Extreme Northwestern Part Research Articles

Identifying the hydrocarbon potential from seismic, geochemical, and wireline data of the Sallum intra-basin, North Western Desert of Egypt

ABSTRACT The current study's objectives are to identify the primary source rock's hydrocarbon potential and, using various approaches, examine the Sallum Concession's petroleum system, which lies in the extreme northwestern part of the Western Desert of Egypt. We integrated seismic, geochemical, and well logging data. As a result, the structure analysis indicates that the area is elevated topographic land, representing a high intra-basin about the surrounding Faghour, Matrouh, and Shushan basins. Therefore, the site is a significant concession with various source rocks; Khatatba (Safa member) and Alam El-Buieb (AEB-3A member) are the oil-prone source rocks of the northern and southern parts of the area with high TOC (up to 11.3%) and mid-mature stage (0.7-1.0% Ro) at depth below 8000 ft. On the other hand, the Paleozoic Desouqy, Zeitoun, and Shiffah formations, located below 12000 ft, are gas-prone source rocks with high organic contents (TOC 1.41-4.64%) and fair potential for gas generation and are currently in the mid-mature stage (0.7-1.0% Ro). We concluded that the concession's low oil production might result from a delay in Kerogen maturity and hydrocarbon migration. Finally, the East of Sallum concession is the only potential area because the wells in the west do not show reservoirs characteristics.

Arctic Shelf Oil and Gas Prospects from Lower-Middle Paleozoic Sediments of the Timan–Pechora Oil and Gas Province Based on the Results of a Regional Study

The Timan–Pechora oil and gas province (TPP), despite the good geological and geophysical knowledge of its central and southern regions, remains poorly studied in the extreme northwestern part within the north of the Izhma–Pechora depression and the Malozemelsk–Kolguev monocline, and in the extreme northeast within the Predpaikhoisky depression. Assessing the oil and gas potential of the Lower Paleozoic part of the section is urgently required in the northwestern part of the TPP, the productivity of which has been proven at the border and in the more eastern regions of the province (Pechora–Kolva, Khoreyverskaya, Varandei–Adzva regions), that have been evaluated ambiguously. A comprehensive interpretation of the seismic exploration of regional works was carried out, with the wells significantly clarifying the structural basis and the boundaries of the distribution of the main seismic facies’ complexes. The capabilities of potentially oil- and gas-producing strata in the Silurian–Lower Devonian were studied. An analysis of migration routes in transit strata used for basin modeling in order to reconstruct the conditions of oil and gas formation that are common in the land and water areas of the Arctic zone of the TPP was carried out. Modeling allowed us to reach an understanding of the formation of large zones with possible accumulations of hydrocarbons, including the time at which the formation occurred and under what conditions, to establish space–time links with possible centers of generation to identify migration directions and, based on a comparison with periods of intensive generation of hydrocarbons both directly located within the work area and beyond (noting the possible migration), to identify zones of the paleoaccumulation of hydrocarbons. The body of existing literature on the subject made it possible to outline promising oil and gas accumulation zones, with the allocation of target objects for further exploration in the Lower Paleozoic part of the section.

Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea-new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea.

Eight species are added to the intertidal bryozoan fauna of South Korea, all collected from the extreme northwestern part of the country at Baengnyeong Island. Five of the species (Hippothoa imperforata, Celleporella hyalina, Celleporella nodasakae, Porella donoghueorum and Suhius rubescentis) are new records. Cauloramphus dicki n. sp., Cauloramphus spencerjonesae n. sp., and Exochella cryptodontia n. sp. are new to science; Suhius n. gen. is a newly recognized genus in Bitectiporidae. The close morphological similarity of umbonuloid-shielded P. donoghueorum to Australasian and Antarctic species of lepralioid-shielded species of Aimulosia is discussed in relation to ascophoran phylogeny. The described cheilostome fauna from South Korea is herein increased to 121 species.

Could the conventionally known Abu Roash “G” reservoir (upper Cenomanian) be a promising active hydrocarbon source in the extreme northwestern part of Egypt? Palynofacies, palaeoenvironmental, and organic geochemical answers

In different areas of the Western Desert of Egypt, the Abu Roash “G” Member exhibits either a reservoir or source affinity. Thus, thirteen cutting samples covering the Abu Roash “G” Member were selected from the Nest-1A well at Matruh Basin to investigate its hydrocarbon source potential. Palynological age dating of the section that is calibrated with foraminifera and ostracodes enabled a proper identification of the “G” Member. Detailed analysis of the vertical distribution of particulate organic matter of this member shows two palynofacies types. PF-1 reflects an outer middle shelf depositional environment of prevailed reducing (suboxic-anoxic) conditions for the organic-rich shales of the lower “G” Member (samples 1–8). While, PF-2 reflects a minor regression that resulted in deposition of another organic-rich shales of the upper “G” Member (samples 9–13) in an inner middle shelf setting under the same prevailing reducing (suboxic-anoxic) conditions.Organic geochemical analysis reveals good to very good potential of the “G” Member as a hydrocarbon source rock (1.8–2.41, avg. 2.15 total organic content wt %). It also shows good to very good petroleum potential (PP: 4.8–11 , avg. 8 mg HC/g rock). Pyrolsis and palynofacies analyses show kerogen type II for the lower “G” Member (samples 1–8), which is characterized by high Hydrogen index (HI: 396 and 329 mg HC/g TOC at depths 1500 and 1560 m) and very high dominance of oil-prone material (amorphous organic matter “AOM”, marine palynomorphs, and sporomorphs) and very rare occurrence of gas-prone material (brown phytoclasts). The upper “G” Member (samples 9–13) shows kerogen type II-III, which is characterized by a lower HI value of 213 mg HC/g TOC at depth 1340 m and it contains fewer amounts of gas-prone material and relatively lower AOM and marine palynomorphs in comparison to the upper “G” Member. Maturation parameters Tmax (430–433 °C), production index (PI: 0.1 mg HC/g rock), and thermal alteration index (TAI: 2+) indicate the lower “G” Member has already entered the early oil-window kitchen, and it is expected to produce oil. The upper “G” Member is expected to produce only oil with no gas shows, because it is marginally mature (Tmax 426 °C, PI 0.2, TAI 2). The source potential index (SPI: 5.3 t HC/m2) of the “G” Member shows it as currently generating moderate quantities of oil in the area of Nest-1A well.Consequently, the organic-rich shales of the “G” Member are suggested here as a promising, active oil source rock in that extreme northwestern part of the Western Desert of Egypt. However, for commercial oil recovery from the Abu Roash “G” Member, it is highly recommended to explore the depocentre of Matruh Basin at about 150 km east the Nest-1A well.

Bivališča »krivopet«: Lokacije in mikrotoponimi<br>Residences of the “Krivopete”: Locations and Microtoponyms</br>

Krivopete are wild women whose feet are turned backwards. Folklore tradition about these mythical beings can be found in the extreme north-western part of the Slovenian ethnic territory: in Trenta, Breginj, Livško, and the Natissone Valleys in the Italian Slavia Veneta. Since folktales about the krivopete are typically installed in a concrete location these places have been identified through the toponyms and microtoponyms where the krivopete allegedly lived, manifested themselves, or acted. The number of locations and their position in space indicates in which (micro)locations this tradition was particularly strong. A common feature of such locations, which indicated where these women dwelled, was the hideous, inaccessible, and/or dangerous terrain: caves, rocky shelters, steep ravines, and streams.

Historical Development of the Present Day Lineaments of the Western Zagros Fold Thrust Belt A Case Study from Northeastern Iraq, Kurdistan Region

The part of the Zagros within the Iraqi border occupies an area less than quarter of the country. It includes three tectonic zones which can be clearly identified in the field. These are the Low and High Folded, Imbricated and Thrusted Zones. The main lineaments are the axes of the anticlines; transverse and longitudinal faults; lines of distribution of ophiolite and metamorphic rocks; drainage direction discharge and line of distribution of conglomerates. The direction of axes of the anticlines are trending nearly N38W which normal to the direction of the imposed stress by the Iranian plate front. Due to differences in thicknesses and physical properties of the sedimentary rocks, the axes of these anticlines are not continuous they plunge more or less in an en echelon pattern and in some cases are bend. The lengths of most of these anticlines are around 10-30km. The first appearance of the anticlines in the High Folded Zone possibly started at the Eocene while those of the Thrust Zone initiated at Maastrichtian. Some of these anticlines are cut by transverse faults whose ages are not known. These faults trend nearly normal to the axis of anticlines. Other kinds of lineaments are the distribution of ophiolites and metamorphic rocks. Historically the first appearance of trace of ophiolites (as pebbles in sedimentary rocks) has an age of Lower Maastrichtian. The direction of drainage discharge is nearly towards the south and southwest, which is inherited from that of the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary paleocurrent directions (sediment transport direction). This direction is related to uplift of the extreme northwestern part of the studied area during Maastrichtian. Evidence for these suggestions is the occurrence of thicknesses of 500m of conglomerates as valley fillings during Late Cretaceous. The depositional axes of the successions was migrated for about 50kms during Cretaceous and Tertiary and becomes younger from northeast towards the southwest as recorded by four narrow belts. The line of migration is nearly coinciding with both directions of present regional slope and the Cretaceous sediment transport. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

New Collations and Remarks on Alalakh VII Tablets

T he ancient site of Tell Atchana in the Turkish Hatay was excavated for seven seasons by Sir Leonard Woolley, from 1936 until 1949. 1 Although this site did not seem at first glance very promising in contributing new data to our knowledge of ancient Near Eastern civilization, documents written in Akkadian excavated in two levels of Atchana, namely, levels VII and IV, later proved to be interesting enough for choosing the site, at least in order to recover a partial history of the extreme northwestern part of Syria at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. The Atchana texts proved that in ancient times the town was called Alalakh, and since then they have become more and more important, especially for certain Assyriological fields such as West Semitic and Amorite studies and West Akkadian dialect studies, but also in connection with topics such as, for example, the problem of the first arrival of Hurrians in Syria or the role of their language in the West Semitic milieu among other subjects. One of the most interesting contributions of the Alalakh texts to Assyriological studies has been, however, the important data and references provided by their archaeology and the Akkadian archives and how they have clarified, or sometimes even complicated, the general and already long-discussed problem of chronology in the ancient Near East. 2 The discussion continues, and many problems are no doubt yet to be resolved with respect not only to chronology, but also to other aspects of Alalakh studies, such as linguistics, history, hybridism, etc. (these topics generally fall into the category of Alalakhiana in Assyriology). The city-state of Alalakh was founded (level XVII) during the Amorite domination of Syria, probably at the end of the nineteenth century b.c. , as a part of the ancient kingdom of Yamhad, which was governed by a powerful Amorite dynasty established in Aleppo. The later kings of Amorite Alalakh (level VII, dated to ca. 1650 b.c. ) belonged to the royal family of Aleppo.

Geophysical monitoring of the Purace volcano, Colombia

Located in the extreme northwestern part of the Los Coconucos volcanic chain in the Central Cordillera, the Purace is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes. Recent geological studies indicate an eruptive history of mainly explosive behavior which was marked most recently by a minor ash eruption in 1977. Techniques used to forecast the renewal of activity of volcanoes after a long period of quiescence include the monitoring of seismicity and ground deformation near the volcano. As a first approach toward the monitoring of the Purace volcano, Southwest Seismological Observatory (OSSO), located in the city of Cali, set up one seismic station in 1986. Beginning in June 1991, the seismic signals have also been transmitted to the Colombian Geological Survey (INGEOMINAS) at the Volcanological and Seismological Observatory (OVS-UOP), located in the city of Popayan. Two more seismic stations were installed early in 1994 forming a minimum seismic network and a geodetic monitoring program for ground deformation studies was established and conducted by INGEOMINAS.

Arrival and withdrawal dates of the summer monsoon in Bangladesh

AbstractDaily data of (a) rainfall amount, (b) prevailing wind direction, (c) wind speed, (d) mean temperature, and (e) mean relative humidity of 19 stations in Bangladesh for the months May through to October, for the period 1958 through to 1987, have been analysed in order to determine various spatio‐temporal patterns of the arrival and withdrawal dates of the summer monsoon in the country. Statistical characteristics of these dates have been presented.The summer monsoon arrives first in the extreme south‐eastern part of the country, and initially moves towards the north. After being diverted by the Meghalaya Plateau, the flow turns towards the west. The mean arrival date of the summer monsoon in the extreme south‐eastern coastal part and in the extreme north‐western part are 2 June and 15 June, respectively. Withdrawal of the summer monsoon proceeds in the opposite direction to the arrival. Mean withdrawal dates of the summer monsoon from the extreme north‐western part and extreme south‐eastern part of the country are 30 September and 17 October, respectively. Standard deviations of both arrival and withdrawal dates in different parts of the country vary from 7 to 10 days.Probabilistic early dates of arrival of the summer monsoon in Cox's Bazar area in 1 year out of 4 years, 10 years, and 25 years are 28 May, 23 May, and 19 May, respectively. Probabilistic late dates of arrival in 1 year out of 4 years, 10 years, and 25 years are 8 June, 13 June, and 16 June, respectively.Probabilistic early dates of complete withdrawal of the summer monsoon from Bangladesh in 1 year out of 4 years, 10 years, and 25 years are 10 October, 5 October, and 1 October, respectively. Probabilistic late dates of complete withdrawal in 1 year out of 4 years, 10 years, and 25 years are 23 October, 28 October, and November 1, respectively.

Pripyat Basin, U.S.S.R.: An Oil Productive Middle Paleozoic Rift

The Pripyat basin occupies the extreme northwestern part of the Pripyat-Donets middle Paleozoic rift, which separates the Ukrainian shield from the rest of the Russian craton. The basement structure is typical of rifts and consists of a series of east-west-trending tilted fault blocks. The prerift sequence is chiefly composed of Middle Devonian clastic and carbonate rocks. The rift sequence is of Late Devonian age and is composed of two thick salt formations separated by lower Famennian carbonate rocks. The upper salt formation is significantly deformed by salt flowage; the lower one is only locally affected. The postrift sequence includes uppermost Devonian and Carboniferous strata. Principal source rocks are black-shale facies in the synrift intersalt carbonate formation. This same formation contains about two-thirds of the hydrocarbon reserves. The rest of the reserves is in prerift carbonate and clastic rocks beneath the lower salt. Faulted structural traps control all fields. Stratigraphic traps and lower Famennian (intersalt) reefs are potential exploration targets.

Soils of the loess region in China

The loess region of northwestern China is located in the middle reaches of the Huanghe River and is mostly composed of the loess plateau. The region has a loess cover largely ranging in thickness from 30 to 80 m. Main broad groups of soils formed in loess are the heilu soils, huangmian soils, lou soils, sierozem, castanozem, and drab soils. Distribution of the soils tends to parallel that of climate but is also affected by topography and past farming practices. All soils are calcareous to the surface, a reflection of the semiarid and arid climates. Calcic horizons are well expressed in sierozems, evident in castanozems and drab soils and not clearly defined in heilu soils. Average thickness of the surface, humus layer ranges from 30 cm in sierozems to 100 cm in heilu soils. The lou soils are distinctive in having one humus layer at the surface due to additions of earthy manure during long periods of cultivation plus a deeper humus layer from the original drab soil profile. Clay distribution curves show a distinct maximum in drab soil profiles and slight or no maxima in the others. Water is limiting for plant growth over most of the region, although drought hazards become progressively greater from southeast to northwest. In the middle of the region and for some distance to the northwest, cultivation must include fallowing during summers or for entire years to store water for crops. Further to the northwest, layers of sand about 10 cm thick are spread over fields to increase infiltration and reduce moisture losses. In the extreme northwestern part, crops are not grown and the soils are in meadow for grazing livestock. Amounts of nutrient elements in the soils have a rather wide range. Nitrogen is deficient generally and must be added for successful production. Biological fixation of the element by legumes is the most effective method of adding the element. Total phosphorus is not low but available forms are; phosphorus fertilization increases crop yields. Potassium supplies are currently adequate in the soils. Amounts of zinc, manganese, boron, copper and molybdenum in available forms seem to be low in many soils but their applications are limited.

Stars of December

On the morning of Dec. 13 residents of North America, except the extreme northwestern part, will if it's clear see the first solar eclipse of 1974 visible in this part of the world. This follows a total eclipse of the moon on Nov. 29, which was visible in its entirety in the area, including Alaska, where the December eclipse will not be seen. Then the full moon passed through the shadow of the earth. Now, two weeks later, the moon has moved half way in its orbit around the earth. The lunar shadow, or at least a large part of it, will fall on North America. This will be the penumbra, the outer part of the shadow, from which the disc of the moon only partially covers the sun. The umbra, the inner part where the moon completely hides the sun, misses earth so this eclipse is only partial, rather than total. Baffin Island, in the Arctic, will experience the largest eclipse, with more than three-fourths of the sun hidden. The farther south you are the smaller will be the eclipse. The southern limit extends along the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America and across the northernmost part of South America, including the Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela. In New England the first nick in the sun's edge will appear about 9:40 a.m., EST, with maximum eclipse about 11:05 a.m. The end will come about 12:40 p.m. Along the Pacific coast the sun will rise partly eclipsed. In southern California the greatest eclipse will occur about sunrise. The moon will leave the sun about 7:50 a.m., PST, before it has risen very high. In northwestern Canada, like Alaska, the eclipse will end before sunrise. Winter, in the northern hemisphere, begins with the solstice at 12:57 p.m., EST on Dec. 22. Our maps are drawn for 10:00 p.m. local standard time on the first and 8:00 p.m. on the 31st. E Stars of December

Le groupe du Tasiast, nouvelle unite lithostratigraphique du socle antecambrien de la Mauritanie occidentale

Abstract The Tasiast group in the extreme northwestern part of Mauritania is an igneous-sedimentary complex, 2000 m thick and regionally metamorphosed. The lithology, from top to bottom, consists of a gneiss with biotite and muscovite, upper amphibolites, ferruginous quartzites and itabirites, lower amphibolites, and migmatite granites. The upper absolute age limit of the group is 2600 m.y., obtained from lepidolite in a pegmatite. An age of 1850 m.y. was given by the migmatite granites. This group represents the crystalline schists previously divided into the Amsaga series and the Akjoujt series. The Tasiast group also crops out in Tijirit and Inchiri and may extend farther toward the east and north.

Developments in Southeastern States in 1960

Mississippi was the most active of the southeastern states during 1960; 700 wells were drilled, an increase of 6.5% over the previous year. Nineteen oil fields and 3 gas fields were discovered in the state. The productive zones in the new fields are classified as follows: Tertiary (4 Wilcox oil fields), Upper Cretaceous (1 Selma chalk oil field, 1 Eutaw oil field, and 9 lower Tuscaloosa oil fields), Lower Cretaceous (2 Rodessa oil fields, 1 Hosston oil field, 1 Washita-Fredericksburg gas field, and 1 Paluxy gas field), Paleozoic (2 Mississippian fields). There were 19 new-pool discoveries an 13 field extensions during 1960, The most active field development was seen at McComb in Pike County, where 133 oil wells were completed. Of the 49 wells drilled in Alabama, 33 were development wells in the Citronelle field. Four deep unsuccessful Lower Cretaceous wildcat wells were drilled in Florida. One was in the extreme northwestern part of the state; 1 was 6 miles west of the Sunniland field, in the southern part of the peninsula, and 2 were offshore in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

Distribution Patterns and Phylogeny of Some Western Ground Squirrels

T IS well known that many kinds of mammals attain their distributional limits in the intermontane West. In Utah in particular many species reach their limits, and along the margins of the ranges, many small populations have developed under semi-isolation into recognizable subspecies in relatively short periods of time. We have been making a detailed study of ground squirrels of the subgenus Citellus (Oken) for the past several years. The study of taxonomy and speciation has to date been largely restricted to data concerning the morphological features of the animals. While plotting the ranges of these species, and studying competition between different species at the interphases of their ranges, we have made many observations which lead us to believe that a significant supplement to the morphological data may be obtained by field studies of the distribution and ecology of related species under intense competition. Within the given genus, what are the relationships as indicated between degrees of allopatry and sympatry? What does competition indicate about the rate of differentiation and selection? The ground squirrels of North America belong to the genus Citellus and are divided into eight subgenera. The group here reported upon is that of the shorttailed ground squirrels of the subgenus Citellus (Oken). We are not concerned at present with all the species of this subgenus, but only with the following: C. armatus, C. beldingi, C. richardsoni, C. columbianus, and C. townsendii and its allies. Generally speaking C. armatus is a northern species that attains its southern limits in Utah; C. beldingi is a northwestern species that attains its southeastern limits in Utah, in the extreme northwestern part of the state; C. richardsoni is a northern and eastern species that has its southern limits in Colorado and Utah and its western limits in Nevada; C. columbianus is also a northern species that extends as far south as southeentral Idaho; and C. townsendii and its allies are western and northern animals that extend as far east as central Utah (Fig. 1). Students of these shorttailed ground squirrels are familiar with the fact that within their ranges they occupy several types of habitats ranging from dry hillsides to lush, moist meadows. Members of all of the aforementioned species apparently prefer moist, lush meadows when they are available. Within the ranges of the several species of this subgenus, members of each species always occupy a wider variety of habitats if that species is the only representative of the subgenus present. Intraspecific competition appears to be of lesser degree than does interspecific competition. We have noted that where the ranges of C. richardsoni and C. armatus come into contact in Rich and Daggett counties, Utah, each species occupies a narrower variety of habitats than it would if it occurred there alone. At these localities, where the ranges of the two come into contact, colonies of C. richardsoni occupy the dry, open areas between stands of sagebrush and greasewood, while those of C. armatus occupy the grassy meadows. It is noteworthy that at this zone of contact between the ranges of these two species, the competition is extreme; the burrows and feeding areas of the animals of one species being in some instances but a

The Vertebrate Fauna of the Huron Mountains, Michigan

The Huron Mountains lie immediately south of Lake Superior in the extreme northwestern part of Marquette County, some forty miles distant from the city of Marquette, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This region represents one of the most extensive and best preserved tracts of primeval forest in the state. A portion of the area is controlled by a private organization, the Hluron Mountain Club, which has owned property here since 1889. Its holdings now include approximately fifteen thousand acres which embrace the principal topographic features of the region.

Petroleum Geology of Colombia, South America

Colombia is located in the extreme northwestern part of South America and falls within the tropical zone. One half of the country consists of mountains and valleys while the other half is plains or llanos. Travel within the country is usually difficult except between the larger cities which are connected by airplane. Three prominent ranges of mountains with their intermontane valleys comprise the mountain province. The Magdalena Valley between the eastern and central ranges is at present the most important petroleum-producing section. Two geosynclinal areas of deposition are recognized. The North Andean geosyncline located in the eastern part of the country and whose axis trends N. 25°-30° E. was the locus of deposition of Cretaceous and early Tertiary sedimen s. At the close of the Cretaceous, downwarping produced the Tertiary Bolivar geosyncline between the present western and coastal ranges. This geosyncline was terminated in the late Tertiary Andean revolution. Tertiary deposits are also widespread along the north coast of the country as well as in the Magdalena Valley. Overthrust structures are common in the eastern portion of the country. Petroleum occurs on asymmetric anticlines which are in places complexly faulted. Six potential petroliferous provinces may be recognized. Of these, the Magdalena Valley and the Barco Concession located in the Southwest Lake Maracaibo drainage area are at present the most important producing regions. Considerable activity is being carried on both in the Llanos and in the North Coast areas. Colombia normally ranks about eighth in world production with approximately 25,000,000 barrels a year output. In South America, it is second to Venezuela, whose production is nearly ten times as great, and slightly ahead of Argentina and Trinidad. The country is now being systematically studied by both geological and geophysical means.

Geology and Petroleum Possibilities of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington

The Olympic Peninsula is located in the extreme northwestern part of the United States. Extensive forests, logged-over areas, glacial deposits, and scarcity of roads hinder geological investigation. The geological column is limited to the Oligocene, Miocene, Pleistocene, and possibly Eocene. Much superficial folding and faulting occur along the coast. In the lower shale member of the Miocene, there are many gas and two oil seeps. The oil possibilities are worthy of investigation and test wells are proposed.

The Pre-Cambrian of Western Patricia

The purpose of this paper is briefly to summarize the results of two seasons' field work in western Patricia. Patricia lies in the extreme northwestern part of the province of Ontario, north of the Winnipeg, English, and Albany rivers, and their expansions, Lac Seul and Lake St. Joseph. The areas studied by the writer lie in the southwestern part of the district, and in a sense intervene between the classic areas studied by Lawson and others around the Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake and a number of areas in the province of Manitoba, more recently studied by Bruce, Alcock, Moore, and others. Reconnaisance work had already been done in the Lac Seul region and northward along the Trout Lake, Wennasaga, Cat Lake, and other rivers by Dowling, A. W. G. Wilson, Camsell, and others, and the work of E. S. Moore in the region southeast of Lake Winnipeg had extended in a few places across the boundary of Manitoba into Patricia. The writer's work was done under the direction of the Department of Mines of Ontario in the Lac Seul region in 1919 and along the Ontario-Manitoba boundary from the Winnipeg River northward in 1921. No great originality or finality is claimed for the results as the work in both cases was confined to narrow strips of country immediately adjacent to the survey-lines or rivers which were traversed, and was not of such a nature as to allow of much areal mapping, which would afford a more complete knowledge of the relationships of the various formations than is possible by reconnaisance methods. There has not been time for microscopic study of the rocks in the boundary region, but their general character is evident and in most cases they have been determined already with accuracy by Moore, so that data are now available for at least a tentative

Notes on the Occurrence of Mammoth-remains in the Yukon District of Canada and in Alaska

These notes, relating primarily to the occurrence of remains of the Mammoth in the geographical valley of the Yukon River, are the result of a correspondence between Mr. H. Moody of the Canadian Pacific Railway Co., the Assistant Secretary of the Geological Society, and the writer, respecting statements which had reached Mr. Moody from a friend resident in the extreme north-western part of the Dominion of Canada. It has been suggested that a brief notice of the facts in this connexion, so far as these are known, may be of some interest to the Geological Society. The original discovery of bones of the Mammoth in the Yukon region is due to Mr. Robert Campbell, an officer in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, who between 1840 and 1852 travelled through and established trading-posts in the upper valley of the Yukon, and was the first white man to penetrate this remote part of North America. In a brief account of his explorations, printed at Winnipeg in 1885, Campbell writes:—“I saw the bones, heads, and horns of Buffaloes [Musk-Oxen ?]; but this animal had become extinct before our visit, as had also some species of Elephant, whose remains were found in various swamps. I forwarded an Elephant's thigh-bone to the British Museum., where it m.ay still be seen”. As Campbell's posts on the Upper Yukon were finally abandoned in 1852, the bone thus referred to by him must have been sent out before this date. It was a tibia, not a