Extraordinary Loss Research Articles

Ordinary Language for Extraordinary Loss

Scholarship has established the difficulty of expressing the seemingly inexpressible experience of traumatic loss. Nevertheless, there are texts that enable expression despite this difficulty. They endow expansive, elusive concepts of loss with worthy articulation. Putting trauma theory in conversation with ordinary language philosophy illuminates how such moments become conceivable. Examples from a literary tradition that stretches from Virginia Woolf to Samuel Beckett to Lydia Davis construct a potent and a public space for this work. Literature is therefore able to create new forms of utterance from which ordinary meaning gains a purchase on the extra-ordinary.

Land Use Change Threat to Paddy Cultivation Sustainability on the Irrigated Rice Fields in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia

Unpredictable conditions of rice cultivation on fragile peatlands in Indonesia due to land-use changes would be an obstacle to agricultural food production and food security. This study aimed to determine the changes in land usage in Bengkulu, from prospective rice fields to oil palm plantations. The study was conducted from June to October 2020 at Air Manjuto irrigation paddy fields in Mukomuko Regency, Bengkulu Province. The analysis used satellite imagery with appropriate resolutions and multitemporal time from the United States Geological Survey's Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper + (ETM+), and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) collected from the years of 2000, 2008, and 2019. (USGS). The landscapes covering the Air Manjuto area were mostly marginal swampy peaty soils with ordo of Inceptisols, Histosols, and Entisols, which favor intensive rice cultivation. Oil palm plantation covers about 80% of the area, and in the last ten years, the cultivation by small-scale farmers increased sharply, about 8,219 ha or 68% from the previous decade, and no bush and bare land. In contrast, rice fields were an extraordinary loss of 6,819 ha or about 74% in the last decade, from 9,187 ha in 2008 to 2,308 ha in 2019. The loss of a huge area for rice cultivation at the Air Manjuto irrigation area threatens production in Bengkulu. The loss should be reversed through supporting infrastructure facilities and incentives, agrochemical subsidies, and agricultural insurances, and no more rice fields should be converted.

Peranan Audit Forensik Dalam Pencegahan Kasus Fraud Penerbitan Izin Usaha Pertambanga (IUP) Pemerintahan Daerah

Fraud is a latent danger that threatens a country. The occurrence of fraud (cheating) in the public and private sectors has an extraordinary loss impact. Research results from the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) Global show that every year an average of 5% of the organization's revenue becomes a victim of fraud. Fraud is an unlawful act that is intentionally carried out for a specific purpose (manipulation or giving false reports to other parties) carried out by people from inside or outside the organization to gain personal or group benefits that directly or indirectly harm other parties. The research uses qualitative methods with data collection methods using literature studies. The object of this research is secondary data in the form of fraud against licensing by local governments. For this reason, the role of forensic audits is the best way to prevent and detect fraud. Forensic audits have the ability to provide statements in their expertise.

SARS-COV-2 and biomimetics: What saves the planet will save our health.

SARS-COV-2 and biomimetics: What saves the planet will save our health.

Permission to Narrate a Pandemic in Palestine

Permission to Narrate a Pandemic in Palestine

From Campbell to Hayne: W[h]ither Australia? Australian financial regulation and supervision at a cross-roads

The Australian Government is in receipt of landmark advice: Heydon Royal Commission, Productivity Commission, and the Hayne Royal Commission. Each of them points to deep systemic and cyclical problems in the provision of financial products and financial services.Whilst the Hayne Royal Commission identified egregious behaviour in banks and large financial institutions, far greater economic damage has occurred in less well known sectors of the Australian financial system. Australian law regulating and supervising Non-Bank Financial Entities (NBFEs) has failed those it purports to protect: the vulnerable investing public. Systemic failure manifests in extraordinary loss of investor funds and nationwide economic damage. Without substantial law reform, this author predicts systemic deficiencies in regulation will remain, repeating their cyclical manifestations.Australia’s plight is not unique but no other nation with a sophisticated economy now suffers comparatively. Blame is being attached to the basic policy framework whereas in fact it is policy implementation and enforcement that has allowed systemic failures to manifest.Research demonstrates that inherent tensions between entrepreneurship and investor risk, optimal investor outcomes balanced with compliance, are not of themselves contradictory in a market based system, but they rely upon defining objectives, eliminating conflicts of objectives and conflicts of interest, significantly enhanced behavioural standards of market participants, and the de-politicisation of the regulatory environment. This analysis demonstrates that fiduciary principles are misunderstood, applied haphazardly, often ignored, and subservient to specific statutory and contractual provisions.Australia has a history of subsuming fiduciary principles behind statutory and contractual frameworks facilitating grudging disclosure and creeping corruption. Community expectations of what each market participant should do is often different from what they actually do.Hayne’s real message is the need to link law and morality, community norms and expectations with legal reality.

Mutations in Cancer Cause Gain of Cysteine, Histidine, and Tryptophan at the Expense of a Net Loss of Arginine on the Proteome Level.

Accumulation of somatic mutations is critical for the transition of a normal cell to become cancerous. Mutations cause amino acid substitutions that change properties of proteins. However, it has not been studied as to what extent the composition and accordingly chemical properties of the cell proteome is altered as a result of the increased mutation load in cancer. Here, we analyzed data on amino acid substitutions caused by mutations in about 2000 protein coding genes from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia that contains information on nucleotide and amino acid alterations in 782 cancer cell lines, and validated the analysis with information on amino acid substitutions for the same set of proteins in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC; v78) in circa 18,000 tumor samples. We found that nonsynonymous single nucleotide substitutions in the analyzed proteome subset ultimately result in a net gain of cysteine, histidine, and tryptophan at the expense of a net loss of arginine. The extraordinary loss of arginine may be attributed to some extent to composition of its codons as well as to the importance of arginine in the functioning of prominent tumor suppressor proteins like p53.

La Vendée, apogée de « la petite guerre »

The Vendée War (1793-1795) was a counter-revolutionary insurrection that resulted in extraordinary loss of life. While it was, on the political side, a civil war with (fledging) foreign support for one side, on the military side it was a mix of skirmishes, battles, sieges, ambushes and ‘scorched earth’ policy. The insurgents fought first as an army, then, after defeats in battles, as partisans. The author of this paper highlights the refusal of the Republic to grant them the status of soldiers. Their use of Small War tactics was offensive to the republican army, but not as much as their ideas. The new power based on democracy and reason deprived these opponents of any legitimacy, any vestige of a cause, subjected them to a propaganda campaign and of relentless termination.

Republic of San Marino: 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of San Marino

This paper assesses key issues related to the economy of the Republic of San Marino. It remains in transition following the implosion of its offshore banking model in the aftermath of the global crisis, resulting in the loss of a third of output. The impact of the global financial crisis, which led to a massive outflow of nonresident deposits and a sharp downsizing of its large financial sector, caused an extraordinary loss of a third of San Marino’s output—the largest in Europe. A number of important steps need to be taken for sustainable growth strengthening the banking system, realigning fiscal policy, and improving flexibility to enable the diversification.

On the meaning of life: A qualitative interpretive meta synthesis of the lived experience of life without parole

Summary This Qualitative Interpretive Meta Synthesis (QIMS) develops a more complete understanding of the lived experience of serving a Life Without Parole (LWOP) sentence by synthesizing the results of existing qualitative studies focused on this population. The four studies selected for this QIMS contain interviews with 86 male prisoners serving a sentence of LWOP. The current synthesis uses phenomenology and grounded theory as methods to obtain a new understanding from the limited data on this specialized vulnerable population. Findings The conceptual model emerging from this QIMS indicates that prisoners experience the sentence of LWOP with feelings of deep loss which mimic the grief response of the dying patient as described by Kubler-Ross (1969). Upon the initial shock of sentencing and imprisonment, inmates pass through stages of denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and ultimately, acceptance. In order to cope with the harsh reality of life imprisonment, ‘lifers’ find ways to exercise personal choice, keep a positive outlook, and forge meaning from their sufferings. Those who are successful in these tasks discover great resilience. Applications This synthesis suggests that the application of grief and resilience theories may be relevant with prisoners and other similarly marginalized populations coping with extraordinary loss of self. Given the potential of inmates in this study to discover personal resilience and engage in attempts at social reconciliation, policy makers should consider whether a sentence of LWOP shortchanges both inmates and society.

Impacts of groundwater discharge at Myora Springs (North Stradbroke Island, Australia) on the phenolic metabolism of eelgrass, Zostera muelleri, and grazing by the juvenile rabbitfish, Siganus fuscescens.

Myora Springs is one of many groundwater discharge sites on North Stradbroke Island (Queensland, Australia). Here spring waters emerge from wetland forests to join Moreton Bay, mixing with seawater over seagrass meadows dominated by eelgrass, Zostera muelleri. We sought to determine how low pH / high CO2 conditions near the spring affect these plants and their interactions with the black rabbitfish (Siganus fuscescens), a co-occurring grazer. In paired-choice feeding trials S. fuscescens preferentially consumed Z. muelleri shoots collected nearest to Myora Springs. Proximity to the spring did not significantly alter the carbon and nitrogen contents of seagrass tissues but did result in the extraordinary loss of soluble phenolics, including Folin-reactive phenolics, condensed tannins, and phenolic acids by ≥87%. Conversely, seagrass lignin contents were, in this and related experiments, unaffected or increased, suggesting a shift in secondary metabolism away from the production of soluble, but not insoluble, (poly)phenolics. We suggest that groundwater discharge sites such as Myora Springs, and other sites characterized by low pH, are likely to be popular feeding grounds for seagrass grazers seeking to reduce their exposure to soluble phenolics.

Ten years after

Ten years after, the United States has suffered an extraordinary loss of the global political power it seemed to grasp in the wake of 9/11. This commentary discusses the reasons for such an implosion of power, different scales of geopolitical response and implications for the state and geopolitical analysis, all in the shadow of the 2011 Arab spring.

DISCOVERY OF AN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS DRIVEN MOLECULAR OUTFLOW IN THE LOCAL EARLY-TYPE GALAXY NGC 1266

We report the discovery of a powerful molecular wind from the nucleus of the non-interacting nearby S0 field galaxy NGC 1266. The single-dish CO profile exhibits emission to +/- 400 km/s and requires a nested Gaussian fit to be properly described. Interferometric observations reveal a massive, centrally- concentrated molecular component with a mass of 1.1x10^9 Msuns and a molecular outflow with a molecular mass of 2.4x10^7 Msuns. The molecular gas close to the systemic velocity consists of a rotating, compact nucleus with a mass of about 4.1x108 Msuns within a radius of approximately 60 pc. This compact molecular nucleus has a surface density of \approx 2.7 \times 10^4 Msuns/pc^2, more than two orders of magnitude larger than that of giant molecular clouds in the disk of the Milky Way, and it appears to sit on the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation despite its extreme kinematics and energetic activity. We interpret this nucleus as a disk that confines the outflowing wind. A mass outflow rate of 13 Msuns/yr leads to a depletion timescale of about 85 Myr. The star formation in NGC 1266 is insufficient to drive the outflow, and thus it is likely driven by the active galactic nucleus (AGN). The concentration of the majority of the molecular gas in the central 100 pc requires an extraordinary loss of angular momentum, but no obvious companion or interacting galaxy is present to enable the transfer. NGC 1266 is the first known outflowing molecular system that does not show any evidence of a recent interaction.

Correlation between environmental iodide concentrations and larval growth, survival, and whole body concentrations of thyroid hormones and cortisol in Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis)

Pacific threadfin ( Polydactylus sexfilis), known locally by its Polynesian name “moi”, is rapidly becoming a premier aquaculture species in Hawaii and throughout the Indo-Pacific. Nevertheless, threadfin culture is suffering from extraordinary loss of seed stock during the pre-metamorphic and metamorphic periods, and from dramatic size variation between animals after metamorphosis that leads to cannibalism. The objective of the present study was to examine effects of iodide concentration of rearing tanks on larval growth, survival, metamorphosis, and whole body concentrations of thyroid hormones and cortisol. Threadfin larvae raised in ocean water grew significantly larger, and showed increased survival compared with larvae raised in water from a seawater-injected well that had lower iodide concentrations. Larvae raised in ocean water developed more rapidly than in well seawater. At 14 days post-hatch, 50% of the larvae raised in ocean water reached flexion-stage, compared to 15% in well seawater. In ocean water-raised larvae, whole body thyroxine (T 4) concentrations increased sharply from 0.4–0.5 ng/g at hatching through day 13 post-hatch to 1.9 ng/g on day 15, and decreased gradually to 0.5 ng/g by day 23. Larvae raised in well seawater did not show a peak in T 4, as levels increased gradually from 0.2 ng/g on day 1 to 2.4 ng/g by day 25. Profiles of triiodothyronine (T 3) were similar between the two groups, decreasing from 0.17 ng/g at 8 h before hatching to 0.02–0.04 ng/g by day 7 post-hatch, and then gradually increasing to 0.45 ng/g by day 23. Whole body concentration of cortisol was 0.5 ng/g prior to hatching for both groups, increasing to 27–30 ng/g by day 5. Cortisol levels fluctuated during days 7 to 25 post-hatch between 12 and 26 ng/g for ocean water-raised larvae, and between 14 and 32 ng/g for larvae raised in well seawater. Absence of a peak in the T 4 profile in well seawater-raised larvae may indicate incomplete synchronization of development or metamorphosis. These results suggest the importance of environmental iodide in larval metamorphosis, and subsequent survival and growth, possibly through the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

After the storm: Recognition, recovery, and reconstruction.

On August 29, 2005, when Hurricane Katrina made landfall near the Louisiana–Mississippi border, it exposed a large number of people to extraordinary loss and suffering. The enormous swath of physical devastation wreaked across the marshes of Louisiana’s Plaquemines Parish to the urban communities of New Orleans and the coastal landscape of Mississippi and Alabama caused a notable change to the demographics of the Gulf Region, making it the most expensive natural disaster in U.S. history. This article describes a disaster responder’s experiences of working with displaced survivors of Hurricane Katrina, providing crisis and mental health support in the acute phase of the disaster. This is followed by a discussion of the importance of a multicultural approach to helping survivors of a natural disaster; several guidelines to improve multicultural competence are proposed. In particular, the importance of attending to survivors’ racial, socioeconomic, language, and religious differences is discussed.

Gender and Economic Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region, 1920–1970

Each economic crisis in the United States adds to a now longestablished social science research literature on unemployed and displaced workers. A recession in 1914-15, for example, generated the first comprehensive studies of employment patterns; their focus on the irregular employment of workers even in good times and the difficulties of job search led to calls for public employment services and the advent of personnel management departments in firms.' The Great Depression of the 1930s similarly saw publication of several classic studies of the unemployed worker; the research of this era placed emphasis on the loss of self-esteem experienced by men who were cut from the employment rolls and the subsequent impact on family life and dynamics.2 With the extraordinary loss of

CONSEQUENCES OF REVOLUTIONS

This is an attempt to evaluate the consequences of revolutions. In our view, revolutions do not contribute to the promotion of liberty, they merely generate a new ruling class or oligarchy, stronger armed forces and more war-involvement. Whether evaluated by economic growth rates, income inequality, or quality of life, the economic performance of postrevolutionary regimes looks unconvincing. Certainly, it cannot compensate for the extraordinary loss of life resulting from 20th century revolutions. This negative balance sheet of revolutions may be explained by a rational choice approach. If public interests or collective goods for the people determined the course of revolutionary events, then the balance should look much better than it does. If revolutionaries are motivated by lust for power and greed, however, then revolutions are human and social capital wasting exercises on a grand scale.

Comments on Benjamin White's “demand for labor and population growth in colonial Java”

The usual explanation of the large growth of population in Java since 1800 is that mortality declined as a result of the improved hygiene and medical practice, the more regular supply of food, and the peace and order accompanying Dutch colonization. In the eighteenth century, writers like Montesquieu and Adam Smith assumed that good government was necessary to produce population increase, and, conversely, that mercantilist exploitation would reduce the population. We ought to know better now. With a crude birth rate of 45 per thousand (a likely level for Java), even a dismally high crude death rate of 30 per thousand would yield a 1.5% growth rate per year and double the population in 45 years. In order to undergo no growth at all, the crude death rate should be as high as the crude birth rate. There is, of course, no evidence that the precolonial population of Java was not growing. There exists no reliable record of populations having suffered a crude death rate of 45 (or even 40) per thousand for long periods of time, possibly because the conditions causing such a high mortality are not conducive to the establishment of statistics. There are, however, examples of catastrophes causing extraordinary loss of life. This is quite different from a short-term equilibrium between mortality and fertility. A colonial administration, even without appreciably improving the habitual level of hygiene, nutrition, and health, could efficiently stave off the exceptional killers: famines by improving the transportation network, wars by political control, epidemics by quarantine measures. There are many examples of colonial areas where the level of medical practice remained primitive but where considerable population growth took place. Examples can be found on the Indian subcontinent, where the population may have tripled between 1800 and 1941, or in West Africa.

Are More Males Born in Wartime?

HE belief that more baby boys are born during a period of war seems to be common. We cannot tell how far back goes, but we do know that prevailed during the last century, during the First World War, and that is quite general at present. People frequently remark, Oh, a baby? I bet 'twill be a boy; or, Several of our friends have had babies and of course they're all boys. A physician recently stated to this writer that he had attended at the birth of twelve babies during the last two months and that in every case it was a boy. And the physician asked, Is there any explanation for it? The general implication of all these remarks is that a supernatural influence is at work compensating for the extraordinary loss of men in wartime by increasing the number of male births. In fact, the belief is often expressed in so many words. During the latter part of the last century and the first part of the present one, a number of scholars made systematic inquiries into the matter.2 Diising seems to have initiated the investigation and to have stung several persons into studying the matter by boldly stating that the increase of male births in wartime was such a common phenomenon that no one even thought of questioning it. Naturally, several scholars did question it. The data these early investigators had to work with were fragmentary, ordinarily covering brief periods and single countries. Diising's studies, for instance, covered only the data for Sweden for the period of the Swedish-Russian War of 1789-1790. He did find that the male-female birth ratio was I,048 to ,000o for I788, I,047 in 1789, 1,051 in I790, I,058 in 1791, 1,051 in I792, and 1,037 in 1793. But these findings were not conclusive. Comparable data for Russia

The relation of snow to maximum flood‐peaks

In the design of control‐works on rivers, the provision of adequate protection against unusual flood‐flows is essential. Historical flood‐records usually give sufficient information to permit the design of the ordinary operating parts of the structure. The design of the safety‐valve that will preserve the structure from disastrous failure with attendant loss of life and extraordinary loss of property requires a close estimate of the worst possible flood. This flood is not a usual or reasonably expected flood but one which is the result of the worst possible combination of factors. The touchstone is not what usually occurs, but what might reasonably occur. For rivers draining areas free from the accumulation of appreciable quantities of snow, this estimate will normally start with a determination of the worst possible storm‐precipitation. For areas where snow does accumulate, the problem becomes more complicated. The starting point then becomes not the precipitation that fell but rather the “effective precipitation” after modification by the accumulated, temporarily‐frozen precipitation on the ground and its associated phenomena. The writer will restrict himself to the problems encountered on rivers draining the high mountain‐area along the Pacific Coast where the snow‐cover over a portion of the drainage‐area may reach depths in excess of four feet end the worst possible storm may occur during the winter season when there is a heavy snow‐cover. The streams draining the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada in California provide a good illustration of this type of stream.