Extreme Poverty Rate Research Articles

Poverty and Prices: Assessing the Impact of the 2017 PPPs on the International Poverty Line and Global Poverty

Abstract Purchasing power parities (PPPs) are used to estimate the international poverty line (IPL) in a common currency and account for relative price differences across countries when measuring global poverty. This paper assesses the impact of the 2017 PPPs on the nominal value of the IPL and global poverty. Updating the $1.90 IPL in 2011 PPP dollars to 2017 PPP dollars results in an IPL of $2.15—a finding that is robust to various methods. Based on an updated IPL of $2.15, the global extreme poverty rate in 2017 falls from the previously estimated 9.3 to 9.1 percent, reducing the count of people who are poor by 15 million. This is a modest change compared with previous updates of PPP data. The paper also assesses the methodological stability between the 2011 and 2017 PPPs, scrutinizes large changes at the country level, and updates alternative, complementary poverty lines with the 2017 PPPs.

Desigualdad social, pobreza y mortalidad infantil en México (2010-2020)

Mexico faces deep inequalities: the richest 10% concéntrate 57.4% of the country's income and 78.7% of its wealth, while the poorest 50% have access to barely 9.2% of the income and lack significant wealth. Social inequality and poverty are closely related. Although inequality is not the only cause of poverty, it plays a significant role in perpetuating it. Addressing social inequality is essential to effectively combat poverty and build more equitable and fair societies. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is a key indicator, strongly influenced by structural factors such as poverty, which reflects avoidable, unnecessary and premature deaths, which can be prevented through individual and collective actions. The relationship between poverty and child health is well recognized, as poverty is associated with the worst outcomes in child health, particularly in infant mortality. In 2020, the distribution of infant mortality among the Mexican states was remarkably heterogeneous, with rates ranging from 6.1 to 20.5 deaths per 1,000 births. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the IMR and the percentage of people living in extreme poverty (r = 0.550), educational gap (r = 0.530), lack of access to health services (r = 0.547); and people with 3 or more social deficiencies (r = 0.520) was high and statistically significant; but the IMR is also moderately associated with poverty (r = 0.494) and lack of social security (r = 0.494). The nine entities with high or very high rates of infant mortality and extreme poverty were Chiapas, Guerrero, Mexico, Michoacán, Puebla, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Tlaxcala, and Yucatán.

Poverty dynamics for Ghana during 2005/06–2016/17: An investigation using synthetic panels

Ghana has consistently kept its poverty rate lower than the regional average over the past 25 years, but this positive trend has slowed down recently. Without actual panel data, it would be next to impossible to probe into the dynamic patterns beneath this trend. We offer the first study that examines the dynamics of overall, moderate, and extreme poverty in Ghana during 2005/06–2016/17, addressing the lack of actual panel data by constructing synthetic panel data from three nationally representative cross-sectional rounds of the Ghana Living Standards Surveys (GLSSs).We present a well-defined decomposition framework, which allows us to examine a rich profile of the dynamics among different population groups. Beyond poverty analysis, we further investigate the dynamics of the full consumption expenditure distribution. Although we find considerable conditional chronic (extreme) poverty rates hovering around 50–60%, there was more upward mobility than downward mobility during this period. Poor households were also more likely to have stronger consumption expenditure growth. The findings suggest that factors such as educational attainment, female household headship, urban residence, and nonagricultural work are positively correlated with poverty reduction. Compared to all other correlates, educational attainment appears to be the most effective in pushing households out of poverty and keeping them from falling into poverty. These results contribute to the growing literature on poverty dynamics in developing countries in general and provide new and relevant inputs for policy advice in Ghana in particular, especially since policies that address chronic poverty typically differ from those that tackle transient poverty.

Village Government Policies to Unravel the Failure in handling Stunting(Case study of Candiyasan Village, Wonosobo Regency)

The prevalence of stunting in 2021 according to the Indonesian Infant Nutrition Survey (SSGBI) was 24.4%. This figure still exceeds the WHO limit of 20%. The prevalence of stunting cases in Wonosobo Regency touched 10.49 percent and Candiyasan Village is the locus of stunting in Kertek District. This study aims to identify the factors causing the high stunting rate in Candiyasan Village and its relation to the extreme poverty rate, which is also high in Kertek Sub-district. The method used is descriptive qualitative method according to the results of interviews as primary data and literacy data as secondary data. The results show that stunting cases are caused by several factors, including: high rates of early marriage, pregnant women's awareness of the importance of checking nutritional fulfillment during pregnancy, nutritional fulfillment patterns, family food security, and poverty. The majority of stunting toddlers come from poor families.

MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF WAQF IN AFGHANISTAN

This research delves into the importance and pertinence of Waqf in Afghanistan, charting its historical administration across time and emphasizing its customary utilization only for mosques and religious instruction across the country. It examines a number of aspects of Waqf in Afghanistan, such as its historical development of Waqf, the existence of Waqf laws in the country, its evolution throughout time, common difficulties of Waqf, a lack of awareness among the general public even on institutional level, and the required and necessity of updating Waqf customs in the nation. Amidst Afghanistan's ongoing problems with extreme poverty and high jobless rates brought on by years of hostilities and civil war. We believe that there is a chance to revive the Waqf tradition and modify it for use in modern settings. Afghanistan might learn from other prosperous Muslim countries by using Waqf as a tool for economic growth and creating a structure and plan that support charitable endeavors and self-sufficient Waqf-based institutions in the nation. Waqf is well-positioned to assist governmental initiatives in meeting community needs and achieving development goals within Waqf institutions in Afghanistan by fostering social welfare and promotes growth and development of the economy. Afghanistan's Waqf institution is excellent; it can help the government with a wide range of official duties.

The role of direct capital cash transfers towards poverty and extreme poverty alleviation - an omega risk process

Trapping refers to the event when a household falls into the area of poverty. Households that live or fall into the area of poverty are said to be in a poverty trap, where a poverty trap is a state of poverty from which it is difficult to escape without external help. Similarly, extreme poverty is considered as the most severe type of poverty, in which households experience severe deprivation of basic human needs. In this article, we consider an Omega risk process with deterministic growth and a multiplicative jump (collapse) structure to model the capital of a household. It is assumed that, when a household's capital level is above a certain capital barrier level that determines a household's eligibility for a capital cash transfer programme, its capital grows exponentially. As soon as its capital falls below the capital barrier level, the capital dynamics incorporate external support in the form of direct transfers (capital cash transfers) provided by donors or governments. Otherwise, once trapped, the capital grows only due to the capital cash transfers. Under this model, we first derive closed-form expressions for the trapping probability and then do the same for the probability of extreme poverty, which only depends on the current value of the capital given by some extreme poverty rate function. Numerical examples illustrate the role of capital cash transfers on poverty and extreme poverty dynamics.

Inflation-poverty causal nexus in sub-Saharan African countries: an asymmetric panel causality approach

PurposeThis study examines the roles of cross-sectional dependence, asymmetric structure and country-to-country policy variations in the inflation-poverty reduction causal nexus in selected sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 1981 to 2019.Design/methodology/approachTo account for cross-sectional dependence, heterogeneity and policy variations across countries in the inflation-poverty reduction causal nexus, this study uses robust Hatemi-J data decomposition procedures and a battery of second-generation techniques. These techniques include cross-sectional dependency tests, panel unit root tests, slope homogeneity tests and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel Granger non-causality approach.FindingsUnlike existing studies, the panel and country-specific findings exhibit several dimensions of asymmetric causality in the inflation-poverty nexus. Positive inflationary shocks Granger-causes poverty reduction through investment and employment opportunities that benefit the impoverished in SSA. These findings align with country-specific analyses of Botswana, Cameroon, Gabon, Mauritania, South Africa and Togo. Also, a decline in poverty causes inflation to increase in the Congo Republic, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. All panel and country-specific analyses reveal at least one dimension of asymmetric causality or another.Practical implicationsAll stakeholders and policymakers must pay adequate attention to issues of asymmetric structures, nonlinearities and country-to-country policy variations to address country-specific issues and the socioeconomic problems in the probable causal nexus between the high incidence of extreme poverty and double-digit inflation rates in most SSA countries.Originality/valueStudies on the inflation-poverty nexus are not uncommon in economic literature. Most existing studies focus on inflation’s effect on poverty. Existing studies that examine the inflation-poverty causal relationship covertly assume no asymmetric structure and nonlinearity. Also, the issues of cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity are unexplored in the causal link in existing studies. All panel studies covertly impose homogeneous policies on countries in the causality. This study relaxes this supposition by allowing policies to vary across countries in the panel framework. Thus, this study makes three-dimensional contributions to increasing understanding of the inflation-poverty nexus.

Design of electrical lines with the DLTCAD software and the improvement in the times of installation processes of electrical lines of antennas in rural areas

This work aims to present the design of power lines with the DLTCAD software and the improvement in the process times for the installation of power lines for antennas in rural areas. Currently in rural areas of Peru the telecommunications service is limited and scarce, with 68.6% access to "Mobile Telephony" and 68.7% access to "Internet" (Source: ERESTEL "Residential Survey of Telecommunications Services", 2021, OSIPTEL), hence the importance of having antennas in rural areas, necessary to provide the telecommunications service to: schools, hospitals, police stations, municipalities, others, and to be able to begin to gradually close the digital gap in our country. DLTCAD is a Peruvian software and one of the best in the world in the calculation and design of power lines. The antennas located in rural areas require electricity for the proper functioning of their equipment, and to be able to operate and radiate the telecommunications service for the benefit of the most needy population with high rates of extreme poverty that do not have basic services such as: water , light and even more so in telecommunications, hence the importance of installing antenna power lines in rural areas, and the importance of designing these power lines with the use of an electrical design tool or software.

Capitalist reforms and extreme poverty in China: unprecedented progress or income deflation?

ABSTRACT It is widely believed that China's socialist economy had relatively high rates of extreme poverty while the capitalist reforms of the 1980s and 1990s delivered rapid progress. This narrative relies on World Bank estimates of the share of people living on less than $1.90 a day (2011 PPP), which show a sharp decline from 88 per cent in 1981 to zero by 2018. However, the World Bank’s poverty line has been critiqued for ignoring variations in the actual cost of meeting basic needs. In this paper we review data published by the OECD on the share of people unable to afford a subsistence basket. These estimates indicate that from 1981 to 1990, when most of China’s socialist provisioning systems were still in place, the country’s extreme poverty rate was on average only 5.6 per cent, substantially lower than in capitalist economies of comparable size and income at the time: 51 per cent in India, 36.5 per cent in Indonesia, and 29.5 per cent in Brazil. China's comparatively strong performance is corroborated by data on other social indicators. Moreover, extreme poverty in China increased during the capitalist reforms of the 1990s, reaching a peak of 68 per cent, as privatisation inflated the prices of essential goods and thus deflated the incomes of the working classes. These results indicate that socialist provisioning policies can be effective at preventing extreme poverty, while market reforms may threaten people's ability to meet basic needs.

Social Program “Family 500+” as an Instrument Reducing Family Income Poverty in Poland

The aim of the article was to show the specificity of the “Family 500+” program in the context of the effects of reducing poverty in families. The main reason for introducing this program in Poland were pro-natal aspects, but the second, equally important reason for this program was to reduce the income poverty of families with children. So far, it has not been directly indicated whether and how this social solution affects this phenomenon. The data necessary to conduct the research came from: a critical review of literature, analysis of data from the Central Statistical Office regarding: the extent of extreme poverty in Poland (especially among children), the unemployment rate of women and the professional activity rate of women. The methods of synthesis, inductive and deductive reasoning and interpretation were used. After implementing the program, sustained improvements in poverty rates were observed. The declines are noticeable in all age categories, and the largest among children – in the age group 0-17. Changes in the labor market are also visible. After the program was introduced, some women resigned from work due to family responsibilities (although this phenomenon was noticeable even before 2016), while a larger number of women took up work then. The “Family 500+” program did not contribute to an increase in the fertility rate, but it reduced poverty. This was especially true for children. In this group of people, the rate of extreme poverty before the program was introduced was high compared to other European Union countries.

Time-series comparison of COVID-19 case fatality rates across 21 countries with adjustment for multiple covariates.

Although it is widely used as a measure for mortality, the case fatality rate (CFR) ofcoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can vary over time and fluctuate for many reasons otherthan viral characteristics. To compare the CFRs of different countries in equal measure, weestimated comparable CFRs after adjusting for multiple covariates and examined the mainfactors that contributed to variability in the CFRs among 21 countries. For statistical analysis, time-series cross-sectional data were collected from OurWorld in Data, CoVariants.org, and GISAID. Biweekly CFRs of COVID-19 were estimated bypooled generalized linear squares regression models for the panel data. Covariates includedthe predominant virus variant, reproduction rate, vaccination, national economic status,hospital beds, diabetes prevalence, and population share of individuals older than age 65. Intotal, 21 countries were eligible for analysis. Adjustment for covariates reduced variation in the CFRs of COVID-19 across countriesand over time. Regression results showed that the dominant spread of the Omicron variant,reproduction rate, and vaccination were associated with lower country-level CFRs, whereasage, the extreme poverty rate, and diabetes prevalence were associated with higher countrylevel CFRs. A direct comparison of crude CFRs among countries may be fallacious, especiallyin a cross-sectional analysis. Our study presents an adjusted comparison of CFRs over timefor a more proper comparison. In addition, our findings suggest that comparing CFRs amongdifferent countries without considering their context, such as the epidemic phase, medicalcapacity, surveillance strategy, and socio-demographic traits, should be avoided.

Intimate Partner Violence and Early Childhood DevelopmentViolência por parceiro íntimo e desenvolvimento na primeira infância

To describe the prevalence of different types of intimate partner violence and estimate how this relates to child development in a low-income country in Latin America. The relationship between intimate partner violence and childcare practices, including the use of physical punishment, was also examined. An observational study was conducted using data collected as a baseline for an impact evaluation of the National Early Childhood Program in Nicaragua between 2013 and 2014. The sample included 8921 children between 0 and 5 years and 7436 mothers or caregivers in municipalities with an extreme poverty rate of over 0.2. The data revealed that 61% of mothers or caregivers reported controlling behavior by their partners, 50% suffered emotional violence, and 26% suffered physical violence at some point in their lives. Furthermore, the data demonstrated that children exposed to intimate partner violence displayed greater behavioral problems and delayed language and social-emotional development. These children are also more likely to be born prematurely and to have incomplete vaccination schedules. Finally, homes exposed to intimate partner violence are more likely to create more hostile and unsafe environments for children. The results reflect the magnitude of intimate partner violence and its detrimental effects on children. Public policies need to be devised and implemented not only to prevent this behavior and mitigate sequelae in exposed children but also to curb the intergenerational transmission of violence.

The Effectiveness of Entrepreneurial Education Programs in Kenya

There has been a shift toward placing an excessive amount of focus on financial, legal, and regulatory factors, as well as environmental variables, in entrepreneurship courses. The research team in this study set out to answer the question, "How does entrepreneurship training affect business performance in Bungoma County?" Because of its extreme poverty and high unemployment rate, Bungoma County was named a Millennium District in 2006. Stakeholders' attempts to boost entrepreneurs' capacity through a range of training programs have been attributed to a lack of entrepreneurial culture and entrepreneurial abilities among the indigenous people, who face the twin issues of extreme poverty and unemployment. To what extent these trainings impacted business performance was the focus of this research. This research built on Kirkpatrick's (2003) revised model for program evaluation and planning in training. The data from the study were analyzed using a correlational technique. Based on the results of the research, it is clear that the trainings did not significantly improve participants' MSE scores. There was no clear progression from micro to small to medium to large firms across the enterprise continuum, highlighting the need for enhancement to meet the specific needs of entrepreneurs and small business owners. There has to be a standardized method for the government and enterprise development agents to assess the effectiveness of training and make adjustments for the betterment of the sector.

Asymmetric and threshold effects of FinTech on poverty in SSA countries

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamic asymmetric relationship between financial technology (FinTech) adoption and poverty alleviation on annual data for the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region over the period from 2004 to 2020.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted the general method of moments (GMM) method on annual data for 127 countries including 45 countries from the SSA region over the period from 2004 to 2020.FindingsThe study’s findings show that improvement in FinTech may initially decrease the rate of extreme poverty, leading to a decrease in total poverty as a percent of the population. While there is an initial decrease in the rate of extreme poverty with improvements of FinTech, once the FinTech index reaches its threshold level of 37.18 points, further improvement in FinTech tends to decrease as penetration increases, giving rise to an decrease in the rate of poverty alleviation.Research limitations/implicationsPolicymakers should design more aggressive and comprehensive policies directed at recouping the maximum gains of FinTech adoption, with a reasonable threshold target.Practical implicationsPolicymakers in the SSA region must be aware of a FinTech threshold level of 37.18 points. To ensure the highest reduction in extreme poverty, policymakers must keep investing in FinTech to reach this threshold level.Social implicationsFinTech improvement leads to poverty alleviation. Policymakers in the SSA region can fully recoup the benefits of FinTech by achieving a pre-set threshold level.Originality/valueThis paper addresses that gap in the literature by studying the impact of FinTech, instead of the traditional financial inclusion measures, on poverty in the 45 countries in the SSA region, exploring the potential dynamic asymmetry of this poverty-FinTech link, and testing the presence and statistical significance of the threshold level of FinTech.

How much does reducing inequality matter for global poverty?

The goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030 and working towards a more equal distribution of incomes are part of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Using data from 166 countries comprising 97.5% of the world’s population, we simulate scenarios for global poverty from 2019 to 2030 under various assumptions about growth and inequality. We use different assumptions about growth incidence curves to model changes in inequality, and rely on a machine-learning algorithm called model-based recursive partitioning to model how growth in GDP is passed through to growth as observed in household surveys. When holding within-country inequality unchanged and letting GDP per capita grow according to World Bank forecasts and historically observed growth rates, our simulations suggest that the number of extreme poor (living on less than $1.90/day) will remain above 600 million in 2030, resulting in a global extreme poverty rate of 7.4%. If the Gini index in each country decreases by 1% per year, the global poverty rate could reduce to around 6.3% in 2030, equivalent to 89 million fewer people living in extreme poverty. Reducing each country’s Gini index by 1% per year has a larger impact on global poverty than increasing each country’s annual growth 1 percentage point above forecasts. We also study the impact of COVID-19 on poverty and find that the pandemic may have driven around 60 million people into extreme poverty in 2020. If the pandemic increased the Gini index by 2% in all countries, then more than 90 million may have been driven into extreme poverty in 2020.

Social Uprising, Racism, and Resistance in Cali’s National Strike

To understand the social uprising that occurred in Colombia starting on the day of the national strike, April 28, 2021, particularly in the city of Santiago de Cali, this article examines three postulates: (1) Cali is an ethnicized/racialized and young city; (2) Colombia has one of the highest rates of extreme poverty, inequality, and violence on the continent; (3) being both Black and poor is not exactly a coincidence. Although there are many reasons behind the protests in Colombia, this article focuses on the structural and everyday expressions of racism that lead to a multiplicity of oppressions that fall on the bodies of racialized men and women in a city with an intensely racist imaginary. In the strike, these people, young people without a future, said enough is enough and strengthened their dignity through struggle.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Associated With the Level of Poverty of the Andean Rural Population: A Five-Year Single-Center Study

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a disease that dramatically afflicts American populations as it is related to socioeconomic factors such as poverty. We aimed to determine the incidence of Leishmaniasis associated with poverty level among patients admitted to the Celendin Regional Hospital in Cajamarca, Peru. Materials and Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included 250 peri-urban and rural patients (mean 29.3±20 years) diagnosed with leishmaniasis during 2015-2020. A collection card was used to extract the clinical, and epidemiological information. We used the 2013 Fondo de Cooperación para el Desarrollo Social (FONCODES) to estimate the level of poverty in Cajamarca. Results: Of total, 156 (37.6%) were positive for cutaneous leishmaniasis and the most common lesions were the upper limbs (110 [44%]) and the head (24 [9.6%]). The most frequent place origin of patients weres Celendín (54 [21.6%]), Huasmin (58 [23.2%]), and Utco (13 [5.2%]) district. The highest incidence rate of Leishmaniasis was found in the districts of Utco (0.93 × 1000 inhabitants) and Huasmin (0.41 × 1000 inhabitants). We found that the poverty rate (p = 0.002) and extreme poverty rate (p = 0.001) were positively associated with the incidence of Leishmaniasis. The most affected age group were those <18 years-old (61 [62.2%]) (p = 0.029). Conclusions: We determined a significant association between poverty and leishmaniasis cases in the Peruvian Andean population.

Feasibility of a socio-spiritual intervention to improve quality of life of adult Nigerians with cancer and their family caregivers: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundDespite high psychosocial needs that negatively affect the quality of life of adults living with cancer and their family caregivers, there is a lack of interventions that are culturally sensitive to low-income countries. This protocol tests the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial on the efficacy of a socio-spiritual intervention to improve the quality of life of adult Nigerians living with cancer and their family caregivers. Methods/designThis two-arm trial will recruit 152 adults with cancer and their family caregivers (76 dyads). Participants will be recruited from a clinical facility in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group at a 1:1 ratio. The intervention consists of four weekly face-to-face sessions with a focus on spirituality, social support, and information needs. Control participants will receive usual care. Outcome measures include feasibility, spiritual need, social need, information, cancer health literacy, and quality of life collected at baseline and immediate post-intervention. DiscussionNigeria has the highest rate of extreme poverty globally with high rates of cancer mortality. Testing the feasibility of social-spiritual interventions in resource poor settings is important to establish preliminary efficacy and sustainability. Family-centred interventions for adults living with cancer and their family caregivers can strengthen their coping capabilities. If this intervention is feasible and effective, it could be implemented both in clinical practice and communities in other low and middle income countries.

Worldwide inverse correlation between Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization and COVID-19 mortality.

PurposeThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread to all countries in the world, and different countries have been impacted differently. The study aims to understand what factors contribute to different COVID-19 impacts at the country level. MethodsMultivariate statistical analyses were used to evaluate COVID-19 deaths and cases relative to nine other demographic and socioeconomic factors in all countries and regions of the world using data as of August 1, 2020. The factors analyzed in the study include a country’s total COVID-19 deaths and cases per million population, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, virus tests per million population, median age, government response stringency index, hospital beds availability per thousand population, extreme poverty rate, Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination rate, and diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP3) immunization rate. ResultsThe study reveals that COVID-19 deaths per million population in a country most significantly correlates, inversely, with the country’s BCG vaccination rate (r = − 0.50, p = 5.3e-5), and also significantly correlates a country’s per capita GDP (r = 0.39, p = 7.4e-3) and median age (r = 0.30, p = 0.042), while COVID-19 cases per million population significantly correlate with per capita GDP and tests per thousand population. To control for possible confounding effects of age, the correlation was assessed in countries propensity score matched for age. The inverse correlation between BCG vaccination rates and COVID-19 case (r = − 0.30, p = 0.02) and death (r = − 0.42, p = 0.0007) remained significant among the top 61 countries with the highest median age.ConclusionThis study contributes to a growing body of evidence supporting the notion that BCG vaccination may be protective against COVID-19 mortality.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s15010-020-01566-6.

SARS-COV-2 Vaccines: What Indicators are Associated with the Worldwide Distribution of the First Doses.

The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with the distribution of the first doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. In this study, we used 9 variables: human development index (HDI), gross domestic product (GDP per capita), Gini index, population density, extreme poverty, life expectancy, COVID cases, COVID deaths, and reproduction rate. The time period was until February 1, 2021. The variable of interest was the sum of the days after the vaccine arrived in the countries. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated, and t-test was performed between the groups that received and did not receive the immunizer, and finally, a stepwise linear regression model was used. 58 (30.4%) of the 191 countries received the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The countries that received the most doses were the United States, China, the United Kingdom, and Israel. Vaccine access in days showed a positive Pearson correlation HDI, GDP, life expectancy, COVID-19 cases, deaths, and reproduction rate. Human development level, COVID-19 deaths, GDP per capita, and population density are able to explain almost 50% of the speed of access to immunizers. Countries with higher HDI and per capita income obtained priority access.