Clove Extract Research Articles

Total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and characteristics of a chocolate beverage incorporated with encapsulated clove bud extract

ABSTRACT Chocolate beverages made from cocoa powder contain phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, as antioxidants, but these compounds are easily degraded. Incorporating clove bud extract is recommended to improve the quality of these beverages. However, encapsulation is necessary to protect bioactive compounds and reduce bitterness. This study investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and characteristics of chocolate beverages formulated with encapsulated clove bud extract. Six formulations ranging from 0% to 10% encapsulated extract were evaluated. The results show that the incorporation of the encapsulated extract significantly improved several attributes as the percentage of clove extract increased. Phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, hygroscopicity, lightness (L*), total color difference (∆E), viscosity, solubility, and soluble solids increased. In contrast, moisture content, red/green (a*) and blue/yellow (b*) values, sedimentation, pH, and dissolution time decreased. Panelists preferred beverages with up to 4% encapsulated clove extract, suggesting the potential for healthier ready-to-drink chocolates.

Green synthesis of ZnO-doped cerium oxide nanocomposite using clove extract: enhanced photocatalytic methylene blue degradation and antibacterial properties

Green synthesis of ZnO-doped cerium oxide nanocomposite using clove extract: enhanced photocatalytic methylene blue degradation and antibacterial properties

The The Effect of Adding Different Levels of Aqueous Extract of Cloves to the Drinking Water of Broiler Chickens (Ross 308) on Blood Biochemical Characteristics and Some Indicators of Oxidative Stress

This study was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production College of Agriculture - University of Karbala for a period of 35 days, from 6/10/2022 to 9/11/2022, to demonstrate the effect of the aqueous extract of cloves added to the drinking water of broiler chickens on blood traits. Biochemistry and some indicators of oxidation, where 240 Ross308 broiler chicks were used, one day old, unsexed, and the average weight of the chicks was 40 gm, distributed randomly into 4 treatments and each treatment 3 replicates of 20 chicks "for each replicate, and the aqueous extract was added to the drinking water Since the first day, my agencies: T1: control treatment without addition, T2: adding 10 ml / liter of water, T3: adding 20 ml / liter of water, T4: adding 30 ml / liter of water, and the most important results that we obtained were summarized: A highly significant increase (p≤ 01) in the blood serum glucose concentration of the T4 treatment compared to the control treatment. As for the T3 treatment, it excelled at the level of (p≤ 0.01) in the concentration of total protein, albumin and globulin, as well as cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL, compared to the control treatment. The results showed a highly significant increase (p ≤ 0.01) in the ALT enzyme for the T3 treatment. As for the AST enzyme, its concentration increased in the T2 treatment, which was similar to the control treatment in the significance of this enzyme. In the same results, a highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) superiority was observed in the concentration of GPX enzyme for T4, T3 treatment over T2, T1 treatments. As for the CAT enzyme, its concentration increased at a significant level (p ≤ 0.01) in T3 treatment birds, but it was significantly similar to the control treatment. As for the T4 treatment, it increased significantly in the MDA rate compared to the control treatment

Edible microbial cellulose-based antimicrobial coatings and films containing clove extract

Recently, microbial cellulose-based coatings and films have attracted substantial attention because of their promising uses in numerous fields, such as food packaging. The present work was designed to synthesize active microbial cellulose-based coatings and films with a comprehensive investigation of their antimicrobial and structural properties. Microbial cellulose was synthesized by using a gram-negative bacterium called Acetobacter aceti. The produced microbial cellulose was mixed with sodium alginate, chitosan and starch to obtain two different composite solutions, i.e., microbial cellulose + starch + chitosan (MSC) and microbial cellulose + starch + sodium alginate (MSS). The antimicrobial properties were achieved by incorporating four different concentrations of clove extract into the composite solutions. The resulting composite solutions were tested against S. aureus, Shigella, Salmonella, and E. coli through the agar diffusion assay method. The clove extract was found to be effective in inhibiting the growth of these pathogens, as a clear zone of inhibition was observed at all clove extract concentrations, with a maximum zone of inhibition of 4.0 ± 0.05 cm on E. coli for the MSC solution incorporated with 4% clove extract. The best antimicrobial solutions found were then casted into films by pouring the solutions into petri dishes and drying at 50 °C in a tray drier. The antimicrobial activity was again evaluated for the films. The results indicated that MSC 3% showed a greater zone of inhibition against all pathogens (1.7 ± 0.18 cm). Furthermore, structural and thermal analyses of the formed films were conducted. The results indicated distinctive antimicrobial and structural characteristics of the films.Graphical

A Comparative In Vitro Analysis of Antimicrobial Effectiveness and Compressive Strength of Ginger and Clove-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement.

Background Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is widely recognized for its self-adhesive characteristicsand biocompatibility, making it commonly used as a restorative material. However, challenges related to limited antibacterial effectiveness and relatively low mechanical properties have hindered its widespread clinical use. Cloveand ginger are recognized for their potent antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogenic microorganisms. The present study aims to enhance the clinical applicability of GIC by modifying it with clove and ginger extract. Aim The objective of the study is to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness and compressive strength of GIC modified with ginger and clove extract. Materials and methods Ginger and clove extracts were prepared and incorporated into conventional GIC at three concentrations for each, creating ginger-modified GIC groups (Group A, Group B, and Group C) and clove-modified GIC groups (Group D, Group E, and Group F), with Group G as the control (conventional GIC without modification). The antimicrobial assessment was conducted on disc-shaped GIC specimens (3.0 mm height x 6.0 mm diameter) prepared using molds. Bacterial strains were used to evaluate antimicrobial properties, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays conducted at intervals of one to four hours for both modified and unmodified groups. Compressive strength specimens were prepared using cylindrical molds (6.0 mm height × 4.0 mm diameter), according to the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) guidelines. The evaluation was conducted using a Zwick universal testing machine (ElectroPuls®E3000, Instron, Bangalore, India), with the highest force at the point of specimen fracture recorded to determine compressive strength. Statistical analysis was conducted utilizing a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) alongside Tukey's post hoc test, with a significance threshold set at p < 0.01. Results The antimicrobial effectiveness of clove and ginger-modified GIC was assessed through a MIC assay, revealing a statistically significant improvement in antimicrobial potency against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus within the modified groups compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Increased extract concentration correlated with enhanced antimicrobial activity. Clove-modified GIC exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to ginger extract. Compressive strength was higher in clove-modified GIC groups (p < 0.01), with Group F showing a maximum value of 175.88 MPa, while other modified groups demonstrated similar results to the control, with a value of 166.81 MPa (p > 0.01). Conclusion The study concludes that both clove-modified GIC and ginger-modified GIC exhibited antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species. The antimicrobial activity was notably higher in clove-modified GIC compared to ginger-modified GIC. Additionally, the compressive strength of clove-modified GIC surpassed all other groups. Thus, clove-modified GIC emerges as a promising restorative material for addressing recurrent caries. Future investigation is necessary to assess the long-term durability of the material.

Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles From Clove and Their Toxicity Effect and Anti-angiogenic, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential.

Introduction Nanoparticles, owing to their minuscule size, have become pivotal in diverse scientific endeavors, presenting unique characteristics with applications spanning medicine to environmental science. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) exhibit potential in diverse biomedical uses. Aim This research investigates the potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of SeNPs, which are synthesized using the green synthesis method. This eco-friendly approach aligns with sustainable practices and utilizes clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum). Materials and methods Clove extract facilitates SeNPsynthesis via sodium selenite reduction. The characterization methods comprised Fourier-transforminfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Assessments coveredantioxidant properties, chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) assay for antiangiogenic effects, toxicity evaluation, and antibacterial assays. Results Successful synthesis of SeNPswas verified by a UV-visible absorption peakat 256 nm and FTIR peaks around 3500-500 cm-1, and the spherical morphology was confirmed by SEM analysis with EDAX, which indicated the presence of SeNPs and their unique properties. Phytochemical substances are active chemicals that contribute to the properties of SeNPs. The SeNPs exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 0.437 µg/mL and antibacterial properties against bacterial pathogenSalmonella species, with a zone of inhibition measuring 19 mm.The CAM assay demonstrated possible antiangiogenic actions, and toxicity testing on Artemia nauplii showed biocompatibility. Conclusion This study underscores the efficient synthesis of SeNPs using clove extract, emphasizing their potential applications. The notable properties of SeNPs emphasize their promise for diverse biomedical and environmental uses.

Antifungal Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity Properties of Some Spices Extracts as Alternative Natural Antimicrobial Agents

In this study, extracts were obtained from rosemary, anise, cinnamon, ginger, peppermint, turmeric, fennel, clove, laurel leaves and thyme. The total phenolic content amount, antioxidant activity value and antifungal properties of these extracts were aimed to determine the extracts. Among the extracts, clove, cinnamon, turmeric and ginger were superior in terms of total phenolic content values, clove, cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, laurel leaves and rosemary extracts were superior in terms of antioxidant activity. The highest inhibition zone diameters among mold strains were determined by the use of extracts of cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, clove and laurel leaves against Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium digitatum and Aspergillus niger strains. The results suggested the potential use of cinnamon and clove extracts as natural agents.

Study of the accelerated stability of natural repellents against mosquito bites that transmit endemic diseases

The Aedesaegypti mosquito is the vector that transmits several diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever, zika virus, and chikungunya fever. The most used control of the spread of the Aedes aegypti mosquito today is chemical insecticides. However, over time, this mosquito created resistance in response to insecticides, requiring new alternatives capable of inactivating it without harming humans and the environment. In this sense, essential oils extracted from aromatic plants are widely used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to their availability in the Brazilian flora. They have great potential to replace chemical insecticides. This project aims to produce a repellent cream by adding glycolic extract of monkey pepper (Piper aduncum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum.) The emulsion will be prepared in two phases, the hydrophilic and the lipophilic phase; the quality control of the cream will be carried out based on accelerated stability in terms of the parameter’s centrifugation, freezing and thawing cycles, density, spreadability, organoleptic characterization, stability at extreme temperatures and pH.

Effect of Antagonists and Botanicals Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae In Vitro

The present study was conducted during kharif (July-November, 2020) at the Department of plant pathology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat (396 450), India to examine the efficacy of four recognized antagonists and a control against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. By employing paper disc method the results indicated that Bacillus subtilis exhibited the highest radius of inhibition. Following this, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride were identified as the next most effective antagonists. In addition, ten different botanical extracts, including a control, were examined for their inhibitory impact on the bacterial growth of bacterial blight at a 5% concentration using the poisoned food technique. Among these extracts, garlic clove extract demonstrated the maximum inhibition radius against the pathogen, followed by tulsi leaf extract and neem leaf extract, attributed to potent toxic principles. Conversely, extracts from karanj, nilgiri, dhatura, jetropha and rhizomes of ginger, turmeric and onion bulb were found to be less effective against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The goal of this study provided valuable insights to determine the potential antagonists and botanicals against bacterial blight of rice in vitro with experimental design of Completely Randomized Design which offer a cost effective solution for the disease, in increasing crop yield to the rice growing farmers of Gujarat without disturbing ecosystem and without creating the problems of pollution.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Clove Oil Extract (Syzygium aromaticum) and Evaluate their Antibacterial Activity against MRSA

There is a crucial need for the development of effective antimicrobial agents due to the rising incidence of hospital-acquired bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant microbes, leading to significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Therefore, the current study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (SaZnONPs) using clove extract through an environmentally friendly technique and to investigate their antibacterial activity against MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus). Clove extract acts as both a capping and reducing agent in the formation of ZnO-NPs. The formation of SaZnONPs was confirmed using various analytical techniques. Initially, clove extract was incubated with a zinc nitrate solution, and the subsequent change in color of the solution indicated the reduction of zinc nitrate ions to ZnO nanoparticles. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed a surface plasmon resonance band of SaZnONPs at 329.26 nm. Additionally, SEM imaging indicated that the nanoparticles had an average size of 41 nm and exhibited a spherical shape. The antibacterial activity of SaZnONPs was evaluated against MRSA using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. The phytochemicals present in clove extract facilitated the synthesis of stable ZnO-NPs, demonstrating promising antibacterial properties.

Eco-Friendly synthesis of manganese nanoparticles from Syzygium aromaticum and study of their biological activities

Different metallic nanoparticles are being explored, but manganese nanoparticles (MnNPs) have not yet been studied extensively. In this study, MnNPs were synthesized by a plant-based (clove extract) method, and the synthesized MnNPs were physically characterized using different techniques. SEM analysis showed a size range of MnNPs between 100 nm and 500 nm with spherical shapes. XRD analysis showed the crystalline nature of MnNPs. The PDI of 0.872 and the zeta potential at 10 mV indicate that the MnNPs are aggregated and polydispersed. MnNPs showed a maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, i.e. 30 mm. The DPPH assay confirmed the radical scavenging ability of nanoparticles with an IC50 of 51.18 µg/ml. The alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase assays indicated that green synthesized MnNPs can act as an anti-diabetic agent with 26.65 µg/ml and 27.37 µg/ml IC50 values, respectively. In conclusion, this work exhibited a cost-effective and non-toxic method of MnNPs synthesis with potential biomedical applications.

Studying the change in transcription level of beta-catenin gene in PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line treated with clove extract

Studying the change in transcription level of beta-catenin gene in PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line treated with clove extract

Evaluation of the antifungal effect of plant extracts on fungi associated with leaf spots on banana

Banana, a crop which constitutes one of the sources of income for the economy in Ecuador and other exporting countries. The objective of the research was to evaluate the antifungal activity of different plant extracts on the mycelial inhibition of Fusarium incarnatum in vitro. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with 21 treatments, 3 replicates and an absolute control. These treatments were plant extracts such as hydrolysates and ethanolic extracts: cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) extracts. The variables evaluated were: radial growth of Fusarium incarnatum mycelium during the 7 days, area under the ABCPE disease curve and the value of the slope of the linear regression, the treatment that registered the greatest inhibition was T13, T14, T15 in all its doses (10,000; 30,000; 50,000 ppm) of the ethanolic extract of clove and T12 (50,000 ppm) of ethanolic extract of cinnamon. In conclusion, the ethanolic extracts at their above mentioned doses were the best treatments for inhibitory control at the in vitro level.

Efficacy of Biopesticides against Whitefly, (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) on Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] in Northern Madhya Pradesh, India

An experiment was conducted in the field, Department of Entomology, RVSKVV, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.) in Kharif- 2018 and 2019.Efficacy of biopesticides against whitefly on okra. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments. Biopesticides used in the experiments were Beauveria bassiana @ 0.5 kg/ha, Verticillium lecanii@ 1.0 kg/ha, Neem oil 5% @ 2.5 litre, Neem leaf extract 5% @ 25 kg/ha, NSKE 5% @ 25 kg/ha, Garlic clove extract 5% @ 25 kg/ha and Panchgavya 3% @15 litre/ha. All the biopesticides treatments were found significantly effective in reducing the population of whitefly over control untreated plots (11.73 whiteflies/six leaves). Among the biopesticides treatments, NSKE 5% (4.67 whiteflies/six leaves)found most effective in reducing the whitefly population followed by neem oil 5%(4.88 whiteflies/six leaves), V. lecanii (5.20 whiteflies/six leaves), neem leaf extract 5% (5.49 whiteflies/six leaves) and garlic clove extract 5% (5.68 whiteflies/six leaves). Whereas, panchgavya 3% (8.59 whiteflies/six leaves) was found least effective in both the years. Data computed on per cent reduction in whitefly population indicate that 26.8 to 60.2% population may be reduced by spraying of different biopesticides. The highest fruit yield (119.56 q/ha) was recorded in NSKE 5% followed by B. bassiana and neem oil 5%. Whereas, minimum fruit yield was recorded in panchgavya 3% in both the years. The highest net profit (27,128 Rs/ha) was obtained from the plots treated with B. bassiana followed by NSKE 5% (25,938 Rs/ha) and maximum benefit ratio in the B. bassiana (1:14.13) followed by V. lecanii (1:8.36), NSKE 5% (1:8:11) and garlic clove extract 5% (1:6.78).

Bio-efficacy of Different Biopesticides against Jassid, (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida) Infesting Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

An experiment was conducted in the field, Department of Entomology, RVSKVV, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.) in Kharif- 2018 and 2019.Efficacy of biopesticides against jassid on okra. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments. Biopesticides used in the experiments were Beauveria bassiana @ 0.5 kg/ha, Vertilicillium lecanii @ 1.0 kg/ha, Neem oil 5% @ 2.5 litre, Neem leaf extract 5% @ 25 kg/ha, NSKE 5% @ 25 kg/ha, Garlic clove extract 5% @ 25 kg/ha and Panchgavya 3% @15 litre/ha. All the biopesticides treatments were found significantly effective in reducing the population of jassid over control (untreated) plots. The biopesticides treatments, NSKE 5% were found most effective in reducing the jassid population followed by neem oil 5%, V. lecanii, neem leaf extract 5% and garlic clove extract 5%. Whereas, panchgavya 3% was found least effective in both the years. The highest fruit yield (119.56 q/ha) was recorded in NSKE 5% followed by B. bassiana and neem oil 5%. Whereas, minimum fruit yield was recorded in panchgavya 3% in both years. The highest net profit (27,128 Rs/ha) was obtained from the plots treated with B. bassiana followed by NSKE 5% (25,938 Rs/ha) and maximum benefit ratio in the B. bassiana (1:14.13) followed by V. lecanii (1:8.36), NSKE 5% (1:8:11) and garlic clove extract 5% (1:6.78).

Antioxidant, antibacterial and biodegradable hydrogel films from carboxymethyl tragacanth gum and clove extract: Potential for wound dressings application

Bioactive films based on sodium carboxymethyl tragacanth gum (CMT) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) enriched with clove extract (CE) for potential wound healing applications were fabricated by the solution casting method. The fabricated films were characterized by FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TGA analyses. The XRD pattern of CMT/PVA/CE5 % showed an amorphous structure with broad peaks, suggesting that the presence of CE led to a reduction in crystallinity and an increase in amorphousness in the polymer film. The fabricated films showed a high water absorption capacity and swelled up to 80 % over 24 h for the CMT/PVA/CE5 % formulation crosslinked with 15 % citric acid. Excellent biodegradability with 88 % was observed in soil over 40 days for CMT/PVA/CE5 %. The presence of CE in CMT/PVA improved the antioxidant activity by up to 92 % within 30 min. Strong antibacterial effects of CMT/PVA/CE5 % film were observed against Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zone diameters of 20 mm and 18 mm, respectively. Across concentrations from 25 to 600 μg/mL, CMT/PVA/CE5 % films displayed over 80 % cell viability on cultured human dermal fibroblasts after 48 h. The results indicated that CMT/PVA/CE5 % bioactive film can be employed as effective, non-toxic wound dressings with infection prevention and healing promotion capabilities.

Phytochemical profiling and evaluation of antimicrobial activities of common culinary spices: Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Piper nigrum (black pepper).

The increasing resistance of microbial pathogens to conventional antibiotics necessitates the exploration of alternative antimicrobial agents. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential and phytochemical properties of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Piper nigrum (black pepper) extracts, both of which are known for their historical use in traditional medicine and culinary applications. Hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of clove and black pepper were prepared. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was assessed using the disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth dilution method. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified the presence of key bioactive compounds, while quantitative analysis measured total phenolic and flavonoid contents. LC-HRMS/MS analysis of ethanolic extracts was performed. Both spices extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 14 to 18 mm. clove showed superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to black paper, particularly against fungi. MIC values ranged between 3 mg/mL and 6 mg/mL for both spices. Phytochemical analysis revealed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents in clove, with hydroalcoholic extracts showing greater concentrations than aqueous extracts. HPLC quantified higher eugenol content in clove extracts and higher piperine content in black pepper extracts. The differences in bioactive compound content were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The study confirms that both spices possess significant antimicrobial properties, attributable to their rich phytochemical composition, particularly phenolics and flavonoids. Clove exhibited slightly superior antimicrobial activity compared to black paper. These findings support the potential use of these spices as complementary antimicrobial agents. Further research should investigate their synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics and explore their applications in food preservation and alternative medicine.

Chemical profile and biological activity of clove (Syzygium aromati-cum) extracts obtained from different extraction methods

Chemical profile and biological activity of clove (Syzygium aromati-cum) extracts obtained from different extraction methods

Evaluation of Anticoccidial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Clove in Broiler Chicken

Evaluation of Anticoccidial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Clove in Broiler Chicken

Probiotic Edible Film Added with Aqueous Clove Extract Milk Powder

Probiotic Edible Film Added with Aqueous Clove Extract Milk Powder