Extreme Dimensions Research Articles

Towards operator-less data centers through data-driven, predictive, proactive autonomics

Continued reliance on human operators for managing data centers is a major impediment for them from ever reaching extreme dimensions. Large computer systems in general, and data centers in particular, will ultimately be managed using predictive computational and executable models obtained through data-science tools, and at that point, the intervention of humans will be limited to setting high-level goals and policies rather than performing low-level operations. Data-driven autonomics, where management and control are based on holistic predictive models that are built and updated using live data, opens one possible path towards limiting the role of operators in data centers. In this paper, we present a data-science study of a public Google dataset collected in a 12K-node cluster with the goal of building and evaluating predictive models for node failures. Our results support the practicality of a data-driven approach by showing the effectiveness of predictive models based on data found in typical data center logs. We use BigQuery, the big data SQL platform from the Google Cloud suite, to process massive amounts of data and generate a rich feature set characterizing node state over time. We describe how an ensemble classifier can be built out of many Random Forest classifiers each trained on these features, to predict if nodes will fail in a future 24-hour window. Our evaluation reveals that if we limit false positive rates to 5%, we can achieve true positive rates between 27% and 88% with precision varying between 50% and 72%.This level of performance allows us to recover large fraction of jobs' executions (by redirecting them to other nodes when a failure of the present node is predicted) that would otherwise have been wasted due to failures. [...]

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ УПЛОТНЕННОЙ ПОГРУЗКИ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ В ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫЕ ВАГОНЫ

Motor car competitiveness in markets distant from motor car manufacturing area depends on the value of logistics outgoings. A motor car compact loading in special railroad cars allows reducing considerably outgoings mentioned. According to a common loading order a railroad car capacity within the limits of extreme dimensions throughout the height is not completely used as it exceeds considerably a total height of two motor cars. In this connection it is possible to compact a loading layout only through the location of a motor car rear part of a front motor car under the engine jacket of it following motor car at their inclined fixation and longitudinal orientation. It allows stowing additionally two motor cars in every railroad car. The motor cars of some models cannot be stowed in two rows in one deck. It is caused with that a total width of two motor cars exceeds extreme dimensions of a railroad car allowed for railway operations. The problem could be solved, if motor car loading in every deck is carried out on load floorings the surfaces of which have a tilt from the center of a railroad car to its side walls. At the inclination of about 100 the projection on a horizontal plane of maximum cross dimension of a motor car on a level of passenger seats decreases by 25 mm. Space saving makes 50 mm on two parallel rows. As a result a two-row rail freightage of motor cars becomes possible in every motor car deck with the width 1680 mm common for products of Volzhsky Motor Car Works. At the expense of this way a length of haul economically feasible increases considerably.

Contribution of Extreme Convective Storms to Rainfall in South America

Abstract The contribution of extreme convective storms to rainfall in South America is investigated using 15 years of high-resolution data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR). Precipitation from three specific types of storms with extreme horizontal and vertical dimensions have been calculated and compared to the climatological rain. The tropical and subtropical regions of South America differ markedly in the influence of storms with extreme dimensions. The tropical regions, especially the Amazon basin, have aspects similar to oceanic convection. Convection in the subtropical regions, centered on La Plata basin, exhibits patterns consistent with storm life cycles initiating in the foothills of the Andes and growing into larger mesoscale convective systems that propagate to the east. In La Plata basin, convective storms with a large horizontal dimension contribute ~44% of the rain and the accumulated influence of all three types of storms with extreme characteristics produce ~95% of the total precipitation in the austral summer.

High χ-Low N Block Polymers: How Far Can We Go?

Block polymers incorporating highly incompatible segments are termed "high χ" polymers, where χ is the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. These materials have attracted a great deal of interest because low molar mass versions allow for the formation of microphase-separated domains with very small (<10 nm) feature sizes useful for nanopatterning at these extreme dimensions. Given that well-established photolithographic techniques now face difficult challenges of implementation at scales of 10 nm and below, the drive to further develop high χ block polymers is motivated by trends in the microelectronics industry. This Viewpoint highlights our perspective on this niche of block polymer self-assembly. We first briefly review the relevant recent literature, exploring the various block polymer compositions that have been specifically designed for small feature size patterning. We then overview the now standard method for the benchmarking χ values between different pairs of polymers and the consequences of low N and high χ on the thermodynamic aspects of microphase separation. Finally, we comment on restrictions going forward and offer our perspective on the future of this exciting area of block polymer self-assembly.

Competing Fracture of Thin-Chip Transferring From/Onto Prestrained Compliant Substrate

The transferring of thin chip from donor to receptor plays a critical role in advanced electronic package, and the productivity is determined by the interfacial behavior between chip and substrate during chip transferring. The paper investigates analytical competing fracture model of chip–adhesive–substrate structure in thin-chip transferring (peeling-off and placing-on), to discover the critical process condition for distinguishing the interfacial delamination and chip crack. The structure is continuously subjected to ejecting needle, vacuum pick-up head, and wafer fixture, which leads to concentrated and distributed loads and dynamic boundary conditions. Additionally, two criterions based on competing fracture model are presented to determine the extreme chip dimension for peeling-off and the elimination of residual stress for placing-on. The theoretical results are validated by the finite-element simulation with virtual crack-closure technique (VCCT). This paper provides an insight for process optimization, to improve the success ratio and productivity of chip transferring.

Speed Idle Roll Law Optimization in a Ring Rolling Process

Ring Rolling is a complex hot forming process where different rolls are involved in the production of seamless rings characterized by extreme dimensions (i.e. external diameter higher more than 1m). Because each roll can be independently controlled from the other ones different speed laws must be set; usually, in the industrial environment, a milling curve is introduced to monitor the shape of the workpiece during the deformation in order to ensure a correct ring production. In former works the authors focused their attention on the influence of different milling curves for an industrial case and the results underlined that a ring produced with a good quality and lower loads and energy could be obtained imposing a linearly descending trend to the Idle roll speed law. However different approaches could be used in order to evaluate the mentioned speed law.In this work the authors enhanced the knowledge about the optimization of the Idle roll speed law: different Idle roll speed laws were designed and simulated and the results were compared in order to identify the best speed law that guarantees a good quality ring with lower loads and energy required for manufacturing.

Evolution of postural diversity in primates as reflected by the size and shape of the medial tibial facet of the talus.

Comprehensive quantification of the shape and proportions of the medial tibial facet (MTF) of the talus (=astragalus) has been lacking for Primates and their closest relatives. In this study, aspects of MTF form were quantified and employed to test hypotheses about their functional and phylogenetic significance. The following hypotheses influence perceptions of primate evolutionary history but are due for more rigorous assessment: 1) A relatively large MTF distinguishes "prosimians" (strepsirrhines and tarsiers) from anthropoids and non-primate euarchontans; 2) the distinctive form of the "prosimian" MTF is a correlate of locomotor tendencies that emphasize use of vertical and small diameter supports in conjunction with inverted, abducted foot postures; and 3) the "prosimian" MTF form arose along the primate stem lineage and was present in the euprimate common ancestor. Three-dimensional (3D) scanning was used to create scale digital models of tali (n = 378 specimens, 122 species) from which three types of variables capturing aspects of MTF form were computed: 1) MTF area relative to body mass and ectal facet area; 2) MTF shape (elliptical vs. non-elliptical); and 3) MTF dorsal restriction on the talar body (i.e., extensive vs. minimal exposure of non-articular area). Data were analyzed using both phylogenetic and traditional comparative methods including Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares, Ordinary Least Squares, ANCOVA, ANOVA, and Bayesian Ancestral State Reconstruction (ASR). Extant "prosimians" are generally distinct from anthropoids and non-primate euarchontans in our quantitative representations of MTF form. MTF area (but not shape or dorsal restriction) correlates with fibular facet angle (FFa) of the talus, which has also been argued to reflect habitual pedal inversion. Among strepsirrhines, taxa that engage in grasp-leaping more frequently/effectively appear to have a relatively larger MTF than less acrobatic taxa. Directional models of evolutionary change better describe the phylogenetic distribution of MTF variation than do other models. ASR shows 1) little change in the MTF along the primate stem, 2) independent evolution of relatively large and dorsoplantarly deep MTFs in basal haplorhines and strepsirrhines, and 3) re-evolution of morphologies similar to non-euprimates in anthropoids. Results support the hypothesis that differences in MTF form between anthropoids and "prosimians" reflect greater use of inverted foot postures and grasp-leaping in the latter group. Although fossil "prosimians" do not have the extreme MTF dimensions that characterize many extant acrobatic leapers, these variables by themselves provide little additional behavioral resolution at the level of individual fossils due to strong phylogenetic signal. ASR suggests that some specialization for use of inverted foot postures (as required in a fine-branch niche) and modifications for grasp-leaping evolved independently in basal strepsirrhine and haplorhine lineages.

Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions. Oxide interfaces exhibit a wide range of properties that can be controlled include conduction, piezoelectric behavior, ferromagnetism, superconductivity and nonlinear optical properties. Recently, methods for controlling these properties at extreme nanoscale dimensions have been discovered and developed. Here are described explicit step-by-step procedures for creating LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanostructures using a reversible conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The processing steps for creating electrical contacts to the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface are first described. Conductive nanostructures are created by applying voltages to a conductive atomic force microscope tip and locally switching the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface to a conductive state. A versatile nanolithography toolkit has been developed expressly for the purpose of controlling the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip path and voltage. Then, these nanostructures are placed in a cryostat and transport measurements are performed. The procedures described here should be useful to others wishing to conduct research in oxide nanoelectronics.

Writing and low-temperature characterization of oxide nanostructures.

Oxide nanoelectronics is a rapidly growing field which seeks to develop novel materials with multifunctional behavior at nanoscale dimensions. Oxide interfaces exhibit a wide range of properties that can be controlled include conduction, piezoelectric behavior, ferromagnetism, superconductivity and nonlinear optical properties. Recently, methods for controlling these properties at extreme nanoscale dimensions have been discovered and developed. Here are described explicit step-by-step procedures for creating LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanostructures using a reversible conductive atomic force microscopy technique. The processing steps for creating electrical contacts to the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface are first described. Conductive nanostructures are created by applying voltages to a conductive atomic force microscope tip and locally switching the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface to a conductive state. A versatile nanolithography toolkit has been developed expressly for the purpose of controlling the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip path and voltage. Then, these nanostructures are placed in a cryostat and transport measurements are performed. The procedures described here should be useful to others wishing to conduct research in oxide nanoelectronics.

Effect of charge on the dynamics of an acoustically forced bubble

The effect of charge on the dynamics of a gas bubble undergoing forced oscillations in a liquid due to incidence of an ultrasonic wave is theoretically investigated. The limiting values of the possible charge a bubble may physically carry are obtained. The presence of charge influences the regime in which the bubble's radial oscillations fall. The extremal compressive and expansive dimensions of the bubble are also studied as a function of the amplitude of the driving pressure. It is shown that the limiting value of the bubble charge is dictated both by the minimal value reachable of the bubble radius as well as the amplitude of the driving ultrasonic pressure wave. A non-dimensional ratio ζ is defined that is a comparative measure of the extremal values the bubble can expand or contract to, and we find the existence of an unstable regime for ζ as a function of the driving pressure amplitude, Ps. This unstable regime is gradually suppressed with increasing bubble size. The Blake and the upper transient pressure thresholds for the system are then discussed.

Temperamental dimensions of the TEMPS-A in females with co-morbid bipolar disorder and bulimia

ObjectivesWe investigated the effect of co-morbid bipolar disorder and bulimia on temperamental dimensions measured by TEMPS-A, relative to “pure” bulimia and “pure” bipolar disorder, in female patients. MethodsThe study was performed on 47 patients with bipolar disorder (BD) with a mean age of 36±10 years, 96 patients with bulimia or bulimic type of anorexia, mean age 26±9 years and 50 control healthy females (HC), mean age 29±6 years. Among bulimic patients, a group of 68 subjects with co-morbid bulimia with bipolarity (BD+B) was identified, based on positive score of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). The TEMPS-A questionnaire, 110 questions version, has been used, evaluating five temperament domains: depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable and anxious. Parametric analysis was performed for 4 groups (BD, “pure” bulimia (PB), BD+B and HC), with 28 subjects randomly chosen from each group, using analysis of variance and cluster analysis. ResultsAll clinical groups significantly differed from control group by having higher scores of depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments and lower of hyperthymic one. Among patients, significantly higher scores of cyclothymic and irritable temperaments were found in BD+B compared to both PB and BD. These differences were also reflected in cluster analysis, where two clusters were identified. LimitationsBipolarity in bulimic patients assessed only by the MDQ. ConclusionsThese results show that co-morbid bulimia and bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme dimensions of both cyclothymic and irritable temperaments, significantly higher than each single diagnosis. Possible clinical implications of such fact are discussed.

Giant aneurysm of the abdominal aorta

A 79-year-old man with a history of smoking, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, and nondisabling stroke was admitted to the emergency department due to loss of consciousness and diffuse abdominal pain. At admission, the patient was vigil but hypotensive (90/60 mm Hg) and tachycardic (107 bpm). Physical examination revealed a tender, pulsatile mass occupying the entire abdomen (A). His hemoglobin level was 6.5 g/dL. Computed tomographic angiography revealed a giant infrarenal aortic aneurysm with a maximum transverse diameter of 256 mm (B and C). A small layer of blood was visible in the left retroperitoneal space. Considerable displacement of the mesentery and left kidney was evident after postprocessing reconstruction (D). Anatomic constraints, which included a severely angulated, wide conical infrarenal neck, tortuous iliac arteries, and wide aortic lumen, precluded endovascular repair. The patient underwent emergency open repair through a transperitoneal midline approach. Temporary supraceliac aortic clamping was necessary for proximal control. After evacuation of the aneurysm sac content, an inlay aortoeaortic Dacron graft reconstruction was performed (E). Despite prolonged hospitalization due to respiratory complications and transient renal deterioration, the patient was discharged home after 39 days. The rupture risk of abdominal aortic aneurysms is intimately associated with the maximum diameter. However, other factors are known to influence the risk of rupture, and individual variability is considerable. Current recommendations advise repair for aneurysms >5.5 cm in diameter. For aneurysms >6 cm, the annual rupture risk exceeds 14%. Therefore, it is rare to encounter very large aneurysms (>10 cm); most would have previously ruptured or undergone repair. Unidentified protective factors for rupture possibly may allow aneurysms to occasionally grow insidiously to extreme dimensions. Although open repair may present significant technical difficulties, endovascular repair with current endovascular devices is frequently impossible due to anatomic limitations. To our knowledge, this case represents the largest abdominal aortic aneurysm ever reported.

Determinaton of eligibility for laparoscopic cholecystectomy of elective patients

We defined possible complications and difficulty grade of surgery at frequent symptomatic cholelithiasis cases and laparoscopic cholesistectomy surgeries which is accepted exclusive cure technique with evaluating a number of preoperative parameters. Fifty patients who applied to Ataturk University Medical Faculty Department of General Surgery with cholelithiasis diagnosis and planned to undergo laparoscopic cholesistectomy were included in this study. These patient’s volume of gallbladder, the extreme dimensions, thickness of wall, count of gallstone and dimensions of the biggest stone, length of cystic canal, measured by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; preoperative ages, genders and preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography story were recorded.To detect difficulty of patients’ surgery, a grading system was established based on surgery time, count surgery port, difficulty of Callot dissection, difficulty of bad dissection, intraoperative injury of bile duct, intraoperative gallbladder perforation, applying drainage and passing to open procedure parameters. The statical relationship of preoperative data and surgery points were analysed. The difficulty of surgery was not statically related with age, gender, thickness of wall of gallbladder, count of gallstone and dimensions of the biggest stone, length of cystic canal, and preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography story (p>0.05). A meaningful relationship was found between surgery difficulty and gallbladder volume over 30 cm³ or extreme dimension over 40 mm (p<0.05). In conclusion, it is discovered that surgery difficulty degree increases when gallbladder volume is over 30 cm³ or it’s extreme dimension is over 40 mm. We suggest that surgeans must be careful at laparoscopic surgeries on gallbladders which have high volume or extreme dimention to decrease possible complications. J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2013; 30:331-334

Quality Oriented Assembly Grouping Optimal Allocation Method for Remanufactured Complex Mechanical Products

In order to improve the remanufacturing assembly precision and quality stability, a quality oriented assembly grouping optimal allocation method for remanufactured complex mechanical products is put forward. The characteristics of complex mechanical remanufacturing assembly are analyzed. The overall architecture of quality oriented assembly grouping optimal allocation method for remanufactured complex mechanical products is established. Based on the quality tolerance precision grading and extreme value method dimension chain constraints, combined with the mass loss-tolerance function and assembly cost function, packet-optimized assembly constraint functions in the goal of ensuring the quality and cost minimization are built. Packet-optimized reassembly constraint functions are built, and the model calculation process on simulated annealing genetic algorithm and the dynamic programming optimization configuration are given. The method can regulate the reassembly process standardization. It is able to reduce the uncertainty of remanufacturing assembly process, and improve the quality of remanufactured products. A remanufactured engine assembly verifies that the method is feasible and effective. It provides a practical solution to improve the assembly quality of remanufacturing complex mechanical products.

Complex active regions as the main source of extreme and large solar proton events

A study of solar proton sources indicated that solar flare events responsible for ≥2000 pfu proton fluxes mostly occur in complex active regions (CARs), i.e., in transition structures between active regions and activity complexes. Different classes of similar structures and their relation to solar proton events (SPEs) and evolution, depending on the origination conditions, are considered. Arguments in favor of the fact that sunspot groups with extreme dimensions are CARs are presented. An analysis of the flare activity in a CAR resulted in the detection of “physical” boundaries, which separate magnetic structures of the same polarity and are responsible for the independent development of each structure.

Laser triggered Z-pinch broadband extreme ultraviolet source for metrology

We compare the extreme ultraviolet emission characteristics of tin and galinstan (atomic %: Ga: 78.35, In: 14.93, Sn: 6.72) between 10 nm and 18 nm in a laser-triggered discharge between liquid metal-coated electrodes. Over this wavelength range, the energy conversion efficiency for galinstan is approximately half that of tin, but the spectrum is less strongly peaked in the 13–15 nm region. The extreme ultraviolet source dimensions were 110 ± 25 μm diameter and 500 ± 125 μm length. The flatter spectrum, and −19 °C melting point, makes this galinstan discharge a relatively simple high radiance extreme ultraviolet light source for metrology and scientific applications.

Mechanical Frequency and Amplitude Modulation of a Quantum Cascade Laser Integrated with a Plasmonic Nanoantenna

Antenna-integrated quantum cascade lasers are extremely attractive as a compact method to couple the vibrational resonances in the mid-infrared to nanometer-sized biomolecules in an integrated form. The high sensitivity of such devices to extreme sub-diffraction objects is demonstrated with a volume that is five orders of magnitude smaller than the cubic wavelength (λ3). This suggests a new method to sense objects with extreme sub-diffraction dimensions.

Sochi/Сочи 2014: Olympic Winter Games between High Mountains and Seaside

The IOC’s decision to accept Sochi’s bid to host the 2014 Olympic Winter Games presented the Russian Government with an opportunity for international repositioning. The Caucasian War in August 2008, too, can be linked to this development. Going back to the very beginnings of the Soviet Republic, the Sochi region has achieved the tradition of a resort for health and recreation. However, these functions have so far just concentrated along the Eastern Black Sea’s narrow shoreline. With regard to tourism, the 2014 Games will extend the business segment by establishing the new winter season, whereby the planned actions and measures taken will reach extreme and superlative dimensions. From this perspective, an analytical observation systematically accompanying this mega sports event even prior to its commencement will be of exceptional importance. The academic literature pertaining to the Southern part of the Western Caucasian region shows a noticeable lack of contributions in regards to emerging changes. The study focuses on aspects of regional planning and settlement, as well as on socio-economic developments. Further questions posed at the same time relating to society as a whole refer to social processes of participation and decision-making. Overall, the current transformation processes that have reached this area in 1991 will therefore accelerate significantly. The effectiveness as well as the political willingness to promote societal bottom-up processes will in the end prove to be a measuring stick of their own sustainability.

Yb-doped large-pitch fibres: effective single-mode operation based on higher-order mode delocalisation

Rare earth-doped fibres are a diode-pumped, solid-state laser architecture that is highly scalable in average power. The performance of pulsed fibre laser systems is restricted due to nonlinear effects. Hence, fibre designs that allow for very large mode areas at high average powers with diffraction-limited beam quality are of enormous interest. Ytterbium-doped, rod-type, large-pitch fibres (LPF) enable extreme fibre dimensions, i.e., effective single-mode fibres with mode sizes exceeding 100 times the wavelength of the guided radiation, by exploiting the novel concept of delocalisation of higher-order transverse modes. The non-resonant nature of the operating principle makes LPF suitable for high power extraction. This design allows for an unparalleled level of performance in pulsed fibre lasers.

Design of a unique direct driven PM generator adapted for a telecom tower wind turbine

A vertical axis wind turbine has been designed to electrify a novel kind of telecommunication tower. This paper presents the design of a generator for this purpose. The generator is a permanent magnet generator rated at 10 kW. It has an unusually large diameter to fit on the outside of the telecommunication tower. The generator has been designed by using a two-dimensional FEM model. Simulations show that the generator has high efficiency through the whole operational interval. Furthermore, the generator has a high overload capability enabling electric control of the turbine. The generator has been built and the design shown feasible. Preliminary experimental results show that the induced voltage is lower than expected from simulations indicating insufficient modelling of three-dimensional effects, which are particularly large in a generator with these unusual dimensions. ► A permanent magnet ring generator with unique design constraints has been designed. ► The generator has been built and the design shown feasible. ► Preliminary experimental results show a voltage lower than expected from simulations. ► Generator modelling of 3D effects is not sufficient for these extreme dimensions.