Extracts Of Piper Guineense Research Articles

Effect of Hexane and Methanol Extracts of Piper guineense (Schum and Thonn) Seeds against the Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in Stored Maize Grains

Effect of Hexane and Methanol Extracts of Piper guineense (Schum and Thonn) Seeds against the Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in Stored Maize Grains

Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Piper guineense (Uziza) on the Kidneys of Paraquat-Induced Adult Male Wistar Rats

Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Piper guineense (Uziza) on the Kidneys of Paraquat-Induced Adult Male Wistar Rats

The effect of methanol extract of Piper guineense on paracetamol induced toxicity

Methanol extract of Piper guineense seed was administered to Swiss albino rats to asses the effect on paracetamol induced toxicity. Thirty-six albino rats were divided into six groups of six animals per group. Four groups were administered in increasing doses of the extract 50, 100, 150, 200 mg/body weight where as the fifth group was administered 500kg/kg of paracetamol as the positive control, while the sixth group was used as normal control. The duration of the experiment was two weeks. This study revealed that the paracetamol increased the biochemical parameters. This was attenuated by the co-administration of Piper guineense extract by oral gavage (50, 100, 150, 200mg/kg b.w). The biochemical parameter studied showed consistent changes. The chronic administration of paracetamol 500 kg/b,w showed an elevation in ALT, AST, MDA, total protein, total bilirublin, total protein, globulin And a depletion of SOD(superoxide dismutase), catalase, ALP, Albumin and Albumin/ globulin GSH (reduced glutathione),levels. Administration of methanol extract of Piper guineense attenuated the levels ALT, AST, GSH( reduced glutathione), SOD(superoxide dismutase),total protein, total bilirublin, total protein, globulin levels. Piper guineense ameliorated MDA, catalase, urea, ALP, Albumin and Albumin/ globulin levels restoring it significantly. The histopathology results of the effect methanol extract of Piper guineense on paracetamol induced toxicity. It Concurs with the result of the biochemical parameters. From this study it can be concluded that methanol extract of Piper guineense possess some potent antioxidants which can ameliorate damage associated with chronic exposure to paracetamol exposure in rat models.

The Extraction and GC-MS Characterization of Leaf Extract of Piper guineense (Uziza Leaf)

ABSTRACT: The extraction and GC-MS characterisation of leaf extract of Piper guineense (uziza leaf) were carried out. The leaves were collected, washed, shade dried and powdered. N-hexane extracts were prepared using the soxhlet extraction method. All the extracts were concentrated and analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy for the identification of biochemical components present in the leaves of Piper guineense and the results showed these results: alkaloids (+), flavonoids (+), cardiac glycosides (+), steroids (+), saponins (+) and tannins (-). In the GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds, more than twenty-eight (28) bioactive compounds were discovered in the leaf extract of P. guineense. These compounds according to studies have medicinal values, which include β-sitosterol (C29H50O), MW(414), RT(9.404), Stigmasterol (C29H48O), MW(412), RT(9.542), Vitamin E (C29H50O2), MW (430), RT(10.095), Phytol (C20H40O), MW(296), RT(16.079), Cis-α-bisabolene (C15H24), MW (204), RT (18.863), 1- Heptatriacotanol (C37H76O), MW (536) and RT(8.128) among others, which are some of the essential bioactive compounds found in the GC-MS leaf extract. Consequently, the above bioactive compounds and others give the leaf a high potency of nutrients with some medicinal benefits, which make it good for consumption. KEYWORDS: Chromatography, Spectrometry, Soxhlation, Guineense, Peak.

In vitro and In vivo Control of Fungal Cobweb Disease of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq), Using Organic Materials

Aim: Assessment of In vitro and In vivo Control of Fungal Cobweb Disease of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq), using organic materials.
 Study Design: This study was designed to control the disease by using plant materials as organic control agent; both In vitro and in vivo.
 Methodology: In Pleurotus ostreatus. In the In vitro test; food poison method was used while the in vivo test was undertaken by inoculation of fully colonized substrate bags of Pleurotus ostreatus infected with cobweb disease with crude extracts of Piper guineense and lime juice as treatment stock.
 Results: The results indicated P. guineense inhibition of the growth of the pathogen at 22mm while lime juice did not show any impact on the growth of the pathogen. Additionally, P. guineense inhibited the growth of the pathogen in fully colonized but infected substrates bags of P. ostreatus invivo; such that the treated samples grew and developed the fruiting bodies of the mushroom, 3 days after treatment; whereas the one treated with lime juice developed the cobweb disease.
 Conclusion: The study showed that effectiveness of P. guineense extract on the pathogen was possibly due to the bioactive chemicals such as phenols, tannins, flavonoid etc which concentration in the plant material occurred in surplus. These may have interfered with the molecular targets of the pathogen and caused it to loose cellular integrity and leakage of cell content. Alternatively, the study revealed that lime juice was ineffective; possibly because of the solvent used for it's preparation which could not enhance the release of the essential bioactive chemicals in lime juice for anti fungals. Consequently, this study recommends the use of P. guineense to mushroom farmers against fungal cobweb disease of oyster mushrooms.

Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Piper Guineense (Uziza) On The Liver of Paraquat Induced Adult Male Wistar Rats

Piper guineense (Uziza in Igbo) is a medicinal plant whose leaves are commonly used as spices.This study is to investigate the effects of the ethanolic leaf extracts of P.guineenseon the histology of the liver, liver biomarker enzymes of paraquat-induced Thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats weighing between 160g – 200g which was randomly assigned to six Groups (A-F) of 5 rats each. The control Group A was not induced with paraquat, while Groups B, D, E and F were induced with 20mg/kg of paraquat. Group C received 200mg/kg of the extract only. After the fourteenth day, groups E and F were withdrawn and treated with 80mg/kg and 100mg/kg of the extract, respectively, for another fourteen days; while Group D was withdrawn without treatment.The results showed that animals in all Groups (P<0.05) except B (-21.67 ± 22.55) and D (-12.21 ± 15.67) had decreased in body weight; severely degenerated hepatic tissue with severe aggregates of intra lobular inflammatory cells, sever intra hepatic haemorrhage and necrotic debris around the haemorrhagic area; These effects were ameliorated in Groups E and F which received the variable doses of the ethanolic leaf extracts of P.guineense. The ethanolic leaf extracts of P.guineense have ameliorative effects on the body weight, serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and histologic changes in liver and testes of paraquat-induced Wistar rats.

In-vitro antimicrobial potential of aqueous and metanolic extracts of Piper guineense and Gongonema latifolium on Staphylococcu aureus and Escherichia coli

Plants are rich in different secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids which have been found in- vitro to have antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to determine the in-vitro antimicrobial potential of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of dried leaves of Gongronema latifolium and Piper guineense plants on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Soxhlet extractor was used for the methanolic solvent while cold maceration was used for the aqueous extraction. The phytochemical constituents of these extracts were screened thereafter the extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity. The technique of agar well diffusion was employed. Wells was made on nutrient agar media and the extracts were placed in the well. Concentration of 1.25mg/ml, 2.5mg/ml, 5mg/ml and 10mg/ml were used. Surface of agar is inoculated (using sterile swab dipped into standardized broth culture of the test organism). Thereafter, the wells were bored into the inoculated agar and the extracts delivered into the well. After allowing for diffusion, the plates were incubated, after which the zones of inhibition around the well measured with the aid of vernier caliper. Activity of the extract against the test organism was expressed in terms of size (mm) of inhibition zone diameter around the well. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenol in both plant extracts was observed. The aqueous extract of P. guineense and G latifolium showed more presence of phytochemical constituents than the methanolic extract and this is evidenced by higher zones of inhibition. Methanolic extracts of Piper guineense showed visible clearance suggestive of antibacterial activities by the extract only at 10mg/ml on S. aureus, but no form of inhibition on E. coli. Both extracts have concentration dependent antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and this may be due to phytochemicals found in them

In-vitro antimicrobial potential of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Piper guineense and Gongronema latifolium on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Plants are rich in different secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids which have been found in- vitro to have antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to determine the in-vitro antimicrobial potential of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of dried leaves of Gongronema latifolium and Piper guineense plants on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Soxhlet extractor was used for the methanolic solvent while cold maceration was used for the aqueous extraction. The phytochemical constituents of these extracts were screened thereafter the extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity. The technique of agar well diffusion was employed. Wells was made on nutrient agar media and the extracts were placed in the well. Concentration of 1.25mg/ml, 2.5mg/ml, 5mg/ml and 10mg/ml were used. Surface of agar is inoculated (using sterile swab dipped into standardized broth culture of the test organism). Thereafter, the wells were bored into the inoculated agar and the extracts delivered into the well. After allowing for diffusion, the plates were incubated, after which the zones of inhibition around the well measured with the aid of vernier caliper. Activity of the extract against the test organism was expressed in terms of size (mm) of inhibition zone diameter around the well. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenol in both plant extracts was observed. The aqueous extract of P. guineense and G latifolium showed more presence of phytochemical constituents than the methanolic extract and this is evidenced by higher zones of inhibition. Methanolic extracts of Piper guineense showed visible clearance suggestive of antibacterial activities by the extract only at 10mg/ml on S. aureus, but no form of inhibition on E. coli. Both extracts have concentration dependent antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and this may be due to phytochemicals found in them.

Antioxidant Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Piper guineense (Uziza) Leaves on Lead-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Piper guineense (uziza) leaves may have therapeutic input on male infertility caused by Lead exposure. This study investigated the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic extract of Piper guineense leaves (EEPL) on lead-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Twenty male wistar rats (150-200g) were divided into 4 groups consisting of 5 rats each. Control received 1ml of distilled water, lead only received 150mg/kg of lead, low dose received 150mg/kg of lead + 300mg/kg of EEPL, high dose received 150mg/kg of lead + 600mg/kg of EEPL. Administration was done orally for 14 days and then sacrificed. Blood was collected and analysed for serum testosterone and testes were harvested and homogenised for testicular antioxidant enzymes and zinc levels. Data was analysed for ANOVA using Graph Pad Prism 5. Lead exposure negatively affected the antioxidant enzymes, testosterone and zinc levels. Administration of EEPL significantly (p<0.05) increased the testosterone and zinc levels in a dose dependent manner. EEPL also significantly (p<0.05) increased the testicular Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione peroxidase levels and significantly decreased the testicular Malondialdehyde levels. Piper guineense leaves ameliorate testicular oxidative stress damage induced by lead toxicity.

Ethnomedicinal Uses and Therapeutic Activities of Piper Guineense: A Review

The use of medicinal plants in most developing countries as therapeutic agents for the maintenance of good health is a widespread practice. One of such plant products is Piper guineense, which is a West African spice used in many folklore medicines and has a number of verified pharmacological activities. Proximate analysis reveals that the plant contains crude protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals while preliminary phytochemical screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotoscopy of the methanol leaf and seed extract of Piper guineense revealed the presence of several constituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenes; sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids, saponins and secondary metabolites such as Aromadendrene, 1,6,10- Dodecatriene,7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene and piperine, piperidine amongst other secondary metabolites. Studies have revealed that Piper guineense possess several pharmacological and therapeutic properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, aphrodisiac, anti-parasitic, antiinflammatory, anti-convulsant, molluscicidal, oestrogenic and oxytocic properties. This paper provides a review on the morphology, physicochemical and phytochemical constituents, ethnomedicinal and scientifically proven therapeutic activities of Piper guineense.

Continuous Intake of High Doses of Piper guineense (Ashanti pepper) Aqueous Seed Extract Impairs Renal Function in Wistar Rats

BACKGROUND: Piper guineense seed is a well known spice consumed in many parts of West Africa as a result of its nutritional and medicinal properties. METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five per group. The phytochemical analyses was done; different concentration of aqueous seed extract of Piper guineense was administered for 21 days to three experimental groups, Group 2 (25 mg/kg), Group 3 (50 mg/kg), Group 4 (100 mg/kg), while group 1 were given only rat feed and water. RESULTS: The investigation revealed that in low and medium dose groups, creatinine (62.3±7.3 to 51.1±4.5 and 51.1±8.1 respectively) and urea (6.6±1.3 to 5.2±0.8 and 4.8±1.0) levels decreased significantly while in high dose group, creatinine (62.3±7.3 to 66.9±11.0) and urea (6.6±1.3 to 7.0±0.8) increased significantly. There was a dose dependent increase in the serum electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chlorine and bicarbonate). Only bicarbonate (19.1±0.8 to 24.3±1.3) and chloride (102.4±3.8 to 107.0±1.6) had significant increase in their values. The histological study showed that at a low (25mg/kg) and medium dose (50mg/kg) of aqueous seed extract of Piper guineense the normal cyto-architecture of the kidney was maintained while in high dose group (100mg/kg) normal cyto-architecture of the kidney was distorted. CONCLUSION: The result obtained suggests that Piper guineense seed may not be harmful at a moderate dose; but high doses could be toxic. Caution should be taken on the quantity of Piper guineense seed consumed.

English

Quantification of total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, and GC-MS Profile of Extracts of Piper Guineense, Dennettia Tripetala and Ocimum Gratissimum used in the Control of Cowpea Bruchid Callosobruchus Maculatus in Storage Grains

Corrosion protection of Q235 steel in acidic-chloride media using seed extracts of Piper guineense

The seed extract of Piper guineense (PGS) was investigated as an eco-friendly and cost-effective anticorrosion agent for the protection of Q235 carbon steel in acid chloride medium (0.25 M H2SO4 + 0.5 M NaCl), using a sequence of experimental and computational techniques. The phytochemical constituents of PGS seed extract were verified with a combination of GC–MS and FTIR analysis. Corrosion experiments involving gravimetric and electrochemical measurements, as well as surface imaging (AFM, SEM) and characterization (XPS) techniques all confirmed remarkable and sustainable anticorrosion performance of PGS. The impedance data revealed strong interfacial adsorption of phytochemical constituents of PGS on the steel surface, while polarization measurements confirmed their simultaneous inhibiting effects on both the cathodic and anodic reactions of the corrosion process. The extract was found to sustain its remarkable anticorrosion efficiency (> 98%) for prolonged time intervals (up to 144 h) without replenishment. The surface coverage of the extract constituents on the steel surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The adsorption strengths of some major phytochemical constituents of the extract on iron were computed using molecular dynamics simulations in the context of the density functional theory (DFT). The large negative values of the computed adsorption energies corroborate the remarkable anticorrosion performance of PGS extract as observed from the experimental data.

<i>In vitro</i> evaluation of antisickling activity of herbal combination of three medicinal plants

Sickle cell disorder is a genetic ailment with enormous social and economic burden for patients and caregivers. The most promising management apart from being expensive particularly for poor African people, faces some major incompatibility problems. The patients consequently rely on herbal therapy which could be prepared in single or combination forms to manage the painful episodes and its complications. This present study aimed to formulate polyherbal combination and evaluate three purposively selected plants previously reported for their antisickling activities. The polyherbal products were formulated using both aqueous and 70% ethanol extracts into different combinational ratio with the best in 1:1:1 and evaluated for its antisickling activity. The antisickling activity involved both the inhibitory and reversal effects at varying concentrations from 1.0 mg/ml to 6.0 mg/ml using ciklavit as the positive control. The best inhibitory activity was found in ethanol extract of Piper guineense, Gongronema latifolium and Cymbopogon citratus (PGC) with 70.09 ± 0.67% when compared with the positive control (59.25 ± 0.05%) at 4.0 mg/mg while the reversal ability was 67.87 ± 1.23%. The aqueous extracts of the combinations had activity above 50% with the exception of PGC (2:3:1) which is a little less than 50% (46.67 ± 0.98%) while the highest was 60.02 ± 0.87%. The polyherbal ethanol extract had better effects than the aqueous extract and the standard drug used in this study.

Evaluation of the modulatory effects of Piper guineense leaves and seeds on egg albumin-induced inflammation in experimental rat models

Ethnopharmacological relevanceInflammation processes are implicated in many degenerative diseases. Piper guineense, a West African spice belonging to the Piperaceae family has been reported to contain anti-inflammatory agents. Aim of studyThis study determined the modulatory effects of methanolic extracts of Piper guineense leaves and seeds on egg albumin-induced inflammation in rats.Study design and methods: Inflammation in the hind paw was induced by injecting 0.1ml egg albumin subcutaneously. Treatments including diclofenac were given orally. Rectal temperature and paw size were monitored hourly for the first 3 h’ post-induction of inflammation and then at the 6th and 24th hour. Serum levels of CRP, MDA, LDH and GGT activities were determined at these hours. ResultsResults showed that egg albumin-induced inflammation caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in paw size and rectal temperature. It further showed that treatment with the leaves and seed extracts reversed the effect of inflammation on serum levels of CRP and MDA, and on LDH and GGT activities similar to diclofenac in rats. ConclusionExtracts of the Piper guineense seed and leaves have potentials of being used as an anti-inflammatory agent but further studies need to be done to determine their toxicity and effects on immunological markers of inflammation.

The Effect of Nigella sativa and Piper guineense Aqueous Extracts on the in Vivo Expression Profile of Lipid and Sex Hormones

Aim: The study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Piper guineense and Nigella sativa on Testosterone, Estrogen and Follicle stimulating hormone levels in male and female rats induced by diets supplemented with high dose of sucrose and margarine for four (4) week.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Thirty male and female Wistar rats of average weight (100 g) were used for the study. The rats were arranged into five groups with six rats in each of the groups. The rats had access to their normal feed but sucrose and margarine were used to induce hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia respectively on the rats with the exception of the rats in the positive control group. The rats in the negative control were induced using the sucrose and margarine but were not treated using the aqueous extracts. The rats in the Piper guineense group were treated with 2 ml of Piper guineense aqueous leaf extract, while the rats in the Nigella sativa group were treated with 2 ml of Nigella sativa aqueous extract. The rats in the Nigella sativa and Piper guineense group were treated with 2 ml of the combined aqueous extract.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the extracts had an increasing effect which was time dependent on the hormones. The highest increase was obtained on the third week of feeding when compared to the control. The testosterone levels (mlU/ml) showed for the, positive control (2.28 ± 0.08), uziza leaf (6.45 ± 0.01), black seed (2.85 ± 0.01), black seed &amp;uziza (8.47 ± 0.08)(p&lt;0.05). The increase for estrogen levels (mlU/ml) showed for the positive control (99 ± 0.82), uziza leaf (98 ± 1.63), black seed (100 ± 1.63), black seed &amp; uziza (113 ± 0.82). Furthermore, the extracts also had an increasing effect on the follicle stimulating hormone levels with the highest increase obtained on the third week (p&gt;0.05). The FSH levels (mlU/ml)) showed for the positive control (0.23 ± 0.01), uziza leaf 0.25 ± 0.01), black seed (0.54 ± 0.02), black seed &amp; uziza (0.58 ± 0.01)(p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Histopathological findings also suggest that treatment with the aqueous extracts of P.guineense and N .sativa after inducement salvaged the testes and ovaries when compared to the induced group after the second week of administration. Although the combined mixture N.sativa and P.guineense extract was more effective.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the aqueous extract of a combined mixture of Nigella sativa and Piper guineense might be an effective plant in indigenous medicine, which may be used to combat infertility caused by hormonal imbalance.

Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Potentials of Methanol Leaf Extracts of Aframomum melegueta and Piper guineense

Aim: The study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic potentials of methanol extracts of Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta leaves with a view to utilizing the plants in the treatment and management of cardiovascular disorders.&#x0D; Methodology: Twenty-eight healthy albino rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups: Group I received normal saline (2 ml/kg bwt); Group II received a single dose of alloxan(150 mg/kg bwt) intraperitoneally; Group III received alloxan (150 mg/kg bwt) + glibenclamide (5 mg/kg bwt);Group IV received alloxan (150 mg/kg bwt) +PG (200 mg/kg bwt); Group V received alloxan (150 mg/kg bwt) + PG (400 mg/kg bwt); Group VI received alloxan (150 mg/kg bwt) + AM 200 (mg/kg bwt); Group VII received alloxan (150 mg/kg bwt) + AM (400 mg/kg bwt). The blood glucose level was determined before and after treatment with the extracts. The lipid: (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were estimated using the Randox diagnostic kits.&#x0D; Results: The results revealed that alloxan was able to induce hyperglycemia at 150 mg/kg bwt and post-treatment with P. guineense and A. melegueta at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/ kg bwt were able to significantly lower the blood glucose level which was quite apparent in AM treated groups. Also, the extracts at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg were able to bring a significant (p &lt; 0.05) reduction in TC, TG and LDL concentrations when compared to the alloxan treated group with the highest reduction in AM treated groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: These results revealed that the methanol extract of P. guineense and A. melegueta elicited anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic potentials of the extracts with the highest effect observed in A. melegueta treated rats.

Phytochemical Composition of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Piper guineense, Cassia alata, Tagetes erecta and Ocimum graticimum

Phytochemicals are biologically active naturally occurring chemicals produced by plants to help them thrive or thwart competitors or pathogenic organisms. The phytochemical experiment revealed varying degrees of flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tanin and phenol as naturally occurring bioactive chemicals of water and ethanol leaf extracts of Piper guineense, Cassia alata, Tagetes erecta and Ocimum graticimum. T. erecta had the highest flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin and tanin content of 3.17%, 5.43%, 3.50% and 5.15% respectively in ethanol extract and this was significant (P≤ 0.05), and followed by C. alata, O. graticimum, and P. guineense. The highest phenol content of 3.50% was recorded in water extract of C. alata followed by water extract of T. erecta, O. graticimum, and ethanol extract of P. guineense. The exploitation of antimicrobial potentials of these phytochemicals in the control of plant diseases incited by pathogenic organisms is recommended.

Fungitoxic Potentials of Extracts of Plant Origin against Fugal Root Rot of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Storage

Investigations were carried out on the use of the water and ethanolic extracts of Piper guineense, Ocimum graticimum, Casia alata, and Tagetes erecta in the management of postharvest deterioration of cassava root caused by Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer. Water and ethanolic extracts of the plant materials had significant differences (p≤0.5) in their rates of fungitoxicity on the pathogenic organisms. Water and ethanol extracts of C. alata and T. erecta respectively at 50% concentration gave the same highest radial growth inhibition of 80.20% on A. flavus in vitro followed by ethanol extracts of C. alata, O. graticimum, and P. guineense. The ethanolic extract of T. erecta at 50% concentration gave the highest inhibitory effect of 53.50% on R. stolonifer followed by ethanol extracts of C. alata, O. graticimum, and P. guineense whereas the least growth inhibition of 0.17% was recorded by aqueous extract of P. guineense on R. stolonifer. In vivo test of the plant extracts applied before and after inoculation with spore suspension (1x105 spores/ml of distilled water) of test fungi showed significant reduction in root rot incidence and severity. The lowest incidence and severity of cassava root rot of 16.5% and 1.45 respectively were recorded with T. erecta ethanol extracts applied before inoculation of A. flavus indicating that the extracts of the plant materials could be better used as protectant than eradicant in the control of post harvest fungal deterioration of cassava root. R. stolonifer showed stronger resistance to the extracts of the plant materials than A. flavus during pathogenesis in vivo.

Evaluation of ethanolic extracts of Piper guineense, Dennettia tripetala, and Capsicum frutescens as protectant of smoked fish, Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidea) against Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

BackgroundDermestes maculatus is a destructive pest of smoked-dried fish. Due to its implications, this research was aimed at investigating the insecticidal activities of edible plant extracts on smoked Clarias gariepinus as protectants against Dermestes maculatus.ResultThe extract of Piper guineense at 4%, 8%, and 12% concentrations recorded between 8–92% and 33–100% mortalities, respectively, for the first 4 weeks and 0% mortality was observed in weeks 5–8. The extracts of Capsicum frutescens and Dennettia tripetala at 4% concentration recorded between 8 and 92% mortalities in the first 4 weeks and 5 weeks, respectively, and no mortality was recorded in the remaining weeks. At 12% concentration for Dennettia tripetala extract, 8–100% mortality was recorded throughout the experimental period. At 12% concentration for Capsicum frutescens, 8–92% mortality was recorded in weeks 1–7 and 0% in week 8. Positive control recorded 33–67% mortality in weeks 1–4 and 0% mortality in weeks 5–8. Negative control recorded no mortality in the first 3 weeks, but few larvae were found dead in the remaining weeks. The mean value of 106, 36, and 96 progenies emerged at 4%, 8%, and 12% concentrations, respectively, in the smoked fish treated with Piper guineense. Mean value of 0.50 and 0.50 progenies were recorded at 4% and 8% concentrations, respectively, while no emergence was observed at 12% concentration of Dennettia tripetala extract. Extract of Capsicum frutescens recorded mean value of 1.00, 3.00, and 3.50 progenies at 4%, 8%, and 12% concentrations, respectively. Weight loss of 66.47%, 31.46%, and 56.25% at 4%, 8%, and 12% concentrations was observed for Piper guineense extract respectively. Extracts of Dennettia tripetala and Capsicum frutescens recorded weight loss of 3.46%, 2.11%, and 0.02% and 27.77%, 12.30%, and 22.90%, respectively, at 4%, 8%, and 12% concentrations. Positive and negative controls recorded 4.36% and 81.18% weight loss, respectively.ConclusionThey can therefore serve as affordable substitutes for synthetic chemicals which had been proven to be detrimental to the health of its consumers.