Extreme Learning Machine Classification Model Research Articles

A big data driven vegetation disease and pest region identification method based on self supervised convolutional neural networks and parallel extreme learning machines

A self supervised convolutional neural network-parallel extreme learning machine classification model based on big data is proposed to address the subjectivity and inaccuracy of traditional methods for identifying vegetation pests and diseases that rely on manual observation and empirical judgment. This model is constructed using convolutional neural networks and parallel extreme learning machines, and integrates feature extraction networks with dual attention mechanisms to improve the accuracy of identifying pests and diseases. The model utilized a large amount of big data for training, achieving a recall rate of 98.42 % on multispectral datasets, and an overall classification accuracy of 99.04 %. After optimizing the residual network, the overall accuracy of identifying vegetation pest and disease areas has been further improved to 99.77 %, and the recall rate has also reached 98.91 %. These results indicate that the method proposed in this study has high accuracy and efficiency in the application of big data, can meet the needs of disease and pest identification, and provides effective technical support for the monitoring and prevention of crop diseases and pests, which has important practical significance.

Comparison of feature selection and data fusion of Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy for identifying watercolor ink.

The identification of different kinds of watercolor inks is an important work in the field of forensic science. Four different kinds of watercolor ink Spectroscopy data fusion strategies (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy) combined with a non-linear classification model (Extreme Learning Machine) were used to identify the brand of watercolor inks. The study chose Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS), Random Frog (RF), Variable Combination Population Analysis-Genetic Algorithm (VCPA-GA), and Variable Combination Population Analysis-Iteratively Retains Informative Variables (VCPA-IRIV) to extract characteristic variables for mid-level data fusion. The Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm is used to optimize the extreme learning machine classification model. The results showed that the classification capacity of the mid-level fusion spectra model was more satisfactory than that of single Infrared spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy. The CS-ELM models based on infrared spectroscopy used to recognize the watercolor ink according to brands (ZHENCAI, DELI, CHENGUANG, and STAEDTLER) obtained an accuracy of 66.67% in the test set using all spectral datasets. The accuracy of CS-ELM models based on Raman spectroscopy was 67.39%. The characteristic wavelength selection algorithms effectively improved the accuracy of the CS-ELM models. The classification accuracy of the mid-level spectroscopy fusion model combined with the VCPA-IRIV algorithm was 100%. The data fusion method increased effectively spectral information. The method could satisfactorily identify different brands of watercolor inks and support the preservation of artifacts, paintings, and forensic document examination.

Binary Chimp Optimization Algorithm with ML Based Intrusion Detection for Secure IoT-Assisted Wireless Sensor Networks.

An Internet of Things (IoT)-assisted Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) is a system where WSN nodes and IoT devices together work to share, collect, and process data. This incorporation aims to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of data analysis and collection, resulting in automation and improved decision-making. Security in WSN-assisted IoT can be referred to as the measures initiated for protecting WSN linked to the IoT. This article presents a Binary Chimp Optimization Algorithm with Machine Learning based Intrusion Detection (BCOA-MLID) technique for secure IoT-WSN. The presented BCOA-MLID technique intends to effectively discriminate different types of attacks to secure the IoT-WSN. In the presented BCOA-MLID technique, data normalization is initially carried out. The BCOA is designed for the optimal selection of features to improve intrusion detection efficacy. To detect intrusions in the IoT-WSN, the BCOA-MLID technique employs a class-specific cost regulation extreme learning machine classification model with a sine cosine algorithm as a parameter optimization approach. The experimental result of the BCOA-MLID technique is tested on the Kaggle intrusion dataset, and the results showcase the significant outcomes of the BCOA-MLID technique with a maximum accuracy of 99.36%, whereas the XGBoost and KNN-AOA models obtained a reduced accuracy of 96.83% and 97.20%, respectively.

Reduced-Kernel Weighted Extreme Learning Machine Using Universum Data in Feature Space (RKWELM-UFS) to Handle Binary Class Imbalanced Dataset Classification

Class imbalance is a phenomenon of asymmetry that degrades the performance of traditional classification algorithms such as the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). Various modifications of SVM and ELM have been proposed to handle the class imbalance problem, which focus on different aspects to resolve the class imbalance. The Universum Support Vector Machine (USVM) incorporates the prior information in the classification model by adding Universum data to the training data to handle the class imbalance problem. Various other modifications of SVM have been proposed which use Universum data in the classification model generation. Moreover, the existing ELM-based classification models intended to handle class imbalance do not consider the prior information about the data distribution for training. An ELM-based classification model creates two symmetry planes, one for each class. The Universum-based ELM classification model tries to create a third plane between the two symmetric planes using Universum data. This paper proposes a novel hybrid framework called Reduced-Kernel Weighted Extreme Learning Machine Using Universum Data in Feature Space (RKWELM-UFS) to handle the classification of binary class-imbalanced problems. The proposed RKWELM-UFS combines the Universum learning method with a Reduced-Kernelized Weighted Extreme Learning Machine (RKWELM) for the first time to inherit the advantages of both techniques. To generate efficient Universum samples in the feature space, this work uses the kernel trick. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using 44 benchmark binary class-imbalanced datasets. The proposed method is compared with 10 state-of-the-art classifiers using AUC and G-mean. The statistical t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test are used to quantify the performance enhancement of the proposed RKWELM-UFS compared to other evaluated classifiers.

Evaluation of human melanoma and normal formalin paraffin-fixed samples using Raman and LIBS fused data.

In this research, we developed a novel method of quantitative analysis to increase the detection potential for screening and classification of skin cancer (melanoma). We fused two distinct optical approaches, an atomic spectroscopic detection technique laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and a vibrational molecular spectroscopic technique known as Raman spectroscopy. Melanoma is a kind of skin cancer, also known as malignant melanoma, that developed in melanocytes cells, which produced melanin. Classification of melanoma cancerous tissues is a fundamental problem in biomedicine. For early melanoma cancer diagnosis and treatment, precise and accurate categorizing is critically essential. Laser-based spectroscopic approaches can be used as an operating instrument for simultaneous tissue ablation and ablated tissue elemental and molecular analysis. For this purpose, melanoma and normal paraffin-embedded tissues are used as a sample for LIBS and Raman measurement. We studied the data provided by laser-based spectroscopic methods using different machine learning classification techniques of extreme learning machine (ELM), partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and K nearest neighbors (kNN). For visualization of melanoma and normal data, principal component analysis (PCA) is also used. Three different ways are used to process the data, LIBS measurement, Raman measurement, and combine data measurement (merged/fused data), and then compared the results. ELM classification model achieved the highest accuracy (100%) for combined data as well as for Raman and LIBS data, respectively. According to the experimental results, we can assume that Raman spectroscopy and LIBS combine can significantly improve the identification and classification accuracy of melanoma and normal specimens.

Nondestructive Detection of Keemun Black Tea Grade Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technique

In order to evaluate the grade of tea products quickly and nondestructive, the near infrared (900~1700 nm) hyperspectral imaging technology was applied to classify six grades of black tea. Firstly, the hyperspectral data were visualized by linear and nonlinear dimension reduction methods. The visualization algorithms included the linear method of principal component analysis (PCA), multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), the nonlinear method of T-distributed stochastic embedding (T-SNE) and Sammon nonlinear mapping. Secondly, the classification model was established by using support vector machine (SVM) and extreme learning machine (ELM) to identify the different grades of Keemun black tea. Finally, SVM and ELM classification model were used to identify each pixel of hyperspectral image, and the prediction map was obtained. The results showed that T-SNE could divide the six grades of Keemun black tea into six different clusters, and the accuracy of SVM and ELM prediction set was 100% and 96.35%, respectively. The T-SNE visualization effect was the best, and the detection model of SVM could effectively identify the six grades of Keemun black tea. This paper provides an effective method for rapid and nondestructive testing of tea product grade, which had great significance for quality control, authenticity and adulteration detection of tea products.

Epileptic Seizure Detection using Simulated Annealing based Optimal Feature Subset Selection with Kernel Extreme Learning Machine Classification Model

Epileptic Seizure Detection using Simulated Annealing based Optimal Feature Subset Selection with Kernel Extreme Learning Machine Classification Model

Epileptic Seizure Detection using Simulated Annealing based Optimal Feature Subset Selection with Kernel Extreme Learning Machine Classification Model

Epileptic Seizure Detection using Simulated Annealing based Optimal Feature Subset Selection with Kernel Extreme Learning Machine Classification Model

Evaluation of surface texture of dried Hami Jujube using optimized support vector machine based on visual features fusion.

The surface texture of dried jujube fruits is a significant quality grading criterion. This paper introduced a novel visual feature fusion based on connected region density, texture features, and color features. The single-scale Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform was used to perform single-scale decomposition and reconstruction of dried Hami jujube image before visual features extraction. The connected region density was extracted by the two different algorithms, whereas the texture features were extracted by Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix and the color features were extracted by image processing algorithms. Based on selected features which obtained by correlation analysis of visual features, the accuracy rate of the optimized Support Vector Machine classification model was 96.67%. In comparing with Extreme Learning Machine classification model and other fusion methods, the optimized Support Vector Machine based on selected visual features fusion was better.

AN ELM FOR BI-CLASSIFICATION OF VERTICALLY BUNDLED ELECTRICITY MARKET PRICES

Electricity price forecasting is a challenging problem owing to the very great volatility of price which depends on many factors. This is especially prominent for both producers and consumers where a versatile price forecasting is crucial. This paper contributes an extreme learning machine (ELM) to classify the prices. These price classifications are essential since all market players do not know the precise value of future prices in their deciding procedure. In this paper, bi-classification model is proposed for prices utilizing the pre-specified price threshold. Three alternative classification models based on neural networks (NNs) are also proposed in bi-classification of prices. The performance of the proposed models is compared in terms of classification error and accuracy. The simulation results show that the ELM classification model is superior compared to three other classification models based on NNs. The performances of our models are evaluated using real data from vertically unbundled mainland Spain power system market.

A Novel Extreme Learning Machine Classification Model for e-Nose Application Based on the Multiple Kernel Approach.

A novel classification model, named the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO)-based weighted multiple kernel extreme learning machine (QWMK-ELM), is proposed in this paper. Experimental validation is carried out with two different electronic nose (e-nose) datasets. Being different from the existing multiple kernel extreme learning machine (MK-ELM) algorithms, the combination coefficients of base kernels are regarded as external parameters of single-hidden layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs). The combination coefficients of base kernels, the model parameters of each base kernel, and the regularization parameter are optimized by QPSO simultaneously before implementing the kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) with the composite kernel function. Four types of common single kernel functions (Gaussian kernel, polynomial kernel, sigmoid kernel, and wavelet kernel) are utilized to constitute different composite kernel functions. Moreover, the method is also compared with other existing classification methods: extreme learning machine (ELM), kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), radical basis function neural network (RBFNN), and probabilistic neural network (PNN). The results have demonstrated that the proposed QWMK-ELM outperforms the aforementioned methods, not only in precision, but also in efficiency for gas classification.

Extreme Learning Machine for Huge Hypotheses Re-ranking in Statistical Machine Translation

In statistical machine translation (SMT), a possibly infinite number of translation hypotheses can be decoded from a source sentence, among which re-ranking is applied to sort out the best translation result. Undoubtedly, re-ranking is an essential component of SMT for effective and efficient translation. A novel re-ranking method called Scaled Sorted Classification Re-ranking (SSCR) based on extreme learning machine (ELM) classification and minimum error rate training (MERT) is proposed. SSCR contains four steps: (1) the input features are normalized to the range of 0 to 1; (2) an ELM classification model is constructed for hypothesis ranking; (3) each translation hypothesis is ranked using the ELM classification model; and (4) the highest ranked subset of hypotheses are selected, in which the hypothesis with best predicted score based on MERT (system score) is returned as the final translation result. Compared with the baseline score (lower bound), SSCR with ELM classification can raise the translation quality up to 6.7% in IWSLT 2014 Chinese to English corpus. Compared with the state-of-the-art rank boosting, SSCR has a relatively 7.8% of improvement on BLEU in a larger WMT 2015 English-to-French corpus. Moreover, the training time of the proposed method is about 160 times faster than traditional regression-based re-ranking.

Application of BW-ELM model on traffic sign recognition

Traffic sign recognition is an important and active research topic of intelligent transport system. With a constant increasing of the training database size, not only the recognition accuracy, but also the computation complexity should be considered in designing a feasible recognition approach. In this paper, an effective and efficient algorithm based on a relatively new artificial neural network, extreme learning machine (ELM), is proposed for traffic sign recognition. In the proposed algorithm, the locally normalized histograms of the oriented gradient (HOG) descriptors, which are extracted from the traffic sign images, are used as the features and the inputs of the ELM classification model. Moreover, the ratio of feature's between-category to within-category sums of squares (BW) is designed as a feature selection criterion to improve the recognition accuracy and to decrease the computation burden. Application on a well known database, German traffic sign recognition benchmark (GTSRB) dataset, demonstrates the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed BW-ELM model.