Extractive Industries Research Articles

In Search of an Electrified Future: The Affective Afterlife of the Extractive Industry in Mitrovica, Kosovo

In Search of an Electrified Future: The Affective Afterlife of the Extractive Industry in Mitrovica, Kosovo

Factors determining the emergence of environmental concerns regarding Chinese investment in the South America's extractive industries

This article focuses on analyzing environmental governance in the context of the growing economic relations between China and Latin America, with particular attention to Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the South American extractive industries. Using novel data that match Chinese investment and local environmental reactions, the results strongly support a positive correlation between institutional capacity for environmental protection in recipient countries and an increase in local environmental concerns. I find that the escalation of activity by Chinese companies with greater state participation in the extractive industries raises the probability of generating environmental concerns in affected communities. These findings significantly contribute to understanding the complex interactions between Chinese investments and environmental governance, providing an essential foundation for addressing environmental challenges associated with Chinese FDI in Latin America.

An Ethical Critique of the Sexist Mining Myths and the Gender Factor in the Extractive Industry of Southern Africa

The extractive industry is an economic venue with enormous potentialities for men and women in Southern Africa particularly, DRC, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa. This part of the African Continent is flourishing with mineral resources in which women participate in different capacities. The contrast here is that of the increased number of women in this industry as opposed to the decline of social and economic wellbeing of women on account of gender based violence and many other oppressions against them. These dehumanising activities against women are fuelled by cultural and sexist mining myths from male peers reinforcing gender disparities. Thus, from an ethical perspective, the present study analyses cultural and sexist myths, deconstructing their patriarchal foundation and valorising women’s human agency and rights within the extractive industry. It is contended that women can contribute to the economic growth of the mining industry in Southern Africa provided that public institutions insure gender parity in the industry. In different levels, a response will be provided to the question: How can the cultural and sexist mining myths be ethically engaged to valorise women’s human agency and rights within the Southern Africa Extractive Industry? In response, this paper critically assesses the cultural basis of sexist myths from a perspective of feminist ethics, proceeding by deconstructing the patriarchal foundation of these myths and affirming women’s experience based on their human and economic capabilities. The present study proposes to contribute to the ethical discourse on gender parity, and the pursuit of women’s social and economic rights in the Extractive Industry.

The role of African extractive industries in the global energy transition: An analysis of barriers and strategies

Endowed with a significant proportion of the world’s petroleum and solid mineral resources, Africa is the location of a vibrant and dynamic extractive industries sector, which today, is its chief economic mainstay. The revenue generated from the extractive industries has been a significant source of finance for public infrastructure development and investments in education, health and the development of other economic sectors across the continent. However, the African extractive industries have faced massive setbacks in recent years, in particular due to the economic disruptions caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and the global transition to a low carbon economy that has formed a central part of ongoing efforts to respond to the climate change emergency. These challenges have accentuated concerns on the current and future relevance of the African extractive industries in a low-carbon economy world order.This article examines the role played by the African extractive industries in the global energy transition, contextualising these concerns against a continuum of disruption arising as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic and emergent efforts to redress the crisis posed by anthropogenic climate change. If well managed, extractive resources could play a crucial role in advancing energy security and transition in the African continent in the face of these challenges. In addition to its role in addressing current high levels of energy poverty across Africa in this disruptive setting, environmentally-responsible production of extractive resources can help sustain economic and social development across Africa in going forward. This article examines the current opportunities and challenges for cleaner and environmentally-responsible extractive investments in Africa in a low carbon world. It analyses the preconditions and barriers to environmentally-responsible fossil fuels developments in Africa and highlights the key considerations for African policymakers. Its analysis is informed by recognition of, and sensitivity towards, the extreme disruption to fossil fuel governance embodied by the twin concerns of the COVID-19 pandemic and the current “climate emergency.” Through a qualitative analysis, this research has found that if well-managed, African resource-rich countries could utilise the revenues from the extractive industries to invest in low carbon technologies.

A Sustainable Approach to Valuable Polyphenol and Iridoid Antioxidants from Medicinal Plant By-Products.

Supply chain waste gives rise to significant challenges in terms of disposal, making upcycling a promising and sustainable alternative for the recovery of bioactive compounds from by-products. Lignocellulosic by-products like STF231, which are derived from the medicinal plant extract industry, offer valuable compounds such as polyphenols and iridoids that can be recovered through upcycling. In an unprecedented study, we explored and compared conventional hydroethanolic extraction, ultrasound hydroethanolic extraction, and natural deep eutectic solvents-ultrasound extraction methods on STF231 to obtain extracts with antioxidant activity. The extraction profile of total polyphenols (TPCs) was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu test and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was tested with FRAP and DPPH assays. HPLC-UV was employed to quantify the phenolic and iridoid markers in the extracts. Additionally, the sustainability profile of the process was assessed using the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), AGREEprep, and analytical GREEnness metric approach (AGREE) frameworks. Our findings indicate that a choline chloride and lactic acid mixture at a 1:5 ratio, under optimal extraction conditions, resulted in extracts with higher TPC and similar antioxidant activity compared with conventional hydroethanolic extracts. The innovative aspect of this study lies in the potential application of sustainable upcycling protocols to a previously unexamined matrix, resulting in extracts with potential health applications.

Transparency and public accountability: Does the Nigerian extractive industries transparency initiative deliver?

The extractive industries play a pivotal role in Nigeria's economy, yet it has been riddled with allegations of corrupt practices involving revenue transfers from operations to the government. To increase transparency and ensure public engagement, the Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) introduced the National Stakeholder Working Group (NSWG) as a mechanism to ensure public accountability and civil society organisations (CSOs) as the public interlocuter. To navigate this complex arrangement and critically evaluate its effectiveness, we adopt Boven's (2007) understanding of public accountability. We conclude that while NSWG provides oversight, the NEITI reporting process provides transparency, and the CSOs enable public accountability, these objectives are constrained by a challenging social and regulatory environment.

POSITIONING OF RUSSIAN REGIONS IN LONG-TERM AND MEDIUM-TERM ECONOMIC GROWTH RATINGS

In the article the author creates ratings of Russian regions according to criteria — ​long-term and medium-term real economic growth. An indicator of economic growth is the index of the physical volume of gross regional product. By the long-term period we mean the period from 1997 to 2021, by the medium-term period — ​the period from 2016 to 2021. The purpose of the study is to rank the regions according to these periods. Objectives of the study are following: to conduct a comparative analysis of the results of building two ratings; to show the spatial location of regions from the standpoint of long-term economic growth; to show the specialization of the leading regions. Specific research methods are the ranking method, comparative and correlation analyses, and the graphical illustration method. The leaders of both long-term and medium-term economic growth are three regions. These are St. Petersburg, the Moscow region and the Republic of Adygea. The absolute outsider according to both ratings is the Komi Republic. The industry specificity of the leading regions was obtained: all regions are characterized by specialization in manufacturing. Regions leading long-term and medium-term growth also specialize in non-production activities — ​wholesale and retail trade, real estate operations. The leading regions of medium-term growth specialize both in the extractive industry and in the fields of transport and communications.

Towards circular economy of wasted printed circuit boards of mobile phones fuelled by machine learning and robust mathematical optimization framework

Estimating the operating conditions using conventional process analysis techniques for the maximum metal extraction from the wasted printed circuit boards (WPCB) can provide sub-optimal solutions leading to the low yield of the process. In this paper, we present a closed-loop methodological framework built on machine learning and robust mathematical optimization technique, that offers the mathematical rigour, to determine the optimum operating conditions for the maximum Cu and Ni recovery from the WPCB. Alkali leaching based novel metals recovery process from the WPCB is designed, and the experiments are conducted to collect the data on the percentage recovery of Cu and Ni against the operating levels of the process input variables (ammonia concentration (NH3 conc. (g/L)), ammonium sulfate concentration ((NH4)2SO4 conc. (g/L)), H2O2 concentration (H2O2 conc. (M)), time (h), liquid to solid ratio (L/S ratio, (mL/g)), temperature (Temp. (°C)), and stirring speed (rpm)). The experimental data is deployed to construct the functional mapping between the nonlinear output variables of metals recovery process with the hyperdimensional input space through artificial neural network (ANN) based modelling algorithm – a powerful universal function approximator. Well-predictive ANN models for Cu and Ni recovery are developed having co-efficient of determination (R2) value more than 0.90. Partial derivative-based sensitivity analysis is then carried out to establish the order of the significance of the input variables that is backed by the domain knowledge, thus promotes the interpretability of the trained ANN models. The hybridization of ANN with NLP (nonlinear programming) framework is implemented for the determination of optimized operating conditions to extract maximum Cu and Ni under separate and combined model of metal extraction. The robustness of the determined solutions is verified, the determined optimized solutions for the metal recovery are validated in the lab, and the maximum metal recovery, i.e., 100 % Cu and 90 % Ni is extracted from the WPCB. This research demonstrates the effective utilization of ANN model-based robust optimization approach for the metal recovery from the WPCB that supports the circular economy for the metal extraction industry.

Sunflower Meal Valorization through Enzyme-Aided Fractionation and the Production of Emerging Prebiotics.

Recently, there has been a burgeoning interest in harnessing the potential of biomass and industry byproducts for the development of novel products and materials. In particular, this study explored the efficient valorization of sunflower meal (SFM), an underutilized byproduct of the oil extraction industry, usually discarded or used as low-value animal feed through enzyme-aided fractionation, specifically targeting the extraction and conversion of its abundant carbohydrate component, xylan, into emerging prebiotic compounds-xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs)-which are recognized as promotors of a healthy gut microbiome and overall human wellbeing. An enzymatic treatment using Alcalase® 2.4 L was implemented for facilitating the recovery of a highly pure hemicellulosic fraction (92.2% carbohydrates) rich in β-(1→4)-linked xylose residues with arabinose and glucuronic acid substitutions (DP-xylan). A further enzymatic treatment of this substrate, using ROHALASE® SEP-VISCO under optimized conditions (70 °C, pH 6, 0.005% v/v enzyme concentration), produced 52.3% of XOSs with a polymerization degree (DP) less than 20 after two hours. Further analyses demonstrated that the majority of the obtained product had a DP less than 6, predominantly consisting of di- and trisaccharides (XOS2 and XOS3) without the significant generation of xylose. These findings highlight the significant potential of SFM for the generation of valuable prebiotic compounds in a sustainable manner.

Identifying opportunities for blue economy exports in caribbean small states

ABSTRACT The blue economy balances oceanic economic activity with sustainable development. It includes harvesting and extractive industries, such as fishing, resource generation (energy and water), trade and health. Existing literature has linked the blue economy to positive economic growth when its potential is maximised. Despite the importance of the subject, there are few studies on the economic benefits and opportunities that Small States can derive from the blue economy. This paper uses the case of the CARICOM region, whose combined exclusive economic zones is 4.5 times larger than the land area. This study analysed the potential economic benefits of the blue economy in CARICOM by investigating the comparative advantages of blue exports in ocean goods traded for the region and the individual member states. The results suggest that CARICOM countries have a comparative advantage in their traditional industries and opportunities to exploit many other blue industries.

Typology of Land Conflicts in Special Region of Yogyakarta

Abstract: This paper identifies various structural land conflicts in the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the last 20 years. Using a literature review method, the various conflicts that occurred can be categorized into several typologies, (1) the issue of the transfer of land status from private and communal (village land) to sultanate/pakualaman land; (2) land acquisition for national strategic projects that displace people's managed areas; (3) investment and development in urban areas that displace or reduce the quality of life of the community; (4) various transfers of land use in coastal areas by local governments and the private sector through extractive industry investment, tourism or conservation; (5) ethnic politicization in discriminative land policies. The reading of the various typologies of conflict is produced from three different perspectives, namely the 'agrarian citizenship' approach, 'human rights', and 'politics of access’. These three perspectives also serve as a proposed roadmap to get out of the conflict. Keywords: Land conflict, Roadmap of conflict resolution, Special region of Yogyakarta, Typology

Enhancing catechins, antioxidant and sirtuin 1 enzyme stimulation activities in green tea extract through pulse electric field-assisted water extraction: Optimization by response surface methodology approach

Green tea is an economic resource in Thailand because it is derived from smallholder agriculture and has expanded into food production. The purpose of this study is to optimize the parameters of pulsed electric field (PEF) assisted green tea extraction to produce a natural health product. A central composite design was involved to determine the effect of independent variables, including the intensity of electric field (I; 3–5 kV/cm), number of pulses (Np; 1000 to 3000 pulses) and green tea-to-water ratio (GT/W; 0.05–0.15 g/mL) on catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), total phenolic compound, antioxidant and sirtuin 1 enzyme stimulating activities. The results indicated that the Np had the most significant impact (p < 0.05) on the content of catechin and its derivatives and sirtuin 1 enzyme stimulating activity. The observations revealed that the I had a greater impact on antioxidant activities compared to the Np. The optimal conditions for PEF using the response surface method were determined to be I of 5 kV/cm, Np of 3000 pulses, GT/W of 0.14 g/mL and specific energy of 27 kJ/kg. Under the optimized conditions, the content of C, EC, ECG, EGC and EGCG were 7.34 ± 0.33, 11.26 ± 0.25, 3.75 ± 0.13, 7.53 ± 0.77 and 37.78 ± 0.58 mg/g extract, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that green tea extract exhibited the ability to modulate the deacetylation activity of the sirtuin 1 enzyme, with a value of 22.63 ± 0.17 FIR. The results emphasized that the PEF led to achieving better responses compared to without pre-treatment using the PEF. Therefore, innovative technologies as PEF can be utilized for green tea extraction to produce natural ingredients, which can contribute to improved accessibility to healthcare. Additionally, the implementation of innovation techniques, such as PEF, in the extraction industry can enhance productivity growth and economic development.

50 years of mining-induced environmental changes: topography, hydrology, and vegetation health in Kazreti, Georgia

Globally, prioritizing short-term economic gains from mineral extraction has led to a critical dilemma: a planet rich in resources struggles with environmental degradation and a diminishing ability to sustain future generations. Open-pit mining exemplifies this paradox, causing significant environmental damage. In Georgia, this extractive industry presents environmental problems. Despite these known consequences, the long-term impacts of mining activities remain understudied. This study addressed this gap by analyzing the effects of open-pit mining on terrain morphology, and water dynamics in the Kazreti region over a 50-year period (1970–2020) and vegetation health over 35-year period (1987–2022). By integrating water quality assessment, spatial analysis and remote sensing, we revealed the significant human-induced changes to the region’s ecosystem. Spatial analysis results suggested that over 156.7 million cubic meters of bedrock have been fragmented by mining in southern East Georgia, with 125.5 million cubic meters deposited in valleys. Consequently, discernible shifts in the trajectories of water flow were observed based on the hydrological model. Additionally, a comparative analysis of NDVI and EVI values revealed a decline in vegetation health near mining zones, while remote forest areas remained stable. June typically showed healthier vegetation due to cooler temperatures and optimal growing conditions, while August presented lower vegetation health due to increased heat stress. Water quality revealed significant loadings of Cu (58–1855 μg l−1), Zn (54–2582 μg l−1), Mn (1–2167 μg l−1), and Cd (0.1–4.5 μg l−1), in local river systems, which are higher than the Georgian official guideline values (Cu - 1000, Zn - 1000, Mn—100, Cd—1 μg l−1). This study highlighted the need for a broader long-term monitoring strategy to assess the migration of these contaminants within the food web and the consequent socio-economic impact.

Radioactive elements in wastewater and potable water: Sources, effects, and methods of analysis and removal.

Radioactive effluents, originating from nuclear power plants, medical-nuclear applications, and various extraction industries worldwide, present a significant and dangerous contamination challenge. The concentrations of radioactive substances in wastewater, surface water, and potable water vary widely depending on the source and location. For example, cesium-137 levels in wastewater from nuclear facilities can range from 0.1 to 10 Bq/L, while tritium concentrations in surface water near nuclear plants can reach up to 100 Bq/L. Regulatory guidelines, like the maximum contaminant level of 0.185 Bq/L for combined radium-226 and radium-228 in drinking water, are critical for ensuring safety and environmental protection. Specifically, in Fukushima, Japan, cesium-137 levels in surface water range from 0.1 to 10 Bq/L due to the nuclear accident. In contrast, regions with natural uranium deposits, like parts of the United States, have reported radium-226 concentrations in potable water up to 1 Bq/L. These variations highlight the necessity for focused monitoring and evaluation to protect water quality and community health. Among various methods, Gamma spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are precise for radionuclide quantification, scintillation detectors, and ion exchange, and adsorption techniques efficiently remove radioactive substances from water. This critical review examines the sources, adverse effects, and analysis and remediation strategies for various radioactive elements in wastewater. By thoroughly evaluating the origins and potential dangers associated with radioactive effluents, this report emphasizes the urgent need for rigorous monitoring and effective treatment practices to maintain the integrity of water resources and ecosystems. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Comprehensive analysis of the radioactive elements frequently found in wastewater and drinking water. Assess the negative effects of radioactive elements in water systems. Examine the treatment methods used to eliminate radioactive pollutants from water sources. Outline effective methods and tactics for addressing and controlling radioactive contamination occurrences. Analyze the latest advancements in technology, regulatory enhancements, and optimal methods to guarantee the safety of drinking water and the sustainable handling of radioactive substances in wastewater.

Овладение пространством для преобразования страны

Reconstruction of the country’s territorial organization and overcoming pro­nounced Western eccentricity are impossible without intellectual decolonization. In this direction finds itself the concept of the siberization of the country, deve­loped by S.A. Karaganov, as a change in the vector of its development in all spheres. One of the most important provisions of this concept is that climate warming will make the southern regions of Siberia much more favorable for life, which will contribute to a gradual change in its specialization, shifting the focus from the development of extractive industries to the development of manufactur­ing industries with high added value. The construction of new cities with signifi­cantly better quality of the urban environment, which has already begun, will at­tract representatives of the “creative class” and create objective prerequisites for the development of the most modern, breakthrough technologies. Of particular importance is the old idea of the economist I.A. Witwer that the changes in the most important world trade routes were not the consequences of the rise and decline of empires but preceded them. In the light of this theory, the deve­lopment of the North Sea Route, if it reaches the level of a powerful international transport artery, will be an important factor contributing to the rise of Russia as a world power. The challenges of the frontier will have a huge “rejuvenating” impact on the development of the country, since pioneer development is a ven­ture process that requires talent and risk taking. Accordingly, Siberia’s most im­portant function is not as a breadwinner of a country that supplies all kinds of re­sources, but as a giant testing ground, a kind of laboratory of the future

How does implementing the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) affect economic growth? Evidence from developing countries

Although there is no consensus on the relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth, much of the economic literature suggests that natural resource abundance negatively affects economic growth in developing countries, leading to the resource curse theory. This situation led the international community to create the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in 2003 to promote the effective contribution of natural resources to economic growth through a process involving governments, extractive industries, and civil society. Considering 99 developing countries from 1995 to 2019 and applying recent heterogeneity-robust difference-in-differences (DID) estimators, we find a positive and statistically significant relationship between EITI implementation and economic growth. Several robustness checks support this result. Most interestingly, the analysis of EITI’s dynamic effects reveals that these effects occur only in the short and medium terms. In addition, we tested several potential transmission channels and identified the increase in foreign direct investment and the rise in resource revenue as the main transmission channels. Moreover, we postulate and investigate four possible explanations behind the EITI’s mixed results on long-term growth: the lack of evidence of a negative relationship between natural resource abundance and long-term economic growth over the study period, a possible increasing reliance on non-resource taxes, a possible signaling effect targeted by member countries, and the lack of effect of EITI implementation on reducing corruption. Finally, the document provides economic policy recommendations for better governance in the management of natural resources in order to increase their contribution to development financing. Furthermore, improving governance in managing critical minerals is vital to avoid a “new curse of critical minerals”.

Global threats of extractive industries to vertebrate biodiversity

Mining is a key driver of land-use change and environmental degradation globally, with the variety of mineral extraction methods used impacting biodiversity across scales. We use IUCN Red List threat assessments of all vertebrates to quantify the current biodiversity threat from mineral extraction, map the global hotspots of threatened biodiversity, and investigate the links between species' habitat use and life-history traits and threat from mineral extraction. Nearly 8% (4,642) of vertebrates are assessed as threatened by mineral extraction, especially mining and quarrying, with fish at particularly high risk. The hotspots of mineral extraction-induced threat are pantropical, as well as a large proportion of regional diversity threatened in northern South America, West Africa, and the Arctic. Species using freshwater habitats are particularly at risk, while the effects of other ecological traits vary between taxa. As the industry expands, it is vital that mineral resources in vulnerable biodiversity regions are managed in accordance with sustainable development goals.

Nexus between Western and Chinese crude oil mining firms: An examination of modalities, practices, and socio-ecological ramifications

This study examines the operational methods, procedures, and socio-ecological impacts of Western and Chinese crude oil extraction industries, focusing on regional variations. Due to institutional dynamics, the study reveals distinct emissions patterns among state-owned sectors in China and the Western Union region. This was achieved by employing DID regression models, using a sample of 60 crude oil mining companies. Furthermore, the data demonstrates that intensifying research and development endeavors directly correlate with pollution reduction, indicating that technological advancements could foster a greater sense of environmental consciousness. Nevertheless, larger corporations emit more pollution, substantially utilizing resources and manufacturing. Both nations prioritize the government's role in reducing negative environmental impacts caused by pollution by implementing regulatory frameworks. Additionally, they focus on achieving long-term ecological sustainability through corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. The paper suggests government involvement is necessary to enhance socio-ecological conditions at crude oil mining sites in Western and Chinese regions.

Rapid production of hydroxysodalite from a clay-based waste through microwave-assisted technique for treatment of wastewater contaminated with zinc cation

In the current work, the cabbage-like hydroxysodalite powder was produced from a clay-based waste deposited in the landfill of raw vegetable oil refinery through the microwave-assisted technique to treat the wastewater discharged from a zinc extraction industry. The selected waste was a Ca-bentonite, mainly containing montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite which contaminated with the vegetable oil components. The effects of microwave irradiation power, and time on crystalline structure of products as well as uptake of heavy metal ions like zinc, cadmium, nickel, and aluminum were studied in details. The experimental results showed that the partial recrystallization of hydroxysodalite under the irradiation power of 200 W within 10–15 min contributes to the enhancement of adsorption efficiency. The maximal uptake of heavy metal ions was obtained in the relative crystallinity range of 22.5–43.0%. The prepared adsorbent possessed the higher efficiency, 94.0%, for the immobilization of Zn2+ from the concentrated wastewater, 413 mg L−1. The competitive adsorption of Cd2+, Ni2+, and Al3+ ions over the hydroxysodalite was extremely dependent on the ion concentration. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics of Zn2+ over the hydroxysodalite particles follows the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, indicating the chemical nature of treatment process. The equilibrium data were fitted by the Langmuir isotherm, confirming the homogenous, and monolayer adsorption. The presented route for the production of hydroxysodalite is facile, and rapid in comparison to hydrothermal method.

The Procedure of Extracting Natural Gas liquids in Cryosift Method

The extraction of Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) plays a pivotal role in the modern energy landscape, serving as both a significant economic driver and a critical component of energy supply chains. This project investigates the comprehensive processes involved in NGL extraction, which includes the separation of ethane, propane, butanes, and natural gasoline from natural gas and crude oil. Key techniques such as cryogenic distillation, absorption, and fractionation are explored in depth, highlighting their operational principles, efficiency, and technological advancements. In addition to the technical aspects, this project examines the environmental impacts of NGL extraction and the strategies employed to mitigate these effects. Innovations in technology and process optimization are discussed, emphasizing their role in reducing carbon footprints and enhancing sustainability. The economic dimension of NGL extraction is also analyzed, with a focus on market trends, supply chain logistics, and the factors influencing global demand and pricing. Case studies from leading NGL extraction facilities are used to illustrate best practices, challenges, and the implementation of cutting-edge technologies. Through a multi-faceted approach, this project aims to provide a detailed understanding of the NGL extraction industry. It underscores the importance of NGLs in the global energy market, the technological advancements driving the industry forward, and the economic and environmental considerations that shape its future. The findings offer valuable insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and industry professionals seeking to navigate the complexities of NGL extraction and leverage its benefits for sustainable development. Key Words: Cryogenic Distillation, Absorption, Fractionation