Extract Of Whole Plant Research Articles

An unusual sesquiterpenoid from Hypochaeris achyrophorus (Asteraceae)

The novel sesquiterpenoid 8α-hydroxyhypoglabric acid (1) was isolated from a methanolic extract of whole plants of Hypochaeris achyrophorus L. The compound was isolated by silica gel column chromatography (CC), repeated Sephadex LH-20 CC, and semi-preparative RP-HPLC. Structure elucidation was accomplished by high resolution mass spectrometry and by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. The chemosystematic significance of the new compound is discussed in the context of sesquiterpenoids from other members of the Hypochaeridinae and in the light of recent molecular data on the phylogeny of this group.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by flavonoids from Agrimonia pilosa.

In a bioassay-guided search for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors from 180 medicinal plants, an ethyl acetate extract of whole plants of Agrimonia pilosa ledeb yielded tiliroside (1), 3-methoxy quercetin (2), quercitrin (3) and quercetin (4). We report herein for the first time that all four flavonol compounds showed significant inhibitory effects on AChE, particularly quercetin (4), which showed twice the activity of dehydroevodiamine (DHED).

Triterpenes and Flavonol Glucuronides from Oenothera cheiranthifolia.

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Anticonvulsant potential of callus cultures of Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb.

Callus cultures of Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb. was induced on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid, 6-benzyl adenine, indole acetic acid and kinetin (1 ppm each). Methanolic extracts of whole plant, leaf, stem and leaf and stem calli were tested for anticonvulsant activity against standard drug phenytoin using maximal electroshock model on mice. It was observed that the animals treated with methanolic extracts of stem callus, leaf callus and whole plant (200 mg/kg, oral) showed significant protection against tonic convulsions induced by transcorneal electroshock. Anticonvulsant activity of methanolic extract of stem callus was comparable to that of standard drug phenytoin.

Triterpenes and Flavonol Glucuronides from Oenothera cheiranthifolia

A new ursane-type triterpene, named as cheiranthic acid (1), was isolated from the MeOH extract of whole plants of Oenothera cheiranthifolia (Onagraceae) along with an isomeric pair of known oleanane- and ursane-type triterpenes (arjunolic acid and asiatic acid) and three flavonol glucuronide analogues (quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, its n-butyl ester, and myricetin 3-O-glucuronide). Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic evidence.

Free-radical scavenging activity of Bergia suffruticosa (Delile) Fenzl

Bergia suffruticosa (Family Elatinaceae) is an important Indian medicinal plant, traditionally used to repair bones and applied on sores. The plant has not been studied much. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant showed the presence of high amount of phenolics, tannins and flavonoids. Subsequent quantification showed the presence of 8.8% w/w phenolics (calculated as gallic acid), and 7.5% w/w tannins. This high amount of tannins and phenolics prompted us to evaluate its antioxidant activity. We studied the antioxidant activity of B. suffruticosa whole plant in three in vitro models: DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide scavenging activity and measurement of reducing power. Methanolic extract of whole plant of B. suffruticosa showed a very good DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50 of 13.1 μg) and superoxide scavenging activity (EC50 of 139.4 μg) in a dose-dependent manner. The extract showed dose-dependent reduction ability (Fe3+ to Fe2+ transformation) with a maximum absorbance of 1.195 at a concentration of 300 μg of the extract.

A New Pregnane from Munronia delavayi Franch (Meliaceae)

AbstractTo search for pharmacologically active constituents of folk medicine, a new pregnane, 2α,3α,15β‐trihy‐droxy‐20(S)‐tigloyl‐pregnane (compound 1), and nine known compounds, geranylgeraniol (compound 2), β‐daucosterol (compound 3), 6‐hydroxystigmast‐4‐en‐3‐one (compound 4), sitoindoside I (compound 5), sitoindoside II (compound 6), β‐sitosterol (compound 7), kaempferol (compound 8), quercetin (compound 9), and rutin (compound 10), were isolated from the ethanol extract of whole plants of Munronia delavayi Franch using chromatographic methods. The structures of compounds 1–10 were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.(Managing editor: Wei Wang)

Studies of anticancer and antipyretic activity of Bidens pilosa whole plant.

Screening of different extracts and fractions from the plant Bidens pilosa Linn. var. (Asteraceae) has been conducted using the in-vitro comet assay for anticancer and the antipyretic action, which was done with in-vivo models. The extract from whole plant was extracted with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol extract (E1 - E3). The extracts were fractioned by column chromatography method and fractioned with ethyl acetate, acetone and water (F1 - F3). All the extracts and fractions were tested for anticancer and antipyretic activity. Among extracts E1 shows remarkable anticancer activity and E3 bears maximum antipyretic activity. In the antipyretic activity, paracetamol was used as the standard test drug. The most promising material (LC50 < 1500 microg/ml) was F1 ethyl acetate fractions of methanolic extract and methanolic crude extract of whole plants. However, little correlation was observed in the degree of antipyretic activity between the test drug and standard drug. In conclusion, the extract obtained from the whole plant of Bidens pilosa showed a significant cytotoxic effect to methanolic extract against Hela cells by in vitro method and showed a comparable antipyretic activity effect to paracetamol in rabbit pyrogen test.

Hypolipidemic effects of acute and sub-chronic administration of an aqueous extract of Ajuga iva L. whole plant in normal and diabetic rats

Diabetes is often accompanied by lipid abnormalities, which contribute significantly to cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. The plant Ajuga iva (L.) Schreiber (Labiatea) is used in the treatment of diabetes in Moroccan folk medicine. Previously, we have demonstrated potent hypoglycemic activity and relatively non-toxic nature of a lyophilized aqueous extract of the whole plant (AI-extract) in normal (normoglycemic) and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. In this study, we examined the AI-extract for its possible lipid-lowering activity in normal and STZ-diabetic rats. Taurine (TR) and glibenclamide (GLB) were used as reference substances. As shown previously, the AI-extract (10 mg/kg; oral) reduced plasma glucose levels after acute (single) and sub-chronic (3 weeks) dosing both in normal and diabetic rats. In normal rats, single and repeated oral administration of the AI-extract, at a dose of 10 mg/kg produced a small but significant decrease in plasma CHL levels ( P < 0.05). A single dose of the AI-extract did not produce a significant change in plasma TG, but sub-chronic dosing (for up to 21 days) caused a significant decrease in plasma TG ( P < 0.05). In STZ-diabetic rats, a single dose as well as repeated (3 weeks) treatment with the AI-extract produced a significant decrease in plasma CHL ( P < 0.01), and triglyceride ( P < 0.01) levels. The AI-extract also prevented weight loss in the diabetic animals. In summary, an aqueous extract of the Ajuga iva whole plant showed hypolipidemic activity, in addition to its hypoglycemic effect in normoglycemic and diabetic rats. In view of the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity, and its relatively non-toxic nature (shown previously), Ajuga iva may be a candidate for development as an anti-diabetic agent in humans. Further studies are warranted to confirm our results and fractionate the AI-extract to isolate and identify the active principle(s), and to determine the exact mechanism(s) of action.

Pharmacological investigation ofCardiospermum halicacabum(Linn) in different animal models of diarrhoea

Objective: To evaluate the antidiarrhoeal activity of whole plant extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum (Linn) in rats. Materials and Methods: Petroleum ether (PeCH) and alcoholic (AlCH) extracts of whole plant of Cardiospermum halicacabum (Linn) were prepared, with successive extraction in soxhlet apparatus and aqueous (AqCH) extract, by the maceration process. LD50 studies for all the three extracts were carried out up to the dose limit of 2000 mg/kg in albino mice. One-fifth of the maximum dose of LD50 of each extract was selected to study the antidiarrhoeal activity in different experimental models such as castor oil-induced diarrhoea, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced enteropooling and charcoal meal test in rats. Results: Preliminary phytochemical studies revealed the presence of sterols, carbohydrates, tannins and triterpenes in the PeCH extract; sterols, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids and tannins in the AlCH extract; sterols, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids and tannins in the AqCH extract. No mortality was observed with any of the three extracts up to the maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg. Further, all the three extracts at 400 mg/kg, p.o . had significantly ( P Conclusion: The present study revealed the antidiarrhoeal activity of the extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum, which may be due to the presence of phytochemical constituents such as sterols, tannins, flavonoids and triterpenes.

Antibacterial activity of Ludwigia adscendens

Methanolic extract of whole plants of Ludwigia adscendens was studied for its antibacterial activity. The extract showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against all the bacteria tested except Stapylococcus aureus.

Hypoglycaemic Activity of &lt;i&gt;Centella Asiatica&lt;/i&gt; (L) Urb

The water extract of whole plant of Centella asiatica is used by traditional healers in the Haya tribe in Bukoba Region in Tanzania, in the management of both insulin and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Centella asiatica administered orally at a dose of 2 g/kg and 4 g/kg body weight produced a significant hypoglycaemic activity (P

New Triterpenoid Glycosides fromCentella asiatica

Four new triterpenoid glycosides named asiaticoside C (1), D (2), E (3), and F (4) were isolated from the BuOH fraction of the EtOH extract of whole plants of Centella asiatica, together with three known compounds, asiaticoside (5), madecassoside (6), and scheffuroside B (7). Based on FAB-MS, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR data (HMQC, HMBC, COSY), the structures of the new compounds were determined as (2α,3β,4α)-23-(acetyloxy)-2,3-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1), (2α,3β)-2,3-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2), asiatic acid 6-O-β-D-glycopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3), (3β,4α)-3,23-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4).

Antiallergic, Antipyretic, Hypoglycemic and Hepatoprotective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Coronopus didymus LINN

The aqueous extract of whole plant of Coronopus didymus LINN (CD) [Family: Bracicacea] was screened for antiallergic, antipyretic and hepatoprotective effects in rats and hypoglycemic activity in mice. The extract showed significant antiallergic, antipyretic, hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective activity at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses on oral administration. Mechanistically, CD acts as an antioxidant as evidenced by its ability to scavenge DPPH and superoxide radicals. All the observed activities may be due to the presence of flavonoids, saponins and tannins as they are reported to possess a variety of biological activities.

A new glucoceramide from the watermelon begonia, Pellionia repens

A new glucoceramide named pellioniareside (1) was isolated from the aqueous ethanolic extract of whole plants of Pellionia repens, together with lupeol (2), uracil (3), (22E,20S,24R)-5alpha,8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3-beta-ol (4), and daucosterol (5). The structure and relative configurations of pellioniareside were identified as (2S,3S,4R,6E,8E)-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2-[(2 R)-2-hydroxytetracosanoylamino]-1,3,4-octadecanetriol-6,8-diene by analysis of spectral data and by chemical evidence.

An open-label pilot study of cannabis-based extracts for bladder dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis.

The majority of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) develop troublesome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Anecdotal reports suggest that cannabis may alleviate LUTS, and cannabinoid receptors in the bladder and nervous system are potential pharmacological targets. In an open trial we evaluated the safety, tolerability, dose range, and efficacy of two whole-plant extracts of Cannabis sativa in patients with advanced MS and refractory LUTS. Patients took extracts containing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD; 2.5 mg of each per spray) for eight weeks followed by THC-only (2.5 mg THC per spray) for a further eight weeks, and then into a long-term extension. Assessments included urinary frequency and volume charts, incontinence pad weights, cystometry and visual analogue scales for secondary troublesome symptoms. Twenty-one patients were recruited and data from 15 were evaluated. Urinary urgency, the number and volume of incontinence episodes, frequency and nocturia all decreased significantly following treatment (P <0.05, Wilcoxon's signed rank test). However, daily total voided, catheterized and urinary incontinence pad weights also decreased significantly on both extracts. Patient self-assessment of pain, spasticity and quality of sleep improved significantly (P <0.05, Wilcoxon's signed rank test) with pain improvement continuing up to median of 35 weeks. There were few troublesome side effects, suggesting that cannabis-based medicinal extracts are a safe and effective treatment for urinary and other problems in patients with advanced MS.

Anticancer and antiviral activities of Youngia japonica (L.) DC (Asteraceae, Compositae)

Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Youngia japonica (also known as Oriental hawksbeard) were tested in vitro for anti-tumor activity against three cell lines, human promyelocytic leukaemia (HL-60), human myelogenous leukaemia (chronic K-562) and mouse Sarcoma 180 (S-180), and for antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A virus (Flu A) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. Hot water extract of Youngia japonica inhibited cell proliferation and growth of all cancer cell lines to various extent. K-562 cells were the most sensitive to the extract whereas S-180 cells were the least. It did not show any significant cytotoxic effects on normal mammalian Vero cells up to the concentration of 450 μg/mL. The ethanol extract of whole plant of Youngia japonica exhibited antiviral activity against RSV cultured in HEp-2 cells, but did not have any activity against Flu A and HSV-1. Two partially purified fractions (Fr.10 and Fr.11) from the 95% ethanol extract exhibited significant anti-RSV with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50) in the range of 3.0–6.0 μg/mL. The ratio of the viral titer reduction in the absence (viral control) and presence of the maximal non-cytotoxic concentration (MNCC) of the Fr.10 and Fr.11 was both estimated to be 1 × 10 4 (RF, viral titer reduction factors), indicating that their anti-RSV activity was high enough to justify for further analysis. Our preliminary analysis showed that the antiviral ingredients were likely to contain phenolic compounds including tannins by chemical tests.

Preliminary immunomodulatory activities of methanol extracts of Eclipta alba and Centella asiatica.

An attempt has been made to assess the immunomodulatory activity of methanol extracts of whole plant of E. alba (1.6% wedelolactone) and C. asiatica (0.18% of asiaticoside) at five dose levels (dose-response relationship) ranging from 100 to 500 mg/kg body wt. using carbon clearance, antibody titer and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression parameters. In the case of E. alba, the phagocytic index and antibody titer increased significantly and the F ratios of the phagocytic index and WBC count were also significant. Regression analysis showed linearity in patterns of the dose-response relationship, greatest in the case of the phagocytic index, moderate in the WBC count and lowest in the antibody titer. For C. asiatica, significant increases in the phagocytic index and total WBC count were observed and the F ratio of the phagocytic index was also significant. Regressed values revealed maximum linearity in the case of the phagocytic index, moderate linearity in the total WBC count and lowest linearity in the antibody response.

Effect of plant eztracts and essential oils on root-knot nematode

The nematicidal activity of methanolic extracts (20 µg ml-1) from twenty Jordanian plant species against two species of root-knot nematodes in vitro was evaluated. Whole-plant extract of Hypericum androsaemum showed the highest activity (11% mortality) against Meloidogyne javanica after 24 h of incubation. However, leaf extract of Origanum syriacum also increased M. javanica mortality markedly a day later, reaching 59 and 82% after 48 and 72 h of exposure respectively. Against M. incognita the response of leaf extracts was somewhat different, with leaf extract of Artemisia herba alba the most effective causing 22, 51, 54% mortality after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure respectively. With a tenfold concentration (200 µg ml-1) of those plant extracts thought to contain volatile oils, the secondstage juveniles (J2) mortality of both nematodes increased after 24 and 72 h of incubation. Nematicidal tests of some volatile oils that are active ingredients of the plants tested revealed that geraniol, thymol, and camphor were the most effective against M. javanica J2s, with 91, 60, 56% mortality respectively after 72 h of exposure. Cineole, menthol, and pinene were not effective against this nematode. Against M. incognita J2s, the most effective oil components were carvacol, thymol, and geraniol, with mortalities of 100, 90, and 74% respectively after 72 h of exposure. Cineole was the least effective against M. incognita.

Anti-Diabetic Activity of Daemia extensa R. Br.

Objective : The evaluation of antidiabetic activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of whole plant of Daemia extensa R Br. Materials and methods: The antidiabetic activity of both the extracts were evaluated using alloxan (120 mg/kg; i.p.) induced hyperglycemic rats. The potency of alcoholic and aqueous extracts were compared with that of reference drug chlopropamide. The blood glucose level was measured by using glucometer. Results: The alcoholic extract produced a highly significant fall in Blood Glucose Level (BGL) at 1 h after a single dose of the extract and in prolong treatment (i.e. for a week) the antidiabetic activity was maintained at par with the reference drug chlopropamide. Aqueous extract possess antidiabetic activity which was maintained upto 3 hours after a single dose and later the activity decreases but upon prolonged treatment, the peak activity was found on second day. Conclusion: Alcoholic extract of D. extensa is almost equipotent to chlorpropamide. This qualifies it to be used in ethnomedical diabetic management.