Papaya Extract Research Articles

In-vitro antiviral activity of Carica papaya formulations against dengue virus type 2 and chikungunya virus

Dengue and chikungunya are diseases of global health significance and currently, no antivirals are available to treat these arboviral diseases. Carica papaya leaves extract is traditionally used to treat thrombocytopenia in patients infected with the dengue virus. The current study was undertaken to study the antiviral activity of commercially available Carica papaya leaves extract (CPLE) based products and CPLE prepared in four formulations against dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Maximum nontoxic concentrations of the commercially available CPLE based products and CPLE based formulations (Carica papaya leaves in powder form, Carica papaya leaves in lyophilized form, Carica papaya leaves based silver nanoparticles and supercritical fluid extract of Carica papaya leaves) were used for screening the antiviral activity. The antiviral activity against DENV-2 and CHIKV were assessed post infection using focus forming unit assay. Effective formulations were tested under different conditions i.e. pretreatment, cotreatment and posttreatment. The virus output after treatment was assessed by real-time RT-PCR, immunofluorescence assay and focus forming unit assay. The results revealed Carica papaya leaves based silver nanoparticles and supercritical fluid extract of Carica papaya leaves formulations showed significant inhibition in case of DENV while papaya leaves in powder form showed significant reduction in case of CHIKV. This study demonstrates the antiviral activity of CPLE formulations against DENV-2 and CHIKV infection in in-vitro system and needs further validation in in-vivo models.

The EFEK ANTI-BAKTERI EKSTRAK BIJI PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ATCC 25923 SECARA IN VITRO

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 is a bacteria that has been resistant to some antibiotics and cause a serious problem in infectious disease. Therefore, an antibacterial agent is necessary to solve this problem. Papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) contains Flavonoid-Saponin which is very potent as an antibacterial that can be used in world health. The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of papaya seed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Papaya fruit is collected from one plantation in the Tabanan area, Bali. Papaya seeds were extracted by maceration method. Antibacterial test using Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. Kirby-Bauer method is created using a blank disk or disk disc. Six treatments were carried out, namely papaya seed ethanol extract with a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, and also with the positive control of vancomycin 30µg and the negative control of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Each treatment is repeated fourth times. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity using the agar disk diffusion method is by measuring inhibition zone diameter (mm) and this data was analyzed by SPSS. The result showed that ethanol extract of papaya seeds has an inhibition zone in agar disk. The mean score of the inhibition zone such as 25% is 6.67±0.577 mm, 50% is 9.00±1.000 mm, 75% is 10.00±1.000 mm, and 100% is 11.67±0.577 mm. Compare mean statistical test has results showed that the significant differences in all treatments (p<0.05). Based on the result, the conclusion is the extract of papaya seeds has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria.

The Hypolipidemic Effect of Mountain Papaya and Bitter Melon Fruit Ethanolic Extract in Diabetic Rats

Traditional medicine has been developed rapidly throughout the world to treat hyperlipidemia. However, the use of a single compound in hyperlipidemia treatment usually have low efficacy. Therefore, a combination of ingredients is bound to have more synergistic impact in therapy. This research aimed to examine the hypolipidemic potential of mountain papaya (MPE) and bitter melon fruit ethanolic extract (BME) in alloxan-induced rats. Forty rats divided into eight groups were used in this study. Groups are divided into normal control, negative control, positive control, as well as MPE and BME groups which divided into single doses and three combination doses. Induction of 150 mg/kg alloxan intraperitoneally were performed to generate a model of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. The treatment was carried out for four weeks of the experiment. The single and combination doses of both extracts sufficiently exhibited hypolipidemic activity (p < 0.05). The levels of lipid profiles total such as cholesterol, triacylglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and very high-density lipoprotein were decreased after MPE and BME administration (p < 0.05). The combination of MPE and BME also has hypolipidemic action equivalent to simvastatin. The single and combined doses of mountain papaya, as well as bitter melon fruit ethanolic extracts, have the potential to improve the biochemical (lipid profile) modifications of alloxan-induced.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Carica papaya Leaves and Andrographis paniculata Plant Material in Cyclophosphamide Induced Male Wistar Rats

Cyclophosphamide is used for the treatment of cancer cells and for suppressing the immune system during implantation. It adversely affects the cancer cells as well as healthy cells and increases the oxidative stress in these cells so cellular proteins, lipids and nucleic acids get denatured. It also produces liver, spleen and bone marrow toxicity. Medicinal plants such as Carica papaya and Andrographis paniculata possess hemopoietic, thrombopoietic and hepato-renal protective properties. The current study aimed to study the phytoconstituents in the hydro-ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya leaves and Andrographis paniculata plant material and their hepatoprotective effect in cyclophosphamide induced male Wistar rats.The collected plant materials were washed, dried, pulverized into fine powder, stored in air-tight containers and subjected to quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents present in the hydro-ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya leaves and Andrographis paniculata plant material. The hepato-protective properties of hydro-ethanolic extracts of these plants were evaluated on the basis of serum biochemistry analyses. Total phenolic content, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin and cardiac glycosides were present in higher amount in hydroethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves and was found more hepatoprotective @ 200 mg/kg b. wt. compared to Andrographis paniculata.

Comprehensive Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Papaya Extracts.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of papaya (Carica papaya) fruits were evaluated to provide comprehensive information associated with the bioactive compounds. ‘Tainung No. 2’ papaya fruits, cultivated in a greenhouse, Korea, were harvested at unripe and ripe stages and then divided into seed and peel-pulp. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using spectrophotometry, and individual phenolic compounds were relatively quantified by HPLC-DAD and fifteen standards. Antioxidant activities were measured using four assays: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) scavenging activities, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power). Anti-inflammatory activities were measured by the regulation of NF-κB signaling pathways with the measurements of ROS and NO productions as the degree of oxidative stress. Total phenol contents increased in seed and peel–pulp extracts during ripening; flavonoid contents increased only in seed extracts. Total phenolic contents were associated with ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP. Of fifteen phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, cynarin, eupatorine, neochlorogenic acid, and vicenin II were identified among papaya extracts. ROS and NO productions were inhibited in papaya extracts. Especially, NO productions were inhibited higher in ripe seed extracts than in other extracts, which would be associated with the suppression of NF-κB activation and iNOS expression. These results suggest that papaya fruit extracts, including seeds, peels, and pulps, could be potential raw materials for functional foods.

Papaya Leaf Extracts as Potential Dengue Treatment: An In-Silico Study.

Dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) cause serious public health problems, with nearly 390 million people affected and 20,000 deaths per year in tropical and subtropical countries. Despite numerous attempts, no antiviral drug or vaccine is currently available to combat the manifestation. The challenge of discovering an efficient vaccine is enhanced by the surplus presence of efficient vectors and drug resistance from the virus. For centuries, papaya (Carica papaya) extracts have been traditionally used to treat DF, DHF, and DSS. In the present study, we systematically investigated seven compounds isolated from papaya leaf extract with regard to their potential as inhibitors for non-structural (NS) proteins, NS3 and NS5, which play a crucial role in viral RNA replication. The computational tools applied stretched across classical molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and SwissADME used to calculate binding affinities; binding free energies; Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME); and drug-likeness properties, thus, identifying Kaempferol, Chlorogenic acid, and Quercetin as potential candidates, with Kaempferol and Quercetin scoring best. Therefore, for the Kaempferol and Quercetin complexes, hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) geometry and frequency calculations were performed, followed by the local mode analysis developed in our group to quantify Kaempferol-NS and Quercetin-NS hydrogen bonding. Given the non-toxic nature and the wide availability of the Kaempferol and Quercetin papaya extract in almost all of the susceptible regions, and our results showing high NS3 and NS5 binding affinities and energies, strong hydrogen bonding with both NS3 and NS5, and excellent ADME properties, we suggest Kaempferol and Quercetin as a strong NS3 and NS5 inhibitor to be further investigated in vitro.

Synergistic Antifungal Analysis of Carica papaya Leaf and Solanum melongena Peel Ethanolic Extracts Against Candida albicans

Infectious diseases are responsible for most mortalities and morbidities globally. They are estimated to cause 17 million deaths annually. Candida albicans is a microflora found in mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Though a commensal organism, it can cause either oropharyngeal or vaginal candidiasis in immunocompromised states. It thus, is a common opportunistic infection especially in patients living with HIV/AIDS. Management of candidiasis requires use of antifungal agents but some are costly or drug-resistant. Therefore, there is need for exploration of novel and affordable treatment modalities. Medicinal plants offer alternative therapeutic modalities. Against this backdrop, we sought to evaluate synergistic antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves and Solanum melongena fruit peel against Candida albicans. Ethical approval was sought from School of pharmacy, Kabarak University Research Ethics Committee (KUREC) and National commission for science, technology, and innovation (NACOSTI). Experimental research design was employed. Green leaves of Carica papaya were obtained from the school’s herbarium while the eggplant fruit was purchased from Nakuru town market. The sample plants were dried and powdered. Phytochemical analysis was carried out and antifungal activity evaluated via disk diffusion method. Phytochemical studies showed presence of tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids in both plants. Anthraquinone glycosides were absent in both samples. Carica papaya and Solanum melongena ethanolic extracts respectively showed activity against Candida albicans at different concentrations with zones of inhibition of 8.34mm and 7.98mm, respectively, at the highest concentrations. S. melongena extracts showed a lower zone of inhibition against Candida albicans compared to C. papaya extracts. Combined ethanolic extracts of Solanum melongena and Carica papaya showed higher activity at all concentrations than individual extracts, implying synergism between the two plant extracts. The difference in zones of inhibition was significant at different concentrations(P<0.05). Conclusion: The study findings have demonstrated that Carica papaya and Solanum melongena extracts have remarkable antifungal activity against Candida albicans. This makes them potential efficacious antifungal agents against Candida albicans.

Synergistic antibacterial effect of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya and Psidium guajava leave extract on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

This study assessed the synergistic antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of Carica papaya and Psidium guajava on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using agar well diffusion method and microdilution with Microtitre plates. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract reveals the presence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, soluble carbohydrates and phenols. Five (5) grams of the freeze-dried extract was dissolved in 10ml of 10% Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) and used for sensitivity against selected standard isolates. Upon sensitivity testing, this study observes a significant inhibition zone diameter at the highest concentration of the extract (500 mg/ml) against Klebsiella pneumoniae with an inhibition zone diameter of 31.0mm relative to the inhibition zone diameters of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi with (19.5 mm) and (20.5 mm) respectively. The inhibition zone diameters of the positive control (ciprofloxacin solution) at 500 mg/mL for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi was 36.0 mm, 37.5 mm and 34.5 mm respectively. Escherichia coli has minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.977 mg/ml while Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi have their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 31.25 mg/ml and 62.5 mg/ml respectively.

Protection of Phytoextracts against Rotenone-Induced Organismal Toxicities in Drosophila melanogaster via the Attenuation of ROS Generation

Nutraceuticals play an essential role in the reduction in free radical generation in cells. A similar idea was used in the present study to determine the effects of aqueous extracts on the organismal toxicities in a nontarget organism, Drosophila melanogaster, known as the fruit fly. Punica granatum (peel and pulp), Carica papaya (peel), Foeniculum vulgare (seeds), Trigonella foenum-graecum (seeds), and Urtica dioica (leaves) extracts were employed in this study. The organismal or behavioral effects in rotenone-, and rotenone- and phytoextract-treated flies were evaluated using wild-type Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and behavioral parameters (climbing ability, memory power, emergence, and reproductive potential) were investigated. Urtica dioica leaves, Punica granatum peel, and pulp elicited maximal amelioration in Drosophila, although not at the same intensity, and all exhibited a varied degree of improvement in different assays. Most extracts with their potent active components (phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and amino acids) revealed a protective action against rotenone-induced toxicities at the organismal level in the stated parameters above. Interestingly, different strains and parameters had varied improvement tendencies. Thus, Drosophila may be used as a suitable in vivo animal model for such investigations, and the usage of phytoextracts may prevent a variety of disorders, including neurodegeneration. The results of this study may help in the use of specific herbs as reliable sources of phytoingredients that may be useful in developing nutraceuticals and in other clinical uses.

The Effect of Methanol Concentration on the Extraction of Moringa Leaf (Moringa oleifera) and Papaya Fruit (Carica papaya) on Elastase and Hyaluronidase Installing Activities

Abstract
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Β-carotene, flavonoids and phenolic compounds found in methanol extracts of Moringa leaves and papaya fruit have high antioxidant activity so that they can be used for antiaging. The concentration of solvent is a factor that will affect the levels of active ingredients in methanol extract. This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of the methanol solvent derived from the extraction of Moringa leaves and papaya fruit on the inhibitory activity of the elastase and hyaluronidase enzymes.
 AIM OF THE STUDY: Knowing the best extracts of methanol 50, 70, and 96% of Moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera) and papaya fruit (Carica papaya) as antiaging agents through inhibition of elastase and hyaluronidase enzymes.
 METHODOLOGY: In this study variations in the concentration of methanol 50%, 70%, and 96% were used for the extraction of Moringa leaves and papaya fruit. The extract was obtained by maceration method which was then tested for the inhibition of the enzyme activity of elastase and hyaluronidase using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay).
 RESULTS: The results of the elastase enzyme inhibitory activity test on Moringa leaf extract with 50%, 70%, and 96% methanol solvents IC50 respectively = 9453.38; 6604.70; 12346.44 μg / mL, while the yield of papaya extract 5995.31; 9046.25; 11571.54 μg / mL. In addition, the test results showed the inhibitory activity of the hyaluronidase enzyme showed that the Moringa leaf extract with 50%, 70%, and 96% solvents IC50 respectively = 2944.53; 1028,36; 3001.83 μg / mL, while the yield of methanol extract of papaya fruit is 982.67; 2982.96; 3530.18 μg / mL.
 CONCLUSION: Based on the test results it can be concluded that the most effective solvent concentration as an inhibition of the enzyme elastase and hyaluronidase methanolic extract of Moringa leaves is 70% methanol solvent. While papaya fruit methanol extract which is effective in inhibiting the enzymes elastase and hyaluronidase is 50% methanol solvent.

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-methylmethacrylate) copolymer composites based on green synthesis of AgNPs via Carica papaya extract

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-methylmethacrylate) copolymer composites based on green synthesis of AgNPs via Carica papaya extract

Effect of Methanolic Extract of Carica papaya Seed on Renal Function and Antioxidant Activities Following Ibuprofen-induced Toxicity on Male Wistar Rats

In this study, the effect of methanolic seed extract of Carica papaya (MSECP) was investigated to ascertain its effect on the renal function and antioxidants activities following ibuprofen induced renal toxicity. Phytochemical screening of crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and tannins while anthraquinone and phlobatannins were found to be absent. Thirty (30) healthy male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups. Group A (received feed and water only); Group B received 80mg/kg of ibuprofen only; Group C received 80mg/kg of ibuprofen + 150mg/kg of MSECP; Group D received 80mg/kg of ibuprofen + 300mg/kg of MSECP; Group E (received 80mg/kg of ibuprofen and treated with 600mg/kg of (MSECP). The administration of the extract lasted for 21 days within hours of 7-8 am via oral gavage. After 21 days the animals were anesthetized with 25% Urethane and blood was collected using a heparinized capillary tube and transferred into a plain container and centrifuged. The serum retrieved was used to assay serum antioxidants Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase activity (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), Total Antioxidant capacity (TAC) and kidney enzymes (urea and creatinine). MSECP significantly reduced the plasma concentration of urea and creatinine (p>0.05) when compared to group A. The antioxidant enzymes reduced significantly (p>0.05) in groups that was administered with MSECP when compared to the group A and B. MSECP was discovered to have some therapeutic effect on renal function probably as a result of some of the antioxidants and phytonutrients present in Carica papaya which have the capability of increasing glomerular filtration of toxic substances from the kidney and hence recommend that Carica papaya seed could be included in our daily diet.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIALIZATION OF BANANA HEART EXTRACT AND PAPAYA LEAVES TO BREASTFEEDING MOTHERS AS AN EFFORT TO PROVIDE EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING

Background: The living environment influences increasing the volume of breast milk in addition to family income and mother's knowledge. The problem in this study is the lack of volume of breast milk in breastfeeding mothers so it has a negative impact on the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to analyze the implementation of socialization of banana heart extract and papaya leaves on breastfeeding mothers as an effort to provide exclusive breastfeeding. This research method is an observational cross-sectional and pre-experimental design in the form of a one-group pre-post test design conducted in December 2021 in Aceh Barat with a sample of 45 mothers who have babies. The results of the study were based on before the implementation of the socialization test was carried out, the score was 17.8% for breastfeeding mothers, but after the implementation of the socialization test, the score was 48.9% for breastfeeding mothers. Where the mean value is 6.91 and the SD value is 1.345, while the P-value is 0.000 <α 0.05. Conclusion The changes that occurred to breastfeeding mothers were initially only 17.8%, but after socialization, it increased to 48.9% of mothers who breastfeed. If mothers regularly consume this extract from the beginning of pregnancy to breastfeeding, it is possible that all breastfeeding mothers will have their baby's needs met, so that the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding will be even better. Suggestions make it a habit for mothers to always breastfeed by regularly consuming foods that are high in nutritional value, such as extracts of Banana Heart and Papaya leaves which are easily available in the environment around the place of residence, from the beginning of pregnancy to the end of breastfeeding.

Effect of Papaya Leaf Extract Gel (Carica papaya) on Incision Wound Healing in Rattus norvegicus

Carica papaya is one kind of herbal plant that can help the wound healing process. Scientifically, the leaves of papaya are proven to have anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and saponin compounds in papaya leaves have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties to accelerate the re-epithelization and cell migration needed for wound healing. This research aims to determine the effect of papaya leaf extract gel (Carica papaya) on the healing of incision wounds in Rattus norvegicus based on changes in wound morphology (signs of redness, edema, pus, granulation, moisture, and wound length). This research used female Rattus norvegicus aged 12-16 weeks weighing 180-200 grams, divided into five groups (NaCl 0,9%, povidone-iodine, papaya leaf extract gel with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%). Incision wounds on the back of the rat with a length of 2 cm and depth of 1 cm. The normality test used the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the homogeneity test used the Levene test. The research data were not normally distributed nor homogeneous, so they were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that the extract of papaya leaves with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% had significant differences in positive and negative control groups in the wound healing process with the differences in redness (p=0.038), granulation tissue (p=0.039), moistures (0,48), and wound length (p=0,049). It can be concluded that papaya leaf extract gel (Carica papaya) is effective in accelerating the healing process of incision wounds in Rattus norwegicus at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, so for further research, it is hoped that a histopathological examination can be carried out so that changes that occur in collagen, neutrophile cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes are seen.

Anti-Diabetic and Toxicological Studies of Carica papaya Leaves Extract

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic non-communicable disease is ranked 7th killer disease in the world. With the current prevalence rate in the country, the number of people living with diabetes mellitus in Nigeria will increase to 4.8 million by the year 2030. The research aimed at evaluating LD50 and antidiabetic of solvents (Aqueous, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and Hexane) leaves extracts of Carica papaya in alloxan induced diabetic rats as well as characterization of most active extract. Twenty rats were used for acute toxicity studies, while thirty-five rats were used for the second phase of the study in which solvents extract of the leave were screened for hypoglycaemic activities. Forty rats were used for the third phase of the research to screen the column chromatography fractions obtained from the most active solvent extract. Acute toxicity studies showed all extracts to be practically non-toxic with oral LD50 greater than 5000mg/kg. Second phase of the research observed that chloroform extract possesses the highest activity among the four extracts, while fraction II was shown to possess the highest activity from the column chromatography fractions. The fraction was also found to ameliorate liver damage as a result of diabetes. Conclusively, leaves extract of Carica papaya was found to lower fasting blood glucose of alloxan induced diabetes rat, the plant was also found to be non-toxic up to a dose of 5000mg/kg.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya Linn.) Terhadap Bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause nosocomial infections. The use of antibiotics in the treatment of non-adherent P. aeruginosa infections increases the risk of antibiotic resistance. Efforts to find new antibiotic compounds from plants continue to be carried out. Papaya leaves are widely spread among the public, which are often used as ingredients for vegetables and have antibacterial potential because they contain papain enzymes and a class of flavonoid compounds. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya Linn.) against P. aeruginosa by finding the value of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and calculating the index activity value against the positive control. The method used in this research is Kirby-Bauer (disc diffusion method) with several variations of the test concentration. The results showed that the diameter of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 500 mg/mL was in the strong category with an inhibition zone diameter of 10.87 ± 0.06 mm. MIC at a concentration of 3.125 mg/mL. The index activity value was greatest at a concentration of 500 mg/mL with a value of 0.668. So it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya Linn.) has inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.) ethanol extract to the histopathological description of the testimony in in the house mouse (Mus Musculus)

The development of contraceptive methods is more focused on female contraception than men is still lacking. Papaya leaves are thought to have an antifertility effect due to the content of secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and papain enzymes that have estrogenic effects that can disrupt hormone regulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This study aimed to prove the administration of ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) on the histopathological features of the testicles of young adult mice (Mus musculus). Subjects and Method: This research uses an experimental study with a post-test only control group design. The samples used were male Swiss Webster strain mice (Mus musculus) 2-3 months old with a bodyweight of 20-30 grams as many as 36 individuals were divided into 2 groups. The control group (P0) was given 0.5 ml of Tween 3% and the treatment group (P1) was given ethanol extract of Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) 0.21 mg/gram BW as much as 0.5 ml for 36 days orally. The data obtained were analyzed using the Independent Sample T-test. Result: A total of 11 articles from Asia continent (India, Bangladesh, Philipina, and Nepal).

Efficacy of Carica papaya leaf extract against some bacteria which isolated from cow milk

The advent of science to the search for antibiotics principally depends on medicinal plants as raw materials. Pathogenic bacteria isolated from cow milk represent play a major role in mastitis and are not easy to treat even with the use of a wide range of antibacterial agents. Finding alternative substances that may eliminate those bacteria with fewer side effects especially if they are derived from natural sources. Here, papaya leaf was collected, air-dried, powdered and extracts (PLE) of tow solvents; ethanol (EPLE) and aqueous (EPLA) were used to evaluate their Mueller-Hinton based inhibition activities against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus (isolated from milk of local cows in the current work). The results showed that the ethanol extract of papaya leaves (EPLE) was highly effective in decreasing the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, while did not show any activity in inhibiting of E. coli. Compared with the aqueous extract of papaya leaves (EPLA), which did not record any inhibition of the growth of bacteria isolated for the study only in its high concentration (80%) for each (E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae).

The modulatory effects of alkaloid extracts of Cannabis sativa, Datura stramonium, Nicotiana tabacum and male Carica papaya on neurotransmitter, neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory systems linked to anxiety and depression.

This study investigated the modulatory effects of alkaloid extracts of Cannabis sativa (CSAE), Datura stramonium (DSAE), Nicotiana tabacum (NTAE) and male Carica papaya (CMAE) on neurotransmitter, neurotrophic and neuro-inflammatory systems linked to anxiety and depression. Male Wistar rats were orally administered the alkaloid extracts in doses of 5, 50, 500, and 2000mg/kg for 90days. On day 91, neurobehavioural studies were evaluated, rats were sacrificed, brain hippocampus removed and tissue homogenate prepared. Biochemical, cytokine and neurotransmitter metabolisms were estimated in the hippocampus. Expressions of genes linked to anxiety and depression were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Results showed CSAE, NTAE and CMAE act as anxiolytic and antidepressant agents by depleting TNF-α, IL-1β and reactive oxygen species concentrations, and monoamine oxidase, angiotensin 1-converting enzyme and acetylcholinesterase activities while elevating IL-10 and dopamine concentrations and glutamate dehydrogenase activity at doses of 5, 50 and 500. Same doses of CSAE, NTAE and CMAE also depleted the gene expressions of GSK3β, JNK, NF-ĸB, and Nesfatin-1 while increasing expressions of CREB, BDNF, serotonin and Nrf2. However, administration of DSAE and 2000mg/kg CSAE, NTAE and CMAE had adverse modulatory effects on the neurochemical concentrations and activities as well as the gene expressions of the evaluated neurotransmitter, neurotrophic and inflammatory systems. In conclusion, the study established the sub-chronic instrumentalization potential of CSAE, CMAE, and NTAE for anxiolytic and anti-depressive moods, though their use may be associated with dependence and addiction, which may result in more detrimental effects than any therapeutic potential they may proffer.

Biosynthesis of Bimetallic Cu-Ag Nanocomposites and Evaluation of their Electrocatalytic, Antibacterial and Anti-Cancerous Activity

Bimetallic nanocomposites have evolved into a significant smart material in the recent past. Owing to the growing interest, we herein report the biosynthesis of bimetallic silver doped copper (Cu-Ag) nanocomposites using green methods by utilizing aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves. The optical property and the surface morphology of the nanoparticles were determined by using various analytical techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The redox behaviour of the bimetallic nanocomposites was studied using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) with platinum electrode in 0.1M KCl solution at different scan rates and concentrations. The FTIR revealed the presence of active components of the leaf extract which played the roles of surfactants, stabilizing, capping, and reducing agents. Similarly, SEM with EDAX exhibited the presence of spherically agglomerated Cu-Ag nanocomposites and TEM images revealed a particle size of 20 nm. The gradual increase in peak current was observed in CV with increase in the scan rates and concentrations apparently. The bimetallic nanocomposites showed potential anti-bacterial, anti-cancerous activity and the reports are provided in detail.