Extraordinary Events Research Articles

Literature Review: The Effect of Honey for Children with Diarrhea

Diarrhea is an endemic disease that has the potential to cause Extraordinary Events (Kejadian Luar Biasa/KLB) and is still a contributor to mortality in Indonesia, especially in toddlers. The common management of diarrhea is using oral rehydration therapy (ORS) to prevent dehydration. Moreover, honey could be useful also in handling diarrhea since it has anti-bacterial elements in it. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving honey in children with diarrhea. The method used was literature review. There were 9 research articles obtained, and they revealed that there is an effect of giving honey to children who have diarrhea. This effect was proven by a greater decrease in the degree of dehydration in children who were given honey and standard therapy, the frequency of bowel movements in children who were given honey, as well as the stool consistency which was getting better. Healing time for children with diarrhea who were given honey and standard therapy was faster than children who only received standard therapy.

Pencegahan DHF (Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever) pada Anak

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still an important health problem in Asia. Not only in Indonesia, in developed countries such as Japan and Singapore, DHF cases still catch the attention of the health authorities in each country. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Indonesia is still a public health problem and is an endemic disease in almost all provinces. In the last 5 years, the number of cases and affected areas has continued to increase and spread widely. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus which is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. This disease attacks everyone and can cause death, especially in children, and often causes extraordinary events or epidemics throughout Indonesia. The partner problem found was the lack of knowledge of the patient's family regarding how to prevent Dengue Fever. The solution offered is in the form of health education on how to prevent dengue fever (DHF). The results of the implementation of the activities that have been carried out show that family knowledge has changed from not knowing to knowing where out of 12 families of patients who were given health education, there were 9 (75.0%) knowledgeable people and 3.0 (25%) parents who were knowledgeable. not enough. This is because 3 out of 12 of these people are elderly and do not really understand the Indonesian language used when the health counseling is being carried out, but most of the counseling participants understand and are enthusiastic about participating in the counseling until it is finished.

Volatiles of the active Mayotte volcanic chain: STA & EGA-MS analysis of volcanic products

In July 2018, a large (ca. 6.55 km3), deep (ca. 2.5 to 3.3 km b.s.l) submarine eruption started ca. 50 km east of Mayotte Island. Samples of fresh basanitic lava rims were collected by dredging, at various times and locations from the newly formed Fani Maoré Edifice (FME). The logistical response to this extraordinary event also enabled the dredging of shallow (ca. 1.2 to 1.6 km below sea level, b.s.l.), fresh phonolitic lava and bomb rims in the so-called Horse-Shoe Area (HSA), ca. 15 km east of Mayotte. Better-known subaerial counterparts of Holocene age, have also been sampled in the La Vigie Maar (LVM) phonolitic deposits (Petite-Terre, Mayotte Island), for comparison with submarine samples. These samples belong to a single volcanic chain that extends from LVM to FME passing through HSA. A novel combination of Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA), which involves Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA), and Evolved Gas Analysis conducted by Mass Spectrometry (EGA-MS), enable a reconstruction of the volatile distributions and compositions (H2O, CO2, and SO2) of these samples. Calorimetric and degassing profiles of controlled heating runs reveal different volatile reservoirs distributed as a function of sample textures and compositions, which have been further investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA), and Raman spectroscopy. A linear correlation observed between the TGA and H2O-EGA-MS signal intensities also enables the quantification of adsorbed-external vs. dissolved-magmatic H2O contents of the studied samples. The novel application of this approach to volcanic products is thus confirmed as a reliable method to determine volatile characteristics in a wide range of samples, yielding a quantitative description of volatile behavior within the associated magmatic systems and eruptions.

From sounding the tocsin to ringing the doorbell: some reflections on Saint Bartholomew as a neighbourhood massacre

Abstract What do we know, after so many pages devoted to the lieu de mémoire ‘Saint-Barthélemy’, of the thousands of Protestants thrown into the Seine or flung into the Saône, of those anonymous men, women and children exterminated in the summer and autumn of 1572? What do we know about the executioners during those nights, about those rare people who put their heart and soul into massacring their Huguenot neighbours? The responsibility of Catherine de Médicis or the Guise has been the subject of much interest; the torments of Charles IX and Spanish manipulation have long been scrutinized. This article will eschew these legitimate investigations in order to focus on the humble lives behind that night, the faces of the victims and the names of the killers, to discover who the ordinary actors were in this extraordinary event.

Risk assessment of the extraordinary pollution in the Adriatic Sea as an economically important area for the Republic of Croatia

Risk assessment links the likelihood of adverse events occurring to their consequences. Such assessment is used in labour management and trade-off determination to identify the safety and impacts associated with a particular interest. In the maritime sector, it is mainly used to raise safety standards, prevent pollution, and maintain a healthy marine ecosystem. Risk control itself is traditionally focused on the relationships between individual actions and consequences, which are later considered in groups to assess their acceptability in accordance with safety requirements. Therefore, the risk assessment for the extraordinary pollution of the Adriatic Sea as an economically important area for the Republic of Croatia are described in this paper. First, the area of analysis is defined, and a meteorological description of the eastern Adriatic coast is provided. The risk assessment is carried out in three steps. The first step is a description of waterways, and the analysis of traffic density, regulations, and types of vessels in individual areas. The second step is a detailed analysis of statistical data on accidents in the Adriatic Sea. Finally, the most probable and the most undesirable extraordinary pollution events and their impact on the Croatian economy are analysed. In addition, examples and procedures for determining risk acceptability and its control in a part of the Croatian coast are presented.

Exploring Shared Trauma in the Time of COVID: A Simulation-Based Survey Study of Mental Health Clinicians.

From fear of contracting the virus, isolation from physical distancing, to navigating lifeworkbalance, the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to leave long-lasting psychosocialimpacts on many. Shared trauma refers to similar psychological reactions to anextraordinary community event when experienced by both the clinicians and clients.We examined the experiences mong mental health clinicians in Canada and the UnitedStates (n = 196) in this online survey study during the second phase of thepandemic (Spring 2021). In addition to using traditional survey items (e.g.,demographics, scales, and short answers), we also used video-recorded SimulatedClients (SC; i.e., professional actors) as a novel method to elicit the participants'assessment of the SCs and the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.Using shared trauma as a theoretical framework, we analyzed both quantitative andqualitative data. Quantitative results suggested that although these mental healthclinicians certainly reported experiencing psychosocial impacts of the pandemicthemselves, these shared experiences with client and general populations did notgreatly impact how they understood the SCs. Qualitative results helped furthercontextualize the clinicians' own personal and professional lives. Implications forclinical practice and further research related to shared trauma are discussed.

A comprehensive analysis of Holocene extraordinary flood events in the Langxian gorge of the Yarlung Tsangpo River valley

Increasing extreme temperature, precipitation and rapid meltwater events have added stress to the Himalaya's hydrological sensitivity and major flood risks, however, current extreme hydrological dataset and their genesis are insufficient to assess future flood discharge extremes in High Asian’ rivers. Here, Holocene extreme floods in the Yarlung Tsangpo River valley were reconstructed by using physic-chemical analysis, optically stimulated luminescence dating and palaeohydraulic techniques. Palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWDs) were identified by means of palaeohydrological criteria and comparison with SWDs from large flood that occurred in 2018. Palaeoflood SWDs consist of well-sorted silt and sand with a consistent geochemical composition, implying a similar sedimentary source. Such results suggest that these SWDs were transported in suspension over long distances during flood events. The chronological analysis indicates that there are three palaeoflood events, dated to 5.7, 3.9 and 2.9–1.2 ka, during the mid-late Holocene. Palaeoflood peak discharges in the bedrock reach and meandering channel were estimated to be 27,600–35,000 m3/s using one-dimensional and two-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling. The simulation results clearly show the potential palaeoflood depositional range in the lower–velocity and eddy backwater environments between Jiacha and Langxian gorge. The palaeoflood magnitudes redefine the regional largest flood discharge, and fit well with global maximum flood curves. And mid-late Holocene extreme flood magnitudes were generally 2.5–3.5 times larger than the current maximum gauged flood, but lower than the Jiedexiu glacial lake outburst floods. Comprehensive analysis highlights the three extraordinary floods were possibly induced by monsoon rains and glacial meltwater. Site-specific palaeoflood information advances our knowledge of rare and extraordinary floods in the highest and largest river in the southern Tibetan Plateau.

The Development of New Social Worlds through Obstacle Course Racing

This study draws upon the concept of social worlds to investigate how individuals adopt and develop into the social worlds in the new and event-based leisure activity of obstacle course racing (OCR). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 OCR participants in Belgium. Three progressive and connected stages were identified in the development of OCR social worlds. Despite regular event participation, most individuals did not change how they organize themselves socially from their initial participation, and consequently did not join OCR social worlds. The importance of OCR as a social experience was a barrier in this progress. Only a small group of individuals progressed to compete in OCR, and consequently contributed to OCR social worlds by volunteering their time. The absence of sport-specific training opportunities and the continued search for more challenging and extraordinary events were identified as barriers that limit development of OCR. Implications for the industry are discussed.

The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and psychological resilience according to personality traits of university students: A PATH analysis

PurposeThe purpose of the current research was to identify the influence of university students' personality traits on their fear of COVID-19 and psychological resilience levels. Design and methodsA cross-sectional trial was completed with 690 students. Descriptive statistics and correlations were calculated, and a path analysis was employed with the objective of assessing the model fit and investigating direct and indirect impacts. FindingsAmong personality traits, conscientiousness and neuroticism were observed to affect fear of COVID-19, and conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience had an effect on psychological resilience. The tested model has a good fit and explains the direct effects of the study variables. Practice implicationsNurses should improve university students' psychological resilience by supporting them with protective and improving factors. The role of the psychiatric nurse is important in providing conscious and need-oriented support in extraordinary events such as pandemics.

Covid-19 as a Shock Event Maintaining a Career in TESOL during a Global Pandemic.

Covid-19 has had a major impact on the education sector worldwide with many universities, colleges and private language schools being forced to close and, almost overnight, turn to online teaching. In addition, the economic impact of the pandemic has led to many of these organisations making some difficult operational and financial decisions to deal with such a challenging situation. These have included restructuring, initiating rapid changes to both courses and operating practices, reducing salaries, offering shorter contract extensions and even laying off staff. Some educational institutions have since reopened but Covid-19 protocols such as mask wearing, social distancing and a limit on the use of paper-based resources have changed face-to-face teaching. For some researchers Covid-19 and an organisation’s response to it is an example of a career shock defined as ‘a disruptive and extraordinary event that is caused by factors outside the focal individual’s control and triggers a deliberate thought process concerning one’s career’ (Akkermans et al, 2018: 4). The purpose of this paper is to understand what influence Covid-19 has had on the career development of those working in TESOL and how individuals have dealt with all the changes arising from an organisation’s response to the pandemic. Through the presentation of 3 case studies involving an academic manager, a freelance teacher trainer and a newly qualified teacher all employed at large, well-known language school in Egypt, the author aims to investigate 4 important areas. Firstly, what key career competencies and personal attributes enable professionals to maintain a career in TESOL during a shock event such as a pandemic? Secondly, does this differ depending on a person’s life and/or career stage? Thirdly, is it possible that the short-term negative impact of a shock event might, over time, turn out to have a positive career outcome? And finally, what can we learn from the experiences of these TESOL professionals that might support others when dealing with career shocks in the future?

The Constitution of 3 May 1791: Testament of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Constitution of 3 May 1791: Testament of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Analysis of the Effect of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Support on the Preparedness of the Team for Exceptional Events and Outbreaks at Public Health Center the Bengkulu Province

Background: Community Extraordinary events need to be anticipated by preparing a team to respond quickly to exceptional circumstances and outbreaks at each health center, and it is necessary to increase the capacity of the special personnel of the Rapid Action Team (RAT). What is the preparedness of the fast-moving team to respond to the prevention and control of outbreaks at the Public Health center. Materials/Methods: Quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach was implemented to determine the effect of knowledge, attitude, and support on the preparedness of the Team for Extraordinary Events in Health Centers in Bengkulu Province. The population of the Rapid Action Team training participants was 10 batches. A sample of 153 respondents, analysis of linear and multiple regression data using SPSS 22 to analyze the effect of knowledge, attitudes, and support on the preparedness of the TGC Team. Result: The team must prepare themselves by compiling and training in applying standard operating procedures (SOP) for handling extraordinary events for each disease that can potentially be an exceptional circumstance (KLB). The fast-moving team must prepare themselves by conducting simulations to find out their readiness by evaluating each simulation result to improve the team's preparedness. The fast action team (RAT) for handling outbreaks and outbreaks at the Puskesmas is a policy that must be established by the decision of the authorized official. Conclusion: The Rapid action team (RAT) for handling extraordinary events and outbreaks at the Public health center is a policy that must be established by the decision of the authorized official so that it is more motivated and facilitates the need for Team preparedness for Extraordinary Events (KLB). The team is expected to carry out routine simulations for team preparedness in handling extraordinary events.

Small Business Crisis Management Against a Backdrop of Risk of Losses Incurred due to Extraordinary Events

1. Bombiak, E.,(2021). Young employee security during the COVID-19 pandemic-Polish case study, 17(1), 80-90, Journal of Human Security. Google Scholar

Analysing the 2021 North American heatwave to understand extraordinary heat events

Analysing the 2021 North American heatwave to understand extraordinary heat events

LEGAL REGIME OF MARTIAL LAW: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Theoretical and methodological approaches to determining the essence and content of the legal regime of martial law have been studied. The concept of martial law as a special legal regime is analyzed. The normative-legal interpretation of the concept of «martial law» in national Ukrainian legislation is shown. It is emphasized that martial law in its conceptual meaning is a special, i.e. extraordinary in relation to the normal, everyday conditions of life in society, a legal regime, the purpose of which is to legally ensure the implementation of the defense of the state as its key foreign policy function, which requires the temporary introduction of a number of extraordinary institutional mechanisms and constitutional restrictions, and the main objects of legal protection are state sovereignty and territorial integrity as the highest constitutional values. It was determined that the fundamental importance of martial law as a special legal regime is manifested in the list of extraordinary powers of competent public authorities, because martial law, by its internal legal nature, actually constitutes the organizational and managerial response of the state to the occurrence of an armed threat to its vital interests and the highest constitutional values, that is, it is about an extraordinary event and the extraordinary, special, temporary legal regime corresponding to this event. A comparative comparison of the legislation on the legal regime of martial law of different states was carried out, which made it possible to attribute the following to the classic constitutional-legal restrictions and institutional-functional features: restrictions on freedom of movement; restriction of freedom of assembly; restriction of freedom of speech; limitation of the right to judicial review of cases; restriction of the right to inviolability of property; the possibility of temporary delegation of judicial and executive power to military courts and military command, respectively. It has been proven that with the relatively static nature of the etymological content of the term «martial law» itself, at the same time, in a concrete and historical context, there are quite noticeable changes in the legal regulation of its individual elements. Key words: martial law, constitutional rights, legal restrictions, state defense, act of aggression.

The Paraná River in the argentine plain: A review of its evolution and contemporary characteristics

This paper discusses the geological evolution of the Paraná River in Corrientes Province, located inside the Mesopotamic Argentine region, and reviews the principal geomorphological and hydro-sedimentological characteristics of this outstanding fluvial system.Active lateral migration of the Paraná River inside its large alluvial fan, which covers the north-western portion of Corrientes Province, reveals a structural control related to the separation and breakup of Gondwana. The lowlands now present in this region receive only pluvial input and constitute one of the largest wetlands in South America, the Esteros del Iberá.The best exposed geological units in Corrientes Province are the Ituzaingó Formation (Plio-Pleistocene) that is a fluvial deposit associated with evolution of the Paraná River, and the Toropí-Yupoí Formation (Pleistocene), a younger palustrine fill generated by deposition of aeolian sediment over the underlying fluvial sands.The present planform pattern of the Paraná River in Corrientes Province is anabranching with several types of bar that occupy more than 30% of the channel surface. The bed sediment is predominantly medium to fine sand with the dominant bedform being dunes, which thus also dominate its subsurface sedimentary architecture.The suspended sediment concentration of the Paraná River downstream from its confluence with the Paraguay River (its main tributary) is asymmetric across the channel width, with higher concentrations towards the west due to the much higher input of sediment from the Paraguay River, which in turn receives most of its suspended sediment from the Bermejo River. At Corrientes City, suspended sediment concentration shows extremes ranging from 1 to 616 mg L−1 on the eastern margin and from 8 to 1271 mg L−1 on the western margin. Mixing between the Paraná and Paraguay rivers flows may take more than 600 km downstream before full mixing is achieved, with the mixing processes at the junction being determined by the discharge (momentum) ratio between the two confluent rivers, topographically-driven flows and the possible influence of density driven underflows at their interface. The confluence area between the Paraná and Paraguay rivers is characterized by a large scour that is ∼30 m deep, with its deepest location being at the mouth of the Paraguay River where the channel narrows due to local bedrock control.Due to the different elevation of the Paraná River margins in the region downstream of the confluence, the contemporary floodplain is developed extensively only on the western margin. This floodplain can also be considered as proximal (flooded yearly) or distal (flooded only during extraordinary events) in its geomorphic character. Most of the headwaters of small tributaries in this part of the Paraná River basin are located in wetlands. In these wetlands, the channel beds are characterized by fine sediment consisting of silt and cohesive clays, and where the suspended sediment has a high proportion of organic matter.

Multisource Remote Sensing Data-Based Flood Monitoring and Crop Damage Assessment: A Case Study on the 20 July 2021 Extraordinary Rainfall Event in Henan, China

On 20 July 2021, an extraordinary rainfall event occurred in Henan Province, China, resulting in heavy waterlogging, flooding, and hundreds of fatalities and causing considerable property damage. Because the damaged region was a major grain-producing region of China, assessing crop food production losses following this event is very important. Because the crop rotation production system is utilized in the region to accommodate two crops per year, it is very valuable to accurately identify the types of crops affected by the event and to assess the crop production losses separately; however, the results obtained using these methods are still inadequate. In this study, we used China’s first commercial synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data source, named Hisea-1, together with other open-source and widely used remote sensing data (Sentinel-1 and Sentinel 2), to monitor this catastrophic flood. Both the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) and Sentinel-1 dual-polarized water index (SDWI) were calculated, and an unsupervised classification (k-means) method was adopted for rapid water body extraction. Based on time-series datasets synthesized from multiple sources, we obtained four flooding characteristics, including the flooded area, flood duration, and start and end times of flooding. Then, according to these characteristics, we conducted a more precise analysis of the damages to flooded farmlands. We used the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to obtain normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time-series data for the disaster year and normal years and overlaid the flooded areas to extract the effects of flooding on crop species. According to the statistics from previous years, we calculated the areas and types of damaged crops and the yield reduction amounts. Our results showed that (1) the study area endured two floods in July and September of 2021; (2) the maximum areas affected by these two flooding events were 380.2 km2 and 215.6 km2, respectively; (3) the floods significantly affected winter wheat and summer grain (maize or soybean), affecting areas of 106.4 km2 and 263.3 km2, respectively; and (4) the crop production reductions in the affected area were 18,708 t for winter wheat and 160,000 t for maize or soybean. These findings indicate that the temporal-dimension information, as opposed to the traditional use of the affected area and the yield per unit area when estimating food losses, is very important for accurately estimating damaged crop types and yield reductions. Time-series remote sensing data, especially SAR remote sensing data, which have the advantage of penetrating clouds and rain, play an important role in remotely sensed disaster monitoring. Hisea-1 data, with a high spatial resolution and first flood-monitoring capabilities, show their value in this study and have the potential for increased usage in further studies, such as urban flooding research. As such, the approach proposed herein is worth expanding to other applications, such as studies of water resource management and lake/wetland hydrological changes.

Digital methodology to detect vulnerable areas to flooding in urban zones located in the mountains

The risk of flooding in cities near riverbeds is a latent concern, especially during the rainy season. A specific case is that of Misantla, located in the State of Veracruz-Mexico, where floods have already caused social and economic damages. For flood prevention, this study proposes a digital methodology based on specialized ArcGIS, HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS software, taking as a case study the urban areas located in mountainous areas of Misantla, Veracruz; likewise, hydrodynamic models supported by field studies and the use of geographic information systems (GIS) were used in order to know the vulnerable areas. The simulation shows the probable flood zones and the maximum depth levels that flows can reach in extraordinary rainfall events, which is an important element for risk assessment. By forecasting flooding areas, the spatial resolutions used also have a direct impact on mitigating damages caused by flooding. The study results in a risk map showing the sectors of the population most vulnerable to the problem of flooding and information for the design of protection works. In the city of Misantla, the case of this study, the simulated risk map shows that 57.3% of the surface area of the city of Misantla, particularly the downtown area, is at risk of flooding.

Migration Surveillance as a Maintenance Effort of Malaria Elimination Status (Study in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, 2021)

Background: Banyumas Regency is a malaria-receptive area with the occurrence of imported cases, particularly in sub-districts with the potential for transmission and even extraordinary events. To eliminate malaria in the regency, Migration surveillance is needed. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate implementing a malaria migration surveillance system to maintain its elimination status in Banyumas Regency in 2021.
 Method: This qualitative case study was conducted in Banyumas Regency with a total of 9 informants consisting of 2 people from the Health Office, 4 from the Community Health Center, 2 from the Health Laboratory, and 1 village head. Data was collected through Forum Group Discussions, in-depth interviews, and secondary data through document review. This study also adopted content analysis with a thematic network approach.
 Result: There are several limitations to implementing malaria migration surveillance, namely the lack of human resources, ineffective implementation of village regulations, and the lack of public awareness in reporting symptoms of malaria. Therefore, comprehensive training, policies socialization, improved partnerships, and application-based village reporting are required to maintain the elimination of migration surveillance.

A Devastating Tornado in Moravia in 2021

This article deals primarily with the protection of the population in the Czech Republic, as it is a very important security area of the highest priority. The population protection system in the Czech Republic is briefly explained, which has been fully under the responsibility of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic since 2001, but a number of other central administrative authorities (ministries, special institutes and institutions, research institutes) are also involved in its implementation. In addition to legal standards and implementation decrees, the Czech Republic security strategy and the concept of population protection are also presented. A separate part is devoted to the last valid Population Protection Concept from 2021, and it is emphasized here that the concept places great importance on the population’s preparedness for dealing with extraordinary events and crisis situations. The Model Action Activity of the Integrated Rescue System in the Czech Republic is presented in the next section. Although many model action activities have already been published in the Czech Republic, unfortunately such a safety management plan has not yet been published for the extremely hazardous natural disaster „Tornado“. This subsection briefly explains how the Intergreted Rescue system intervenes in emergency and crisis situations. A separate part is devoted to the hazardous and strong tornado in Moravia in 2021, where a total of 6 people lost their lives and another 200 were injured, many were hospitalized. Material damage after the tornado’s rampage climbed to dizzying heights. The wave of solidarity with the affected population has reached unprecedented proportions not only in the Czech Republic. At the end of the contribution, the authors present their own proposal for the future, how to continue working in this area, from the preparation and convening of a national security conference in the Czech Republic to the preparation and publication of the Model Action Activity of the Integrated Rescue System in the Czech Republic in the disaster event of a tornado.