attention control group (CG: n=27). Study endpoints were body composition including Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the Lumbar Spine (LS) as determined by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA), menopausal symptoms, low back pain, lower extremity strength and power. After 28 weeks of intervention, significant effects were determined for free fat mass (EG: 0.48±0.68 kg vs CG: -0.15±0.88 kg, standardized mean differences (SMD): 0.80, p=.005), total body fat mass (EG: -1.19±1.26 kg vs CG: 0.36±1.59 kg,SMD: 1.08, p=.001), abdominal body fat rate (-1.26±1.99% vs 0.54± 1.53%, SMD: 1.02, p=.001), low back pain frequency (SMD: 0.55, p=.049) and severity (SMS: 0.66, p=.018), lower extremity strength (SMD: 1.46, p<.001) and jumping height (SMD: 0.92, p<.001) in the EG compared with the CG. Menopausal complaints improved in both groups, but changes were only significant in the EG (SMD: 0.33, p=.232). We did not determine significant exercise effects on LS-BMD (SMD: 0.26, p=.351). In conclusion, we demonstrate the general effectiveness of a multipurpose exercise protocol on various risk factors and complaints related to the menopausal transition. Future assessments have to determine the exercise effects on BMD, possibly the most challenging physiologic outcome of this ongoing project.

The effects of hamstring training methods on muscle viscoelastic properties in healthy young individuals.

This study investigated the effects of hamstring training methods on the passive viscoelastic properties of hamstring and quadriceps muscles and the relationship of these properties to lower extremity power, hamstring flexibility, and agility. A total of forty healthy individuals were recruited for this study. Participants performed Nordic hamstring exercises (n=14), hamstring curl exercises (n=14), or received neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES; n=13) for eight weeks. Measurements were taken both before and one week after the interventions of the viscoelastic properties of hamstring and quadriceps muscles, strength, flexibility, agility, and lower extremity power. Nordic hamstring exercises increased hamstring muscle elasticity while decreasing quadriceps and hamstring muscle stiffness; whereas leg curl exercises increased quadriceps and hamstring muscle stiffness while decreasing quadriceps muscle tone (P<.05). Both strengthening methods increased agility, hamstring flexibility, and vertical jump. NMES produced no noticeable effects. Eccentric and concentric training methods had inverse effects on both hamstring and quadriceps muscles' viscoelastic parameters, but had similar improvements on performance parameters. Since changes in viscoelastic parameters of muscle could affect musculotendinous systems' compliance, clinicians should consider viscoelastic properties over performance parameters, when prescribing concentric or eccentric exercises.

Universal at Last? The Splashback Mass Function of Dark Matter Halos

Abstract The mass function of dark matter halos is one of the most fundamental statistics in structure formation. Many theoretical models (such as Press–Schechter theory) are based on the notion that it could be universal, meaning independent of redshift and cosmology, when expressed in the appropriate variables. However, simulations exhibit persistent nonuniversalities in the mass functions of the virial mass and other commonly used spherical overdensity definitions. We systematically study the universality of mass functions over a wide range of mass definitions, for the first time including the recently proposed splashback mass, . We confirm that, in ΛCDM cosmologies, all mass definitions exhibit varying levels of nonuniversality that increase with peak height and reach between 20% and 500% at the highest masses we can test. , , and exhibit similar levels of nonuniversality. There are, however, two regimes where the splashback mass functions are significantly more universal. First, they are universal to 10% at , whereas spherical overdensity definitions experience an evolution due to dark energy. Second, when additionally considering self-similar cosmologies with extreme power spectra, splashback mass functions are remarkably universal (to between 40% and 60%), whereas their spherical overdensity counterparts reach nonuniversalities between 180% and 450%. These results strongly support the notion that the splashback radius is a physically motivated definition of the halo boundary. We present a simple and universal fitting formula for splashback mass functions that accurately reproduces our simulation data.