Waste Extract Research Articles

Effects of Waste Organic Samples and Extraction Methods towards the Absorption Range of Carbon Nanodots and How it Affects Plants’ Growth

Carbon-nanodots (CND) were nanotechnologies possessing low toxicity, photoluminescence, and biocompatibility qualities which were applicable to various aspects namely in assisting plant growth. Chloroplasts were essential in plant growth that is to absorb sunlight, however the UV spectrum’s wavelength range which could be absorbed was limited and therefore the photosynthesis efficiency was also inadequate. Nevertheless, chloroplasts which integrated with CND would have wider range of the UV absorptivity that was the combination from the absorptivity of chloroplast and CND. Therefore, the CND needed would require a broad absorptivity range. CNDs were extractable from various waste organic samples with a plethora of extraction methods. This study reviews the organic samples and the methods which were able to produce CND with widest absorptivity range and the effects CND gave to plant growth. The data used were the outcome of evaluating literatures. It was discovered that CND synthesized from dragon fruit skin and pear fruit skin have the widest absorptivity which was 70 nm which could be affected by numerous amounts of chromophore group in the sample and the most effective extraction methods were those which utilized micro waves as it has disadvantage being only that it couldn’t work on large number of samples and advantages being a fast process of extraction and small energy required. CND contributed positive effects to plants by increasing sprout length, root length, fresh root weight, dry root weight, fresh sprout weight, dry sprout weight, fresh plant weight, dry plant weight, root strength, stem length, Rubisco activity, and chlorophyll content.

Protective Effects of a Red Orange and Lemon Extract (RLE) on the Hepatotoxicity Induced by Ochratoxin A in Rats.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a highly potent mycotoxin that contaminates many kinds of food and feed sources. Its significant impact on human health and animal productivity makes it a topic of particular concern. The role of specific bioactive compounds used as dietary antioxidants is believed to be substantial due to their capacity to act as free radical scavengers. Because of the well-known oxidative stress induced by OTA, the primary objective of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of a standardized powder extract recovered from citrus processing waste, red orange and lemon extract (RLE), on liver damage induced by OTA in a rat model. This study aimed to examine the impact of oral administration of RLE (90 mg/kg b.w.) on hepatic function and oxidative balance in Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6/group) treated with OTA (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) over a period of 14 days. The administration of OTA alone resulted in both biochemical changes and an imbalance in redox status in the liver. However, the use of RLE alleviated the activity of antioxidant enzymes and dramatically decreased the serum levels of ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and ALP (alkaline phosphatase), providing evidence of its protective benefits. Based on the findings from liver histology tests, the administration of RLE resulted in mitigation of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, steatosis, and necrosis in the OTA group. These results indicate that the novel phytoextract RLE holds potential for application in the field of nutraceuticals.

New Trends for Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenging Using Natural Compounds as Biogenic Amines.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) mitigation through the use of additives in a laboratory-scale evaluation of steam injection in batch reactors was studied using extra heavy crude oil. For this purpose, additives based on biogenic amines from a fishing effluent were used with methanol and ethanol as solvents in a previous extraction of industrial fishmeal waste. The study of the extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) permitted the determination that the methanol-based extract with 48 h of decomposition had the highest biogenic amine content, totaling 1472 ppm. In addition, methanol extractions were more efficient, with an average biogenic amine content of 592 ppm. Subsequent evaluations were carried out for sand/oil/water/scavenging additive systems, where solutions of commercial organic compounds, analytical-grade histamine, and biogenic amine extracts were used. These evaluations were performed at a constant temperature of 247 °C and under an initial pressurization of methane gas of 215 psig, with a reaction time of 24 h. Characterization of gaseous effluents for each system allowed us to determine that the methods in which biogenic amine extracts were used with methanol were more effective in H2S scavenging because they had the lowest gas concentration at the end of the reaction time. Within this group, the most effective was the C1 extract, with a H2S reduction from 1700 to 150 ppm, representing 91% removal. The biogenic amine family produced by decomposition in conjunction with histamine has a synergistic effect in tests under vapor injection conditions when comparing the results with analytical-grade histamine solution-based additives and commercial additives. This study shows that using steam injection technology to use biogenic amines in H2S mitigation is feasible.

Investigation of dyeing properties of olive fruit waste extract on cotton fabric using metallic mordant

To obtain a cost-effective and eco-friendly natural dye, Olea europaea fruit waste aqueous extract (OFW-AE) has been investigated for its potential to dye grey fabric. The dye obtained as OFW-AE was tested under the effect of different factors related to the dyeing process. Characterization of the extract was done using UV-visible and FTIR analysis techniques that confirmed the presence of different phytochemicals including different pigments. UV-visible spectra showed absorption in the spectral region from 390 to 500 nm which is mainly due to different colorants present in the OFW-AE. FTIR analysis indicated different functional groups associated with phytoconstituents present in the extract. Different factors of the dyeing process were also optimized to achieve maximum dyeing efficiency of the OFQ-AE. The factors including dye/extract concentration (10 and 20%), time (20, 30, and 40 min), temperature (50, 60, 70, and 80 °C), pH (8 and 6), and mordant (NaCl) were investigated. The impact of these factors on the dyeing process was evaluated by measuring the color yield (K/S) and the fastness properties of the raw cotton dyed fabric samples. Better results of fastness properties were shown by the fabric dyed using metallic mordant (NaCl) with 10% concentration of OFW-AE at pH 8. Results indicated that the use of metallic mordant at higher temperatures increased the access of the dye molecules to the mordanted fabric and thus improved the K/S values and fastness properties of the dyed fabric. These results confirmed that natural dye from OFW-AE has potential applications for cotton dyeing and can be a viable alternative to synthetic colorant.

Enhancing oxidative stability of biodiesel using fruit peel waste extracts blend: Comparison of predictive modelling via RSM and ANN techniques

This work harnessed the potentials of banana, mango, and palm fruit peels as green sources of natural antioxidants whose liquid extracts were recovered via supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to improve biodiesel's low oxidative stability (OS). Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were explored and compared in predicting the OS of the extracts' stabilized biodiesel. The induction period (IP) for the freshly synthesized (Y1) and 8-weeks stored (Y2) extracts-blended biodiesel was determined using Rancimat analyzer. Optimization of the biodiesel's IP was carried out using central composite design (CCD) for the chosen process variables namely extracts' dosage ratio, mixing speed, and reaction time against the response variable (IP). Accordingly, the optimal conditions that accounted for the maximum IP value of 17.59 h for Y1 were a dosage ratio of 1.24, a mixing speed of 496.66 rpm, and a reaction time of 64.99 min. Whereas, a corresponding dosage ratio of 0.94, a mixing speed of 430.27 rpm, and a reaction time of 46.71 min produced the highest IP (12.82 h) value for the response Y2. The predictive capability of both models was manifested based on the results and found to be within an acceptable range. However, the ANN presented lower percentage errors and a high correlation coefficient (R2) corresponding to 0.9710 and 0.9462 for Y1 and Y2 respectively, demonstrating the model's superior predicting ability compared to 0.9428 and 0.8091 for the same responses presented by RSM. Finally, the limitation of the traditional RSM chemometric approach can be overcome by utilizing the ANN line of optimization which proved to be more accurate in the prediction ability.

Characterization of Banana Peel Corrosion Inhibitor by Vacuum Microwave Assisted Extraction (VMAE) Method in 2% HCl Environment

Banana peel is a waste that is very abundant in Indonesia. The utilization of banana peel can be used for corrosion inhibitors. The type of environment applied in this study is an acidic environment, which is carried out in 2% HCl solution media. The purpose of this study is utilize banana waste extract obtained from the VMAE method. The extract was obtained by VMAE method at 150 watts, 300 watts and 450 watts for 10 minutes using ethanol solvent. The ratio of feed and solvent used was 1:10 (b/v). The results of the extract were subjected to phytochemical tests using Dragendroff, Wagner and Mayer reagents. After that, the extract was applied to the media for corrosion rate test and GC-MS. The results of the study showed that the lowest corrosion rate was obtained at a concentration of 1500 ppm non-aerated which was 0.7347 mmpy. While based on the GC-MS test results, terpenoid compounds and vitamin E can be detected from banana peel extract, where these two compounds are antioxidant substances that can be utilized as corrosion inhibitors.

Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of palm waste extract against Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are species of the Vibrio genus that often cause disease and mass mortality in crustaceans. If not handled quickly and appropriately, these diseases can cause considerable losses to farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution with safe and environmentally friendly disease prevention technology using natural ingredients, among others from plants, namely oil palm. Some parts of oil palm, namely leaves, fronds, fibres and oil palm pulp, which are palm waste, contain antibacterial compounds. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of palm waste extracts, namely pulp, leaves, fronds and fibres using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and water maceration solvents against pathogenic bacteria V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus, and identify active compounds contained in palm waste. The results of the research are expected to produce innovative and sustainable solutions to control diseases in shrimp farming, contribute to the development of a sustainable fishing industry and open up the potential for utilizing palm waste as a value-added resource in the field of aquatic health. The results of observations on antibacterial activity tests and identifying the content of palm waste extract compounds were analysed descriptively displayed in the form of figures, tables and graphs. The results showed that palm waste extracts (pulp, leaves, fronds and fibres) with ethyl acetate and ethanol maceration solvents had very strong antibacterial potential, namely 20.14 ± 0.31 mm-25.52 ± 1.42 mm on V. harveyi bacteria and 20.41 ± 0.55 mm-25.00 ± 0.51 mm on V. parahaemolyticus bacteria. Palm extracts with n-hexane (>20 mm) and chloroform solvents generally have strong category antibacterial potential (10-20 mm), and palm extracts in water solvents have medium category potential (5-10 mm) against V. harveyi and V. parahemolyticus bacteria. The results of phytochemical tests on palm waste extracts with ethyl acetate and ethanol maceration solvents contain bioactive compounds of flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols and alkaloid tannins, steroids and triterpenoids. Palm extracts with n-hexane and chloroform solvents generally contain saponins, alkaloids, steroids and triterpenoids, while palm waste extracts with water solvents contain saponins.

Green Synthesis of Silver/Silver Chloride Nanoparticles using Shallot Peel Extract as Reducing Agent

Precious metal nanoparticles, especially silver, can be an alternative antibacterial agent that is more promising than antibiotics, which tends to induce resistance over time. Unfortunately, most Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) manufacturing methods involve hazardous substances, extreme conditions, high energy, and complicated separations. Reduction of AgNO3 solution with plant extracts can serve as a ‘green’ synthesis pathway, especially if using food processing waste or other biological materials. Reducing substances that are commonly found in plant extracts, such as flavonoids, are widely contained in shallots (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) which are commonly used as food ingredients in Indonesia, but the processing waste is still not widely used. This paper describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) with the AgNO3 solution reduction method, using onion peel waste extract as a reducing agent. Experiments were carried out with variations in the ratio of AgNO3 solution to onion peel extract. The resulting AgNPs were characterized by TEM and UV-vis.

Removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution with zinc oxide nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis from purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) waste

In this study, environmentally friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles (OB-ZnO NPs) were synthesized using Ocimum basilicum (OB) plant waste extract, and the removal of paracetamol (PCM) from pharmaceutical wastes with toxic effects on the ecosystem was investigated. The characteristic structure of synthesized OB-ZnO NPs was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zetasizer, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The effect of the obtained OB-ZnO NPs on PCM removal was determined by batch adsorption tests. In the study in which 6 different kinetic and isotherm models were examined, error analysis functions were used to determine the most suitable model. Accordingly, the crystal structure of biosynthesized OB-ZnO NPs has a particle size of 30.39 nm, a surface area of 13.826 m2/g, and a pore volume of 0.0475 cm3/g. Since OB-ZnO NPs have a zeta potential of − 22.1 mV and a mass loss of 33% at about 750 °C, these NPs show that they are durable at high temperatures. When the PCM removal mechanisms with OB-ZnO NPs were examined, it was determined that the most suitable kinetic and isotherm model was the Elovich model with an R2 value of 0.989 and the Redlich-Peterson model with an R2 value of 0.999. In the study, which reached 23 mgPCM/gOB-ZnO NP removal efficiency, it was revealed that OB-ZnO NPs obtained from waste plants have the potential to be used in the removal of pharmaceutical wastes.Graphical abstract

In Vitro Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of a Juniperus communis Callus Culture Extract and Matricaria recutita Processing Waste Extract Combination as a Cosmetic Ingredient.

For skin health promotion and cosmetic applications, combinations of plant cell extracts are extensively utilized. As most natural ingredient suppliers offer crude extracts from individual plants or specific isolated compounds, the potential interactions between them are assessed in the development phase of cosmetic products. The industry seeks extract combinations that have undergone optimization and scrutiny for their bioactivities. This study presents a combination of two sustainably produced botanical ingredients and outlines their chemical composition, in vitro safety, and bioactivity for skin health enhancement. The amalgamation comprises the extract of Matricaria recutita processing waste and the extract from Juniperus communis callus culture. Chemical analysis revealed distinct compounds within the extracts, and their combination led to a broader array of potentially synergistic compounds. In vitro assessments on skin cells demonstrated that the combination possesses robust antioxidant properties and the ability to stimulate keratinocyte proliferation, along with regulating collagen type I and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) production by dermal fibroblasts. The identified traits of this combination render it an appealing cosmetic component. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first case when the extracts derived from medicinal plant processing waste and biotechnological plant cell cultivation processes have been combined and evaluated for their bioactivity.

Sustainable papaya plant waste and green tea residue composite films integrated with starch and gelatin for active food packaging applications

This study explores the sustainable utilization of wastes from a papaya plant (papaya peels (PP), papaya seeds (PS), leaf-stem (PL)) and dried green tea residues (GTR) for the synthesis of bioplastics. The dried GTR were individually blended with each papaya waste extract and then boiled in water to get three composite papaya plant waste-green tea supernatants. Potato starch and gelatin-based functional films were prepared by integrating each with the composite papaya waste-green tea supernatant liquid. This work introduces a dissolved organic matter (DOM) study to the field of bioplastics, with the goal of identifying the organic components and macromolecules inherent in the PW supernatants. When compared with the films prepared solely from papaya waste (PW) supernatants, PW-GTR composite supernatant films prevent UV light transmission with superior antioxidant and mechanical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were utilized to characterize the starch and gelatin PW-GTR films. Owing to the exceptional antioxidant, UV barrier, and remarkable biodegradable properties of the starch/PW/GTR and gelatin/PW/GTR composite films, make them ideal for use in food packaging applications.

Phosphonate functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica for rare earth element recovery from citrate assisted solid waste extracts

The growing high demand of rare earth elements (REEs) has prompted extensive research on REE recovery from waste streams. This study reports the synthesis and evaluation of phosphonate-functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica (MMS-PP) for REE recovery from the acidic extracts of solid wastes. MMS-PP was synthesized using surfactant template and post-synthesis methods, and tested using simulated and real extraction solutions from citrate-assisted REE extracts from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash. The organic-inorganic hybrid MMS-PP was evaluated for La recovery from 50 mM simulated citrate extract, with the adsorption capacity of 13.5 mg/g compared to ∼2.5 mg/g for non-functionalized MMS. The MMS-PP material exhibited fast adsorption within 10 min, good La selectivity against competing Na+ and Ca2+, moderate selectivity against Al3+ and Fe3+, high recyclability over multiple adsorption-desorption cycles, and equivalent efficiency for La, Ce, Nd, and Y recovery. The MMS-PP material also demonstrated 70–95% REE recovery from real citrate extracts of MSWI ash, and the spent MMS-PP material can be regenerated and reused for multiple cycles. Functionalized mesoporous materials in combination with organic-ligand assisted extraction can potentially provide a green, effective, and tunable solid-liquid separation platform for REE recovery from complex solid waste streams.

Heat Recovery Variable Refrigerant Volume System Installation and Experiences from its Summer Operation

Variable refrigerant volume (VRV) systems operate on the principle of a cooling machine. They extract heat from one side and return it on the other, enabling them to function as a source of heat for both heating and hot water preparation, as well as a source of cold for cooling within a single building. These systems efficiently remove unnecessary excess heat outside and only introduce the required amount of heat from the outside into the building. With an appropriate configuration and setting, a VRV system can transfer heat in both directions within one system, eliminating the requirement for waste heat to be removed without use in the building. Instead, it is transferred to the desired locations where it is needed. This principle necessitates the adjustment of not only the refrigerant temperature but also its flow rate. Consequently, the VRV system can fulfil tasks that are otherwise handled by several individual systems in a building.A heat recovery VRV system was installed in a small retail store to extract waste heat generated by baking ovens during the baking process. This report provides a brief summary of electricity and energy consumption measurements taken during the summer period for cooling purposes. Sequential logic is observed and coherence is ensured, with active voice predominating for clearer and more direct communication. The parameters of interest include cooling setpoints, cooling outside of working hours, and capacity assessment.

From the chokeberry fruit products and by-products to health-promoting effects through multifaceted in vitro bioactivity evaluation and molecular docking studies

BACKGROUND: Polyphenolic-rich chokeberry extracts and juice could provide health benefits in humans. Moreover, by-products after processing stand out as a potential new source of valuable compounds. OBJECTIVE: The research aimed to evaluate in vitro bioactivity of chokeberry fruit extract, juice, and waste extract (material remaining after juice processing) based on their chemical composition and molecular docking analysis. METHODS: Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and proanthocyanins content in freeze-dried samples. Additionally, individual anthocyanins, flavonoids, and sugars were identified through HPLC analysis. The antioxidant capacity was tested using two in vitro methods and assessing antimicrobial activity. The effects of tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition were examined using spectrophotometric methods. Molecular docking analysis identified the interaction of chokeberry components with the active sites of these enzymes. RESULTS: The waste extract exhibited the most robust antioxidant activity within the DPPH system. While bactericidal activity was absent across all chokeberry preparations, they demonstrated inhibitory effects on specific microbiological strains relevant to the gastrointestinal tract. Results revealed the chokeberry products’ ability to inhibit tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase. Molecular docking confirmed the strong interactions between chokeberry compounds and these enzymes. CONCLUSION: The results indicate the potential of chokeberry products and by-products as valuable resources for pharmaceutical applications.

Green and efficient magnetic micro-solid phase extraction utilizing tea waste impregnated with magnetic nanoparticles for the analysis of ibuprofen in water samples by using UV-vis spectrophotometry.

A green method based on magnetic micro-solid phase extraction (MNP-TW-μ-SPE) of tea waste impregnated with magnetic nanoparticles (MNP-TW) was developed for the extraction of ibuprofen (IBP) in water samples prior to UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. Experimenting parameters that affect the extraction efficiency of IBP, such as pH of the sample solution, sorbent dosage, extraction time, ionic strength, volume of the sample, type of desorption solvent, desorption time, and desorption volume, were studied and optimized in detail. The characterization studies for the MNP-TW were carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Under the optimum conditions, the linearity ranges from 30 to 700 μg L-1 for IBP, with determination coefficients (R2) of 0.9983. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 9.40 μg L-1 and 28.50 μg L-1, respectively. The method also demonstrated good precision in reproducibility (RSD ≤ 1.53%), repeatability (RSD ≤ 1.48%), and recovery (86-115%). This method represents the advantages of low solvent consumption, flexibility, and better sensitivity compared to other studies employing spectrophotometric analysis. The usage of tea waste in the extraction process presents many advantages, as it is biodegradable, versatile, and contributes to an intelligent and sustainable economic strategy projected toward a circular economy approach.

Green synthesis of ZnO-NPs using sugarcane bagasse waste: phytochemical assessment of extract and biological study of nanoparticles.

The accumulation of agricultural and industrial residues inevitably contributes to environmental pollution. Thus, several scientific investigations have been conducted to overcome this problem and to add an economic value proposition. Unlike typical sugarcane bagasse applications, this work presents a novel application of sugarcane bagasse waste in a green synthesis approach for forming zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). This work opens the door to studying the potential of sugarcane bagasse in a green synthesis orientation. Phytochemical assessment of the aqueous extract of sugarcane bagasse waste was conducted by studying total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant assays. ZnO-NPs were synthesized using the aqueous sugarcane bagasse extract (ASCBE) with a 96% yield. To obtain 99.7% pure ZnO-NPs, nanoparticles were calcined at 550 °C to remove any remaining plant extract residues. The purity and yield of the produced and modified ZnO-NPs were studied. The initially produced and modified ZnO-NPs were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, UV, TEM, TGA, and PL and to determine the necessity of the calcination step. A detailed proposed mechanism for the formation of ZnO-NPs mediated by ASCBE was introduced. The ZnO-NPs were studied for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. The ZnO-NPs before calcination were found to exhibit more potent antimicrobial activity against both P. aeruginosa and A. niger compared to the calcined ZnO-NPs. In addition, molecular docking analysis revealed that the ZnO-NPs had the strongest binding affinity towards the P. aeruginosa RhlG/NADP active-site complex and the crystal structure of Actibind, a T2 RNase of A. Niger. ZnO-NPs also showed promising binding interactions with viral targets, including the Herpes simplex virus type II protease and Influenza virus NS1 effector domain. Additionally, environmental and economic studies were achieved to relate the scientific study with daily life applications.

Optimisation Catechin Extract on Black Tea Waste (BTW) using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) (Time Extraction and Ethanol Concentration as Parameters)

Remaining catechins from Black Tea processing can be found in significant amounts in tea waste. When using a 60% methanol organic solvent in the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method, as opposed to other methods, the extraction of black tea waste (BTW) results in a high polyphenol concentration. With a focus on yield extraction, antioxidant content, and catechin levels, the goal of this study is to identify the ideal alcohol solvent concentration and the impact of microwave heating duration on the extraction of BTW. The research uses a 2-factor Central Composite Design (CCD), which was created using Design Expert 9 Free Trial software. Factor I represents the microwave heating duration (4–8 minutes), while factor II represents the concentration of the alcohol solvent (60–80%). According to the results, the ideal conditions—a 62.74% alcohol solvent concentration and an 8-minute heating period—got a desirability of 74.20%. The expected yield was 54.8399% under these ideal circumstances, the antioxidant content (IC50) was 7.50516 ppm, and the catechin level was 92.0558%. The yield, antioxidant content (IC50), and catechin level of the verification results were 54.62%, 14.38847, and 94.74%, respectively, with response variations of 0.403%, 47.43%, and 2.833%.

Optimization of enhanced collagen extraction from tannery rawhide trimming waste using pineapple peel-derived bromelain enzyme through response surface methodology

Plant-based enzymatic extraction of collagen from tannery rawhide trimmings can play an important role in the utilization of tannery solid waste, providing economically viable and sustainable solutions. This study employed bromelain enzyme derived from pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel waste for collagen extraction and compared the procedure with conventional acetic acid extraction. The recovery of bromelain enzyme at 30–70% ethanol precipitation exhibited a 2.21-fold purification and a 98% yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) analysis revealed that bromelain enzyme-extracted collagen (BEC) yielded 82.20% at a hydrolysis time of 18.39 h, a mixing ratio of 22.38, and a temperature of 39.32 °C. In contrast, a lower yield of 66.94% was observed in the case of acetic acid-extracted collagen (AEC) at a hydrolysis time of 18.66 h, a mixing ratio of 19.41, and a temperature of 27.09 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful extraction of both AEC and BEC. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated the higher thermal stability of BEC compared to AEC. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) displayed characteristic peaks of collagen in the range of 2θ of 15–25°, affirming that BEC (sharp peak at 19.49°) is more crystalline than AEC (broadening peak at 19.88°). Elemental analysis revealed a higher nitrogen content (6.78%) in BEC, indicating a higher protein content than that of AEC (6.31%). Furthermore, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity evaluation, and heavy metal analysis revealed the potential applications of collagen in cosmetics, biomaterials, and tissue engineering.

Utilization of mango seed waste and lemongrass leaf extract as biomaterials for edible coating product

Mango seed waste is waste from mango fruit that is not utilized and is a concern because it causes environmental problems. Utilizing mango seed waste as a raw material for making biomaterials for edible coating products is the right step. To support the use of mango seed waste as a good edible coating biomaterial, it is necessary to add lemongrass leaf extract as an antibacterial so that the resulting edible coating biomaterial has good mechanical characteristics and can extend the shelf life of food. This research used 100 mL of coating solution consisting of mango seed waste starch with a weight percent variation of 5; 10; 15%, lemongrass leaf extract with a weight percent variation of 0; 3; 6; 9%, glycerol 2%, CMC 1%, and distilled water. The characteristics of the film produced, the best tensile strength and Young’s modulus were obtained from variations of 5% mango seed waste starch and 0% lemongrass extract with a tensile strength value of 0.000486 MPa and a Young’s modulus of elasticity value of 0.0103 MPa. Meanwhile, for the elongation at break value, the film containing 5% mango seed waste starch and 9% lemongrass extract had the best value, namely 2.24%. The results of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis also show that the morphology of the film with the addition of lemongrass leaf extract has a smoother and flatter surface so that the film with the addition of lemongrass leaf extract is better than without lemongrass leaf extract

Recent advances in green synthesis of carbon dots for heavy metal ion sensing

In recent years, the field of green synthesis for carbon dots has seen significant advancements in the development of materials for heavy metal ion sensing applications. A variety of eco-friendly and sustainable approaches have been explored to synthesize carbon dots (CDs) with enhanced sensing properties. These materials have shown great promise in detecting heavy metal ions due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, and low detection limits One of the key advancements in this area is the utilization of natural sources such as biomass, organic waste, and plant extracts as precursors for the synthesis of CDs. These green precursors not only contribute to the sustainable nature of the synthesis process but also result in the production of carbon dots with unique surface chemistry and optical properties. In addition to the synthesis and functionalization strategies, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing the interaction between CDs and heavy metal ions has advanced significantly. This improved understanding has facilitated the design of CDs with tailored sensing capabilities and improved overall performance. Overall, the recent progress in the green synthesis of CDs for heavy metal ion sensing holds great promise for the development of cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and high-performance sensing platforms with potential applications in environmental monitoring, industrial safety, and healthcare diagnostics.