Extracts Of Different Parts Research Articles

Detection of iodine in aqueous extract of plants through modified Mohr’s method

Abstract This article explores the extraction of iodine contents in Ipomoea pes-caprae plants using the modified Mohr’s method applied to a biological extract prepared in an aqueous solution. The plants were collected from three coastal regions of the Arabian Sea at Karachi coast, privileged as iodine resource areas. The size of the stem, leaves, and flowers of collected plants was measured after transportation into the laboratory before preparation of aqueous extract. It was found to be significantly different in size from each other. The electrical conductivity of the biological extract was recorded through a conductometer. For this purpose, the extract of different parts of the I. pes-caprae plants was prepared, followed by heating and filtration, while silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used as a precipitating agent. It was interesting to note that when filtrate was titrated with AgNO3, the precipitate started to settle down. Results showed the lowest iodine concentration in the flowers of all tested plants, followed by the highest in the leaves. Conductometric precipitation reaction was influential in determining iodine in herbal medicinal plants. It was observed that the size of the plants and collection sites impacted the iodine concentration. It was lowest in I. pes-caprae, collected from sea view Karachi, while highest in plants of Hawksbay. The endpoint of this biochemical reaction was taken when conductivity started rising. The standard curve of KI was prepared to determine the concentration of iodine in plant samples through conductometric titration. Moreover, the presence of Iodine was confirmed through a chemical testing method using HNO3, NH4OH, and H2SO4, after a complete precipitation reaction. The iodine quantification was done using a spectrophotometer through hexane solvent after being treated with H2SO4.

Construction of coaxial liquid centrifugal platform for the extraction of active ingredients from natural products.

In the classical natural product extraction and separation process, it is tedious and requires large amounts of reagents and time. In this study, an efficient coaxial liquid centrifugal oil-water-oil triple-liquid-phase system with a simple structure and convenient operation was successfully constructed and used to extract flavonoids from Platycladi Cacumen. The results showed that the coaxial liquid centrifugal platform constructed in this study had good stability and 6ml was the minimum volume of the middle phase for 1000rpm to stabilize the system. Besides, it was easy to repeat the operation: the relative standard deviations of the extraction yields of flavonoids and sugar in six parallel operations were all less than 10%. Moreover, it was only one-tenth of the time required for this method as traditional liquid-liquid extraction while reducing the use of volatile organic reagents. Finally, the new method was more selective than the traditional method for the extraction of flavonoids. Therefore, this study provides a possibility for the coaxial liquid centrifugal platform to be used in multi-liquid phase systems to achieve the simultaneous extraction of different parts of natural products by different liquid phases. It is expected to provide a reliable reference for further expansion of small-scale experimental operations to industrial production.

Evaluation of Larvicidal Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Leaves, Root, Stem of Plumbago zeylanica Plant on Aedes aegypti

The purpose of this study was to determine the larvicidal effect of aqueous extracts of different parts of the Plumbago zeylanica plant on the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. This research assessed P. zeylanica for its larvicide activity against A. aegypti larvae. Five different concentrations of hot and cold aqueous extracts of root, leaf, and stem powders of P. zeylanica were separately prepared. The larvicidal effect of these extracts was assessed against early 1st, 3rd, and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Mosquito larvae were sampled, larval populations were monitored before and after application of aqueous extracts, and larval mortality was monitored after 12, 24, and 48 hours. Three trials were carried out under the same conditions. The percentage mortality of larvae in the sample was calculated, and the mean mortality was obtained for the 3 trials. Then the LC50 value was calculated according to the mean mortality with the SPSS package. The lowest LC50 values were obtained for the hot aqueous extracts on 1st instar larvae: root 122.74 mg/l, leaf 274.95 mg/l and stem 275.92 mg/l, 3rd instar larvae: root 129.37 mg/l, leaf 205.74 mg/l and stem 286.21 mg/l, 4th instar larvae: root 165.52 mg/l, leaf 216.89 mg/l and stem 329.94 mg/l and the root was found to have the highest larvicide activity. Finally, it was identified that by using 165.52 mg/l all three larval instar stages could be killed up to 50% and 90% with 280.921 mg/l. The present study reports that Plumbago zeylanica could serve as a potential larvicidal agent.

A Comparative Study: In-vitro Anti-microbial Activity of Various Parts of Lantana Camara using Ethanolic Extract

Detecting new sources of antibiotics based on natural products used by traditional practitioners was the main objective to analyse the extracts of root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), a medicinal plant available in India. A group of organisms along with 2 bacteria and 2 fungi were served by L.camara extracts of different parts based on technique. The whole plant extract presented the most active. The L.camara extract were active against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.25 ± 15.5µg/ml) and fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger (5.25±13.5 and 0 ± 13.25µg/ml). This study may support the conventional use of whole plant extract of L.camara in various disorders, a potential subject to further isolation and identification as a supply of antibacterial substances.

Fermentation of Chenopodium formosanum Leaf Extract with Aspergillus oryzae Significantly Enhanced Its Physiological Activities

Chenopodium formosanum Koidz (CF) is an indigenous cereal plant of Taiwan. Its high content of secondary metabolites and nutrients has attracted attention for its use in skin care products and functional foods. However, most studies have focused on the extract of CF seeds, which are relatively expensive, and none have investigated the effects of combining extraction and fermentation. In this study, we evaluated the utility of using extracts of different parts of CF, i.e., the leaves, stems, and unhulled and hulled seeds. We first made aqueous, ethanolic, methanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts of the four parts. After assessing their biological activities, we selected only unfermented and fermented CF leaf methanolic extracts for subsequent analysis. None of the concentrations of fermented CF leaf extract (≤400 mg/L) were cytotoxic, and all exhibited antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, skin-whitening, moisturizing, and antiaging activities. The concentrations of protocatechuic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, and quercetin increased the most after fermentation. Therefore, they were subjected to a molecular docking analysis, which revealed that quercetin and epicatechin may contribute the most to skin-whitening and antiaging properties, respectively. In conclusion, fermented CF leaf methanolic extracts can be useful as a functional ingredient in health foods, botanical drugs, and cosmetic products.

FTIR-Based Metabolomics for Characterization of Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Sesbania grandiflora Plant

Sesbania grandiflora, one of the flowering plants with great potential as a source of natural antioxidants because it contains chemicals such as tannin, phenolics, and flavonoids. However, there has been no extensive investigation on the antioxidant activity of isolated from different parts of this plant. This study aims to investigate the correlation between antioxidant activity and secondary metabolites extracted from three different parts (leaves, stem barks, and roots) of S. grandiflora plant using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) based metabolomics approach. The FTIR is a very useful technique for identifying the functional groups present in the mixtures, while antioxidant assay provides the base to select the part of the plant as the most potential source of antioxidant. The antioxidant properties were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and potassium ferricyanide reduction method. The multivariate data - analyses using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS) were conducted to compare the distribution of metabolites extracted from different parts of the S. grandiflora plant investigated. The PLS was performed to evaluate the relationship between the components of the extracts obtained from different parts of the plant and their antioxidant activities. The results exhibited that antioxidant activities of the extract of the stem barks, and roots are higher than that of the extract of the leaves. Also, the PLS model indicated that the functional group absorption data were significantly correlated with the IC50 values of antioxidant activity. Subsequently, based on the results of PLS ​​analysis displayed that C=C, C=O, and along with C-O functional groups are proposed as the main contributors to the antioxidant activity of the extracts tested. The extracts of different parts were grouped using PCA analysis with a total of principal components (PC) of 94%.

Chemical profiling and in-vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity of Sesbania sesban and Sesbania grandiflora seeds

ABSTRACT S. sesban is mainly used as economical purpose and S. grandiflora is known for medicinal as well as economical. Chemical characterization and antidiabetic activity of seed extracts were not explored yet. Seeds of S. sesban and S. grandiflora were separated in seed coat, germ, and endosperm by domestic grinder mixer. Successive soxhlet extraction of separated parts of Sesbania seed were carried out. Chemical profiling of methanolic extract was carried out by GC-MS, HPLC, and in vitro alpha amylase inhibitory assay. D-pinitol was found to be maximum (48.39%) in seed coat and minimum in seed (8.35%) of methanolic extracts of Sesbania seed. Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of methanolic extracts of different parts were also studied in which DSSh, DSSp, & DSSe showed similar IC50 to acarbose, antidiabetic drugs. The result showed that S. sesban and S. grandiflora seed and endosperm is rich in health promoting mineral like Na (241 mg/100 gm and 238 mg/100 gm), K (103.1 mg/100 gm) and (60.2 mg/100 gm), Ca (525 mg/100 gm) and (500 mg/100 gm) and Fe (67.5 and 91.9 mg/100 gm). Hence, it is similar to some edible legumes which possess bioactive compound with therapeutic value and can be efficiently explored for the development of new functional or nutraceutically valued food products.

Integration of LC-MS, NMR and molecular docking for profiling of bioactive diterpenes from Euphorbia mauritanica L. with in-vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity.

In spite of tremendous efforts exerted in the management of COVID-19, the absence of specific treatments and the prevalence of delayed and long-term complications termed post-COVID syndrome still urged all concerned researchers to develop a potent inhibitor of SARS-Cov-2. The hydromethanolic extracts of different organs of E. mauritanica were in-vitro screened for the anti-SARS-Cov-2 activity. Then, using an integrated strategy of LC-MS/MS, molecular network and NMR, the chemical profile of the active extract has been determined. Docking studies of the identified compounds in the active extract were carried out at different viral targets to in-silico identify the best target for these compounds. The leaves extract showed the best inhibitory effect with IC 50 8.231±0.04 μg/ml. Based on multiplex of LC-MS/MS, molecular network and NMR, the jatrophane diterpenes were tentatively annotated as the main metabolites of the bioactive leaves extract. In silico studies revealed the potentiality of the compounds in the most active extract to 3CLpro where the compound 20 showed the best binding affinity. Further attention should be paid to the isolation of various jatrophane diterpenes from Euphorbia and evaluating their effects toward SARS-Cov-2 and its molecular targets.

Phytochemical profiling, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of hydroethanolic extracts of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) fruit and pulp.

Phenolic compounds in prickly pear [Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.] are known to contribute to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the prickly pear. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidants and in vitro antimicrobial potential in the hydroethanolic extracts of different parts (fruit, cladode, and pulp) of prickly pear. Different polyphenolic compounds were analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results indicated that cladode possessed a higher quantity of phenolics compared with that observed in fruit and pulp. The most important phenolic compound in high quantity was gallic acid (66.19 μg/g) in cladode. The 100% aqueous extract of cladode exhibited the highest antioxidant (92%) and antimicrobial activities against Salmonella typhi (3.40 mg/ml), Helicobacter pylori (1.37 mg/ml), Escherichia coli (1.41 mg/ml), and Staphylococcus aureus (1.41 mg/ml). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that antioxidant activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) responses had a significant negative correlation with each other. Overall, the current results provided basic data for choosing prickly pear cladode with high antioxidant capacity for the development and consumption of antioxidant-based alternative medicines and value addition of formulated foods.

Mechanistic investigation of formation of highly-dispersed silver nanoparticles using sea buckthorn extract

Nowadays, the greener pathways for the synthesis of nanostructures are being explored. The extracts of different parts of plants viz leaves, stems, and roots have been investigated. However, these extracts have been prepared by simply boiling or microwaving, or sonicating the parts of plants with water. Therefore, to have deeper insight and to investigate the full potential of plant extracts, serial extraction of leaves of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) which is a medicinally important plant was attempted using the soxhlet apparatus. The as-obtained polyphenolic-rich extract was employed for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (Ag−NPs). Under optimized reaction conditions viz 60 °C temperature and 500 μl of extract solution (5 mg ml−1) highly disperse spherical nanoparticles of the average size of 15.8 ± 4.8 nm were obtained. Further, the optical band gap of Ag−NPs prepared using optimized reaction conditions was found to be 2.6 eV using the Tauc equation. Additionally, to understand the reduction by the extract, kinetic studies were also carried out which suggest the predominant occurrence of pseudo-first-order reaction. Furthermore, the mechanism of formation of Ag−NPs using major components of extract viz gallic acid and catechin which were identified by HPLC were also investigated using DFT. The mechanistic investigation was performed for both the keto-enol and radical-mediated preparation of Ag−NPs. Such theoretical investigations will help in the efficient designing of greener and novel routes for the synthesis of Ag−NPs. Additionally, the prepared silver was also employed for the colorimetric detection of H2O2.

Pharmacological approach on kalanchoe pinnata – a concise report

The herbal extract of different parts of the kalanchoe pinnata plant are being used for the treatment of injuries, respiratory infections, diabetes, wound healing, diabetic wound healing, bug stings, and pain and inflammation. This genus has about 125 species. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, macro elements, microelements, iron, zinc, vitamins, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin are all present in the plant. It is mainly used in treatment of urinary bladder stones, diarrhea, cold, coughs, fever, headache, pain. It has wide pharmacological properties such as antihypertensive, anti-mutagenic, antibacterial, wound healing, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antioxidant activities.

Induction of apoptosis by ethanolic extract of leaf of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. in A549 cells via NF-κB pathway

BackgroundA large number of populations worldwide still rely on crude extracts of different parts of medicinal plants. Different parts of Dillenia pentagyna has long been used in India for the treatment of different disorders. ObjectiveCytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing capability of ethanolic extract of leaves of Dillenia pentagyna (EELDP) were studied on various human cancer cell lines. MethodsCell viability and morphology, nuclear fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, ratio of Bax/Bcl2, NF-κB expression were measured in three human cancer cells A549, HeLa and U2OS after treatment with EELDP. Further, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle analysis, ROS generation were done in A549 cells. ResultsEELDP dose-dependently increased cell cytotoxicity to all the human cancer cells but showed nontoxic to the normal lung cell L-132. EELDP (0–0.6 mg/ml) significantly induced the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis via fall in mitochondrial membrane potential leading to an increase in Bax to Bcl2 ratio, the release of cytochrome-c, caspase-3 activation, and nuclear fragmentation. EELDP significantly reduced NF-κB expression. However, combined EELDP with Bay11–7082 (NF-κB inhibitor) treatment significantly enhanced Bax to Bcl2 ratio and caspase-3 activation. ConclusionThis data implicates that EELDP has a strong potential to kill various aggressive human cancer cells by inducing apoptosis via NF- κB pathway.

α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of Different Parts of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium and Their Constituents

ABSTRACT The crude ethanolic extracts of different parts (root, stem, leaves and flower) of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium were tested for α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Since all extracts showed good inhibitory activity, active constituents were isolated. Thirteen known compounds, including three dihydroflavanones, three dihydrochalcones, two stilbenes, flavan-3-ol, flavonol, cyclitol, phenolic ethyl ester and phenolic acid were isolated, and their α-glucosidase inhibitory effect and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Phloretin 4’-O-(6”-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucoside from the leaves extract showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.0162 ± 0.0014 mM) and potent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 19.26 ± 0.95 μM), each more potent than the positive controls. The compounds were investigated for their structure–activity relationship (SAR) in both activities. The number and position of hydroxy groups seemed to play a crucial role in increasing α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

Pharmacognostic standardization and qualitative analysis of Gymnosporia senegalensis

This study aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic parameters of different parts of Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. These parameters play a vital role in the traditional medicine system for administering the drug and their therapeutic effects on various ailments. Standardization parameters include sequential extract preparation, physicochemical studies (ash value, moisture content, pH, fluorescence analysis), and phytochemical screening of the three parts of G. senegalensis. Various macro and microelements (in ppm) were estimated by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Total ash content (3.04±0.02), water-soluble ash (2.63±0.01), and insoluble acid ash (0.72±0.01) were found to be the highest in the leaf. Foreign organic matter was observed higher in stem (0.07±0.04) followed by bark and leaf. The moisture content was found lowest in bark (2.02±0.01), preventing microbial growth. The pH of the crude drug of plant parts is weakly acidic, ranging from pH 5.33 to 5.96 at 1 % and 4.93 to 6.03 at 10 %. Fluorescence results were also helpful in detecting the substituents and adulterants and assessing the crude drugs qualitatively. The present study revealed the presence of various primary and secondary metabolites (terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponin) in high and moderate amounts in the extracts of different parts of the plant. The stem and bark also showed a reasonable presence of macro and microelements (As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Cu). The complete analysis provides valuable information for the quality assurance of G. senegalensis as a crude drug for preparing formulations of herbal medications.

Silver Nanoparticles Formulation of Flower Head's Polyphenols of Cynara scolymus L.: A Promising Candidate against Prostate (PC-3) Cancer Cell Line through Apoptosis Activation.

Cynara scolymus L. (Family: Compositae) or artichoke is a nutritious edible plant widely used for its hepatoprotective effect. Crude extracts of flower, bract, and stem were prepared and evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activity and phenolic content. The flower crude extract exhibited the highest phenolic content (74.29 mg GAE/gm) as well as the best in vitro antioxidant activity using total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FEAP), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhyazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays compared with ascorbic acid. Phenolic fractions of the crude extracts of different parts were separated and identified using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC-DAD analysis. The silver nanoparticles of these phenolic fractions were established and tested for their cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity. Results showed that silver nanoparticles of a polyphenolic fraction of flower extract (Nano-TP/Flowers) exhibited potent cytotoxicity against prostate (PC-3) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 0.85 μg/mL and 0.94 μg/mL, respectively, compared with doxorubicin as a standard. For apoptosis-induction, Nano-TP/Flowers exhibited apoptosis in PC-3 with a higher ratio than in A549 cells. It induced total prostate apoptotic cell death by 227-fold change while it induced apoptosis in A549 cells by 15.6-fold change. Nano-TP/Flowers upregulated both pro-apoptotic markers and downregulated the antiapoptotic genes using RT-PCR. Hence, this extract may serve as a promising source for anti-prostate cancer candidates.

Optimization of Phenolic Compounds Extraction of Different Parts of Camu-camu Fruit from Different Geographic Regions.

Phenolic compounds in camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) have received interest due to their health-promoting effects. However, these compounds have been poorly investigated in the different parts of the camu-camu fruit (pulp, peel, and seeds). This study aimed to optimize the solvent composition for extraction of phenolic compounds from pulp, peels, and seeds of camu-camu through a simplex-centroid mixture design. Then, the profile of phenolic compounds in samples of camu-camu pulp, peels, and seeds from different regions in Brazil and South America was determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Aqueous ethanol (80%, v/v) yielded the highest extraction for the pulp and peel, while aqueous methanol (50%, v/v) was selected for the seed. Camu-camu parts had p-coumaric acid, catechin, epicatechin, luteolin, rutin, and quercetin, with catechin as the major compound in the pulp, peels, and seeds of all the evaluated samples. The peel showed lower concentrations of these compounds compared with the pulp and the seed; the content of phenolic compounds also differed according to the geographic region. These results broaden the knowledge on phytochemical extraction and composition of camu-camu pulp, peel, and seed and may guide future applications of their extracts in the food industry.

Antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of different parts of Cyclamen cilicium

This study was designed for investigate of antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activities of acetone, methanol and water extracts of different parts (fresh and underground parts) of Cyclamen cilicium extracts. The antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging activities. Anti-proliferative activities of extracts in Caco-2 colon cancer cells were detected by XTT assay. The determination of contents was evaluated using total phenolics, flavonoid and tannin contents and found maximum values 3.69 ± 0.13 (mg GAE/g-extract), 18.48 ± 0.12 (mg QE/g- extract), 41.17 ± 0.44 (mg CE/g- extract) respectively. C. cilicium extracts exhibited anti-proliferative activity in Caco-2 colon cancer cells. IC50 values of methanol and water extracts of fresh part and water extract of underground part were determined as 35.3276 μg/mL, 42.1831 μg/mL and 64.6144 μg/mL at 24h, respectively. The results showed that C. cilicium is the source of natural antioxidants and may have potential use in pharmaceutical, health, biotechnology, agricultural industry.

A Comparative Study of Antibacterial Potential of Various Extracts of Different Parts of Jatropha Curcas Linn against Bacterial Strains

Herbal medicines derived from plant extracts are being increasingly utilized to treat a wide variety of clinical diseases, mainly in developing countries for primary health care because of better cultural acceptability, better compatibility with the human body and fewer side effects. Natural medicinal plants having various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenol, terpenoids etc and these have rich medicinal value such as anti-oxidant and anti- microbial activities. Since time immemorial, medicinal plants are widely used for the treatment of different infectious diseases. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria strains have a large impact on public health. Now a days multiple drug resistance has developed due to the indiscriminate use of commercial anti-microbial drugs and impairs the treatment of infectious disease. The present study was focused on the different parts of Jatropha curcas Linn. It belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae , a large deciduous soft wooded shrub 3-4 m in height with sticky juice. The leaf part of the plant is used as galactagogue, lactagogue, rubefacient and have insecticidal properties and they are useful in foul ulcers, tumors and scabies. Seed of the plant is mainly used for dysentery, urinary discharge, abdominal complaints anaemia, fistula and diseases of the heart. The present investigation was carried out to study the antibacterial activity and evaluated for chloroform, methanol and diethyl ether extracts of various parts of Jatropha curcas Linn against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas species by disc diffusion method. Based on the zone of inhibition, the antibacterial potential of different parts of the plant viz. leaves, stems and seeds were analysed. The evaluation of various solvent extractions revealed the effectiveness of the antibacterial activity of the plant. Among the various extracts, leaves, stems and seeds parts of the plant extracted with chloroform showed maximum zone of inhibition against all the tested bacterial species followed by methanol and diethyl ether. According to our results, the Jatropha curcas L can be considered as a rich source of active compounds with antibacterial activity. This may recommend a new pathway in elucidating a potent natural antibacterial agent.

Indigenous vegetables of family Cucurbitaceae of Azad Kashmir: A key emphasis on their pharmacological potential.

The antioxidant capacity of extracts of different parts of Cucurbitaceae vegetables was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2, 2'-azino bis (ethyl benzothiazoline 6)-sulphonic acid) methods. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were also determined. The correlation of TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS in different extracts of Cucurbitaceae vegetables was analyzed. The peel extracts of studied vegetables had the highest TPC, (C. grandis 3.00±0.86, T. cucumerina 3.24±0.70 and C. moschata 3.12±0.06 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g-1 DW) and TFC (C. grandis 18.96±1.5, T. cucumerina 13.92±1.41 and C. moschata 15.31±0.97 mg rutin equivalent (RE) g-1 DW). The maximum antioxidant potential was obtained by the ABTS method in peel extracts of C. grandis (78.7%) and C. moschata (63.5%) while in pulp extract of T. cucumerina (50.1%) at 10 μg/mL. The percent radical scavenging activity (% RSA) by the DPPH method found maximum for peel and pulp of C. grandis (45.15 and 45.15%, respectively) and peel of T. cucumerina (45.15%) and C. moschata (34.15%). The EC50 obtained in the ABTS method was 0.54 and 7.15 μg/mL for C. grandis and C. moschata, respectively while 0.81 μg/mL for the pulp of T. cucumerina compared to standard ascorbic acid (1.05 μg/mL). The EC50 calculated in the DPPH method was 11.78 μg/mL, 13.34 μg/mL, and 21.00 μg/mL for C. grandis, T. cucumerina, and C. moschata peel respectively compared to the standard Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Among each variable, the correlation between ABTS and TPC provided the highest positive correlation (r = 0.998, p< 0.05) in peel extracts.

Autoallelopathic and Allelopathic Influence of Aqueous Winter-Cereal Extracts

The present study aimed to assess the allelopathic potential of four cereals: winter wheat (&lt;i&gt;Triticum aestivum&lt;/i&gt; L.), triticale (&lt;i&gt;×Triticosecale&lt;/i&gt; Wittm.), spelt wheat (&lt;i&gt;Triticum spelta&lt;/i&gt; L.) and barley (&lt;i&gt;Hordeum vulgare&lt;/i&gt; L.) through a completely randomized (CR) design. The allelopathic effects of water extracts of different parts of the cereal plants (stem, leaf, and spike) at different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 4.0%) were evaluated on the seed germination and seedling growth. The germination rate, length, and dry weight of the shoot and root of the seedlings were measured. Ferulic acid was detected in all the cereals. The water extracts at 2.0% and 4.0% concentration had an allelopathic effect on the germination rate, shoot and root length of seedlings of spelt wheat, barley, and triticale, and the stem and leaf extracts affected the root and shoot length of winter wheat. The allelopathic effect of the dried powder of the cereals were evaluated in pot experiments. Both spelt wheat and triticale powder treatment at elevated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; levels increased the dry weight of the root, as well as the length of the shoot and root of winter wheat. Furthermore, treatment with 4.0 g of dry cereal powder combined with an elevated level of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; increased the shoot length, whereas the root length of winter wheat was unaffected. In summary, the combination of dry cereal powder with elevated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; stimulates the initial growth of winter wheat.