Extrapolation Research Articles

Effect and Determination of Oxide Trapped Charge and Interface Trapped Charge Density of Threshold Voltage Shift in Irradiated MOSFET by Subthreshold Methodology

This paper presents the effects and determination of oxide and interface trapped charge density of threshold voltage shift in irradiated MOSFET by subthreshold methodology. The designed dimension, channel width per channel length (W/L) is 20 µm/20 µm. The threshold voltage is extracted by a linear extrapolation methodology. The over all threshold voltage shifts are caused by oxide trapped charge and interface trapped charge. The subthreshold methodology determines the interface trapped charge. The 60Co gamma-ray source was used for irradiation to a total dose of 10 kGy. The results showed that the threshold voltage shift is approximately -24 mV/kGy for NMOS and -27 mV/kGy for PMOS. The subthreshold swing shift is approximately 1.2 mV/dec.kGy for NMOS and 0.9 mV/dec.kGy for PMOS. The oxide trapped charge density NOT and interface trapped charge density NIT are found to be increased in NMOS and PMOS respectively. The ratio of ΔNOT/ΔNIT was approximately 2.2 times for NMOS and 2.8 times. Due to the structure, the channel of NMOS is a surface channel whereas the channel of PMOS is a buried channel. Finally, the effect of gamma irradiation on the PMOS was greater than the effect on NMOS observed from the change in threshold voltage and the ratio of ΔNOT/ΔNIT.

Модель региональной транспортной сети для построения рациональных мультимодальных маршрутов пассажирских перевозок

Purpose: Adaptation of methods of constructing models of transport networks for the development of rational multimodal routes of regional passenger transportation, as well as the creation of a software product for the practical implementation of the proposed algorithms. Methods: Mathematical modeling; graph theory for solving regional transportation problems with construction of two-level oriented weighted multigraphs; Analysis of existing algorithms for optimizing the search for graph solutions; Dijkstra’s algorithm. Results: The model of the regional passenger transport network has been implemented in the form of a calculation program developed by the authors. In this program, the schedule of the movement of all transport points under consideration is the initial data, and the result is the construction of rational multimodal routes. The calculation program is compiled from several modules that implement the following functionality in general: reading input data from files; the formation of an array of connections for the problems under consideration; search for a rational solution and output of the received data while saving it to the file. The optimization criterion when choosing a route can be the minimum travel time, distance, or cost of the trip, depending on the task and input data provided. The resulting array of data with the results has been further analyzed using the MS Excel table editor. This approach is selected due to sufficient flexibility when performing a variety of data analysis and the convenience of graphic presentation of the results. Practical significance: The development of rational multimodal routes, relevant primarily for cases of abrupt changes in transport relations, in which the extrapolation methods of existing passenger flow do not provide reliable forecast data. Justification of the adjustment of the schedules of regional passenger routes based on the results of the analysis of the demand and the load of their specific segments.

Predicting the FCI Energy of Large Systems to Chemical Accuracy from Restricted Active Space Density Matrix Renormalization Group Calculations.

We theoretically derive and validate with large scale simulations a remarkably accurate power law scaling of errors for the restricted active space density matrix renormalization group (DMRG-RAS) method [J. Phys. Chem. A 126, 9709] in electronic structure calculations. This yields a new extrapolation method, DMRG-RAS-X, which reaches chemical accuracy for strongly correlated systems such as the chromium dimer, dicarbon up to a large cc-pVQZ basis and even a large chemical complex such as the FeMoco with significantly lower computational demands than those of previous methods. The method is free of empirical parameters, performed robustly and reliably in all examples we tested, and has the potential to become a vital alternative method for electronic structure calculations in quantum chemistry and more generally for the computation of strong correlations in nuclear and condensed matter physics.

Verification of the γ-Reθt Transition Model in OVERFLOW and FUN3D

The findings of the recent AIAA and NATO workshops on transition modeling have underscored the importance of verifying the transition models that are based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes. To that end, the present work aims to verify the Langtry–Menter (LM2009) transition model coupled with Menter’s shear-stress transport (SST) turbulence model. Specifically, the SST-2003-LM2009 model, as implemented in the OVERFLOW structured overset solver and the FUN3D unstructured solver, is applied to both natural and bypass transition scenarios on a flat plate and to natural and separation-bubble-induced transition on the NLF-0416 airfoil. The Richardson extrapolation method was used to analyze and report the grid convergence of integrated and local load coefficients upstream, within, and downstream of the transition region, based on solutions obtained using the two solvers on identical grids. Reasonable agreement is obtained between the two codes for both global and local surface load coefficients when further refining the workshop mesh series, although with a grid-convergence index for the local friction coefficient that may exceed 1% in certain cases. The study also highlights the solution sensitivity to the choice of turbulence inflow boundary conditions and model options, along with the necessity to unambiguously specify this information for benchmark exercises.

Numerical simulation of solar cell performance with copper-based layered perovskite using SCAPS-1D software

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered extensive research interest due to their potential for efficient, flexible, and cost-effective solar energy production, making them suitable for wearable and low-cost applications. In this study, we successfully synthesized layered copper-based perovskite materials, and subsequently conducted simulations using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator SCAPS-1D. This study introduces, a PSC structure with (CH3NH3)2CuCl4 as the active layer. By employing a two-step chemical method, we have successfully synthesized (CH3NH3)2CuCl4, and its optical band gap was determined using Tauc’s extrapolation method. Utilizing the experimentally determined bandgap as the simulation input, we predicted a solar architecture consisting of glass substrate/fluorine-doped tin oxide/TiO2/(CH3NH3)2CuCl4/spiro-OMeTAD/Pt, which exhibited an impressive conversion efficiency of 27.93% along with a fill factor of 62.04%, J sc of 34.39 mA cm−2, and V oc of 1.31 V. Through the software, we conducted a comprehensive study on the impact of back metal contact, hole transport layer, electron transport layer, layer thickness, temperature, and defect density on the overall device performance. These results unveil the development of an environmentally friendly PSC based on methylammonium copper.

Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of bubble collapse in water: Effects of system size, water model, and nitrogen

Molecular dynamics simulations in the microcanonical ensemble are performed to study the collapse of a bubble in liquid water using the single-site mW and the four-site TIP4P/2005 water models. To study system size effects, simulations for pure water systems are performed using periodically replicated simulation boxes with linear dimensions, L, ranging from 32 to 512 nm with the largest systems containing 8.7 × 106 and 4.5 × 109 molecules for the TIP4P/2005 and mW water models, respectively. The computationally more efficient mW water model allows us to reach converging behavior when the bubble dynamics results are plotted in reduced units, and the limiting behavior can be obtained through linear extrapolation in L−1. Qualitative differences are observed between simulations with the mW and TIP4P/2005 water models, but they can be explained by the models’ differences in predicted viscosity and surface tension. Although bubble collapse occurs on time scales of only hundreds of picoseconds, the system sizes used here are sufficiently large to obtain bubble dynamics consistent with the Rayleigh–Plesset equation when using the models’ thermophysical properties as input. For the conditions explored here, extreme heating of the interfacial water molecules near the time of collapse is observed for the larger mW water systems (but the model underpredicts the viscosity), whereas heating is less pronounced for the TIP4P/2005 water systems because its larger viscosity contribution slows the collapse dynamics. The presence of nitrogen within the bubble only starts to affect bubble dynamics near the very end of the initial collapse, leading to an incomplete collapse and strong rebound for the mW water model. Although nitrogen is non-condensable at 300 K, it becomes highly compressed and reaches a liquid-like density near the collapse point. We find that the dissolution of nitrogen is much slower than the movement of the collapsing water front, and the re-expansion of the dense nitrogen droplet gives rise to bubble rebound. The incompatibility of the collapse and dissolution time scales should be considered for continuum-scale modeling of bubble dynamics. We also confirm that the diffusion coefficient for dissolved nitrogen is insensitive to pressure as the liquid transitions from a compressed to a stretched state.

Potassium β–alanine – A promising agent for reducing carbon capture cost via electrochemically mediated amine regeneration

Electrochemically mediated amine regeneration (EMAR) for CO2 capture is a promising substitute for traditional organic amine–based CO2 capture by replacing the thermal process with electricity. To avoid problems such as oxidative degradation, toxicity, volatilization, and precipitation of organic amine absorbent, potassium β–alanine was suggested as an absorbent using EMAR process for the first time in this study. The CO2 absorption performance under different copper loading and chemical reactions were studied, and cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, chronocoulometry and the Taffel extrapolation method were used to study the electrochemical characterization. Compared to the benchmark monoethanolamine (MEA) system, a smaller potential difference between oxidation and reduction peak was acquired in the potassium β–alanine system, of which the energy consumption was only 44.1% of the MEA system at the current of 100 A/m2. The cathode Faraday efficiency in the potassium β–alanine system was 101.9% higher than that in the MEA system at the current density of 25 A/m2. Furthermore, the result of scanning electron microscope of the electrode surface after desorption showed that potassium β–alanine absorbent improved the inhomogeneity of the electrode surface and was in favor of uniform current distribution. Overall, potassium β–alanine can be used as a more environmentally friendly absorbent in the EMAR system and has great potential to further reduce the actual energy consumption and improve the Faraday efficiency and cycling performance.

Prediksi Jumlah Kasus Schistosomiasis Di Kabupaten Poso Sulawesi Tengah

The prevalence of Schistosomiasis cases in Poso Regency specifically in Napu and Bada changes every year and in 2021 there was a significant increase in cases. Therefore it is necessary to predict cases in 2022 or the 13th and 14th semesters using Lagrange extrapolation. The prediction results of the cases number in Napu in 13th and 14th semesters are 461 and 5445 for humans, 12442 and 43045 for snails, and 1370 and 4789 for rats respectively. The prediction results in Bada in the 13th and 14th semesters are 202 and 984 cases for humans, -804 and -2863 cases for snails, and -251 and -890 cases for rats respectively. The Lagrange polynomial errors are −0,16335 × 10−5 and −0,8629 × 10−5 for the 13th and 14th semesters for humans, 0,578 × 10−7 and 0,2288 × 10−7 the for 13th and 14th semesters for snails and rats. Some of the predictions were unrealistic, so the Lagrange extrapolation method is not appropriate for predicting Schistosomiasis cases.

A new self-adaptive method for solving resolvent of sum of two monotone operators in Banach spaces

We introduce a Tseng extragradient method for solving monotone inclusion problem in Banach space. A strong convergence result of an Halpern inertial extrapolation method for solving the resolvent of sum of two monotone operators without the knowledge of the Lipschitz constant was established. Lastly, we illustrate some numerical behavior of our iterative scheme to showcase the performance of the proposed method compared to other related results in the literature.

A numerical study on the feasibility of predicting the resistance of a full-scale ship using a virtual fluid

In general, the resistance of a real ship is estimated using an extrapolation method after doing experimental tests or numerical simulations with a model scale ship. Since the only Froude similarity is applied in the model test and simulation, the flow characteristics between the model and real ships could be different due to the inconsistency of Reynolds number. However, in the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the Froude and Reynolds numbers can be satisfied simultaneously because a fluid with virtual properties can be applied. This study investigated the effect of turbulence models and scales for a flat plate. And then the hydrodynamic feasibility of using a virtual fluid was investigated through numerical analysis. The resistance performance and flow structure of the ship were analysed by applying the virtual fluid, and they were confirmed how well these values and flow characteristics simulate the full-scale with a real fluid. This study shows that the results of a full-scale can be obtained at model scale by applying a virtual fluid instead of full-scale numerical simulations that require more computational resources.

Time Series Prediction of Solar Power Generation Using Trend Decomposition

High‐accuracy predictions of future solar power generations are important for monitoring, maintenance, dispatching, and scheduling. The goal of this study is to create a forecasting workflow that increases prediction accuracy independent of the machine learning method and has minimal computational requirements. The proposed trend decomposition method incorporates irradiance and seasonal features as exogenous inputs. In order to extract the linear part of the data, a moving average filter is used. The nonlinear (stable) component of the time series is then calculated by subtracting this linear part from the original data. The stable portion is modeled using several machine learning methods, while the ordinary least squares method is applied to the linear series. By aggregating both results, the final forecast is obtained. The forecasting performances of the machine learning algorithms on unprocessed data are used as baselines for evaluations. Improvements up to 39% in the mean absolute error and up to 31% in the root mean square error metrics are observed compared to the baselines. Experimental results show that the proposed trend decomposition with extrapolation method increases the forecasting performance and generalization capacity of machine learning algorithms.

State and development prospects of the agricultural tractor fleet in the context of digital transformation of agriculture

BACKGROUND: The digital transformation of various sectors of the national economy including agriculture is one of the main tasks of economic development. The implementation of digital technologies in production processes helps to improve the technical and economic indicators of production by ensuring the timely adoption of optimal management decisions, increasing labor productivity, and reducing the impact of the human factor on production. To ensure the digital transformation of agricultural production, first of all, it is necessary to assess the state of machinery and technology provision for agriculture, in particular, the tractor fleet, in terms of the level of equipment readiness for being equipped with digital systems and the availability of standard technical solutions for equipment adaptation to digital agriculture.
 AIMS: Determination the expected values of indicators of the level of technical and technological state of agricultural production by developing a forecast for the development of the agricultural tractor fleet and the level of provision with these types of equipment for the period up to 2030 taking into account current trends.
 METHODS: For the tractor fleet state assessment, the data taken from specialized databases on the tractor fleet and the area of arable land retired from active agricultural circulation, statistical materials of the Rosstat and Avtoselkhozmash-Holding organizations were used. Statistical extrapolation methods implemented in the Microsoft Excel environment were used to predict the development of the tractor fleet.
 RESULTS: The forecast for the tractor fleet development was made according to two scenarios: pessimistic and optimistic, taking into account the use of digital technologies.
 CONCLUSIONS: The development forecast made it possible to assess the state of the tractor fleet by 2030 according to various scenarios.

A combined interface phase field (CIPF) model for interfacial crack propagation

The phase field method has been very popular in the past decade because it can handle complex crack propagation problems without ad hoc criteria. In this paper, a combined interface phase field (CIPF) model is proposed to better investigate the fracture behaviours of composite systems with a finite-thickness interface. To build the CIPF model, a new numerical method named the modified crack surface displacement extrapolation (MCSDE) method is proposed to determine the real interfacial fracture toughness. Then, an effective interfacial fracture toughness is given based on the coupling relationship between the length scale parameter and the interface thickness. We investigate crack propagation behaviours in bi-material structures with varied initial notch positions and sandwich specimens using the CIPF model. The results show that the MCSDE method can effectively and accurately determine the interface fracture toughness, and the difference between the calculated results and the results obtained by the sing-leg bending (SLB) experiment is 6%. The CIPF model can not only simulate the propagation of cracks in bulk, but also simulate the propagation of cracks between interfaces. For different positions of the initial notch, the propagation patterns of cracks and the mechanical response of the structure are very different.

Об одном экстраполяционном алгоритме улучшения качества гидролокационных изображений морского дна

The issues of improving the quality of sonar images of the seabed according to measurements of a side-view sonar equipped with several antennas with different widths of the radiation pattern are considered. In the framework of a mathematical model describing the process of pulse sensing in a half-space with diffuse reflection conditions at the boundary, an extrapolation method for suppressing the blurriness of images of the bottom scattering coefficient is proposed. The results of numerical simulations are presented, and the limitations and prospects of applying the extrapolation approach are indicated.

An empirical semiparametric one‐sided confidence bound for lower quantiles of distributions with positive support

AbstractIn many industries, the reliability of a product is often determined by a quantile of a distribution of a product's characteristics meeting a specified requirement. A typical approach to address this is to assume a parametric model and compute a one‐sided confidence bound on the quantile. However, this can become difficult if the sample size is too small to reliably estimate such a parametric model. Linear interpolation between order statistics is a viable nonparametric alternative if the sample size is sufficiently large. In most cases, linear extrapolation from the extreme order statistics can be used, but can result in inconsistent coverage. In this work, we perform an empirical study to generate robust weights for linear extrapolation that greatly improves the accuracy of the coverage across a feasible range of distribution families with positive support. Our method is applied to two industrial datasets.

Psychosocial detailing as a methodological procedure

The interdisciplinary study is devoted to substantiating the significance of intellectual detailing as the usual order of carrying out professional methodological thinking on covital and personal events of human everyday life. The object of study is psychosocial detailing as a means of methodology in socio-humanitarianism, and its subject is the named detailing as a thinking action aimed at clarifying and explaining what happened as a personal or personified social event. The result of scientific research was the confirmation of a hypothesis consisting of two statements. The first indicates that the methodological procedure of psycho-social detailing of socially important phenomena and processes will ensure the identification of micro-connections between social and psychological mechanisms that have an impact on the behavior and activities of people in various life situations. In particular, it has been proven that the role of interrelationships between these mechanisms is performed by psychological and social details, which, due to complementarity and co-organization, form a micro-event field of interaction of the individual as a source of psycho-spiritual and environment as a socio-cultural experience of the ethnic group in space and time. The second statement, which received confirmation, states the perspective: the described methodological procedure enables prediction of social events, taking into consideration the potential response of citizens to certain events. The deed organization of psychosocial detailing of a social or life event indicates that the scenario of potential reactions is implemented by the method of extrapolation on the basis of previously acquired knowledge and on the exhaustiveness of interpretations of micro-event connections. Therefore, the methodological procedure of psychosocial detailing is fundamentally important for interdisciplinary research in the field of socio-humanitarian studies and during the creation of social prognosis.

An asymptotic development of the Poisson integral for Laguerre polynomial expansions

The purpose of this paper is the study of the rate of convergence of Poisson integrals for Laguerre expansions. The convergence of partial sums of Fourier series of functions in Lp spaces was studied, for several classes of orthogonal polynomials. In the Laguerre case Askey and Waigner proved convergence for functions f∈Lp0,+∞ with 4/3<p<4. In this paper we deal with the Poisson integral Arf0<r<1 which arises by applying Abel’s summation method to the Laguerre expansion of the function f. About 50 years ago, Muckenhoupt intensively studied the Poisson integral for the Laguerre and Hermite polynomials. Among other things he proved pointwise convergence, the convergence by norm, and that the Poisson integral is a contraction mapping in Lp0,∞. Toczek and Wachnicki gave a Voronovskaja-type theorem by calculating the limit 1−r−1Arfx−fx as r→1−, provided that f′′x exists. We generalize this formula by deriving a complete asymptotic development. All its coefficients are explicitly given in a concise form. As an application we apply extrapolation methods in order to improve the rate of convergence of Arfx as r→1−.

SSVEP-based visual acuity threshold estimation: linear extrapolation to noise level baseline with various noise definition criteria.

This study aimed to explore the effect of various noise definition criteria in linear extrapolation technique to noise level baseline on steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based visual acuity assessment. Four noise definition criteria on frequency-domain, i.e., the mean amplitude at the two adjacent bins of the target frequency, the mean amplitude of a narrow frequency band on either side of the target frequency, the mean amplitude at a broad frequency band except for the target frequency and its harmonic frequencies, and the mean amplitude at a broad frequency band at resting state, corresponding to noise 1, noise 2, noise 3, and noise 4, were introduced to calculate noise level baselines. Then, two experiments were implemented. In experiment 1, electroencephalography (EEG) signals of resting state were recorded for fourteen subjects. In experiment 2, the visual stimuli of vertical sinusoidal gratings at six spatial frequency steps were used to induce SSVEPs for twelve subjects. Finally, SSVEP visual acuity was obtained via the SSVEP visual acuity threshold estimation of linear extrapolation technique to noise level baseline with various noise definition criteria. The bland-Altman analysis found that the difference between subjective Freiburg Visual Acuity and Contrast Test (FrACT) and objective SSVEP visual acuity was - 0.0892, - 0.1071, - 0.0745, and - 0.0804 logMAR and the 95% limit of agreement was 0.2150, 0.2146, 0.2046, and 0.2189 logMAR for noise 1, noise 2, noise 3, and noise 4, respectively, indicating that visual acuity of noise 3 definition criterion, i.e., the mean amplitude at a broad frequency band except for the target frequency and its harmonic frequencies, showed the best performance. This study recommended noise definition criterion 3 of the mean amplitude at a broad frequency band to calculate the noise level baseline in the linear extrapolation of SSVEP-based visual acuity assessment.

A Class of Quadrature Rules for Complex Cauchy Principal Value Integrals

This article is fully devoted to the numerical approximation of Cauchy-type integrals in the complex plane. A class of degree eight quadrature rules is formulated from a family of Gauss-type two-point rules based on the method of extrapolation. The basic rules are developed and then composite rules are constructed from the basic rules. The Error bounds for each rule are determined. The validity of the method has been demonstrated by the provision of numerical experiments and their results.

Second-Order Level-Crossing Sampling Analog to Digital Converter for Electrocardiogram Delineation and Premature Ventricular Contraction Detection.

This article presents an electrocardiogram (ECG) delineation and arrhythmia heartbeat detection system using a novel second-order level-crossing sampling analog to digital converter (ADC) for real-time data compression and feature extraction. The proposed system consists of the front-end integrated circuit of the data converter, the delineation algorithm, and the arrhythmia detection algorithm. Compared with conventional level-sampling ADCs, the proposed circuit updates tracking thresholds using linear extrapolation, which forms a second-order level-crossing sampling ADC that has sloped sampling levels. The computing is done digitally and is implemented by modifying the digital control logic of a conventional Successive-approximation-register (SAR) ADC. The system separates the sampling and quantization processes and only selects the turning points in the input waveform for quantization. The output of the proposed data converter consists of both the digital value of the selected sampling points and the timestamp between the selected sampling points. The main advantages are data savings for the data converter and the following digital signal processing or communication circuits, which are ideal for low-power sensors. The test chip was fabricated using a 180 nm CMOS process. When sensing sparse signals such as ECG signals the proposed ADC achieves a compression factor of 8.33. The delineation algorithm uses a triangle filter method to locate the fiducial points and measures the intervals, slopes, and morphology of the QRS complex and the P/T waves. Those extracted features are then used in the arrhythmia heartbeat detection algorithm to identify Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC). The overall performance of the system is evaluated using the MIT-BIH database and the QT database, which is also compared with the recently reported systems. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and F1 score are 97.3%, 89.6%, 97.8%, 73.3%, and 0.81 for detecting PVC.