Extraction Of Compounds Research Articles

Escuzarmycins A-D, Potent Biofungicides to Control Septoria tritici Blotch.

A study targeting novel antifungal metabolites identified potent in vitro antifungal activity against key plant pathogens in acetone extracts of Streptomyces sp. strain CA-296093. Feature-based molecular networking revealed the presence in this extract of antimycin-related compounds, leading to the isolation of four new compounds: escuzarmycins A-D (1-4). Extensive structural elucidation, employing 1D and 2D NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry, Marfey's analysis, and NOESY correlations, confirmed their structures. The bioactivity of these compounds was tested against six fungal phytopathogens, and compounds 3 and 4 demonstrated strong efficacy, particularly against Zymoseptoria tritici, with compound 3 exhibiting the highest potency (EC50: 11 nM). Both compounds also displayed significant antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum, with compound 4 proving to be the most potent. Despite moderate cytotoxicity against the human cancer cell line HepG2, compounds 3 and 4 emerge as promising fungicides for combating Septoria tritici blotch, anthracnose, and gray mold.

Advanced and Potential Methods for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado Peel—A Review

Advanced and Potential Methods for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado Peel—A Review

Extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds from SCOBY, as a by-product of Kombucha, using different types of extraction

Kombucha is obtained through a symbiosis fermentation of bacteria and yeast, generating a floating film called SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast). After a period of use, SCOBY becomes a production waste. Thus, alternative uses of SCOBY can add value to Kombucha production. In this way, this work aimed to produce and evaluate antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of SCOBY ethanolic extracts, which were obtained by two different solid–liquid extraction with three different waste weight/extractor solvent volume ratios. The SCOBY evaluated had a high concentration of cellulose (9.42 ± 1.00%) and low concentrations of proteins (0.84 ± 0.04%) and lipids (0.29 ± 0.05%). All evaluated extracts showed a high concentration of total phenolics (40.7–64.3 mg GAE/100 g of SCOBY) and high antioxidant activity (ABTS•+, FRAP and ORAC assays). The most efficient extraction of bioactive compounds was obtained by decoction using the highest solvent volume (ratio 1:20). The PCA showed clusters of the samples both by the type of extraction and by the different ratios of the weight of SCOBY to the solvent volume. Of our knowledge, our work is the first in the literature that describes such data. Therefore, the present work showed the possibility of using this industrial waste mainly to obtain active compounds and antioxidants.

Optimization and component identification of ultrasound-assisted extraction of functional compounds from waste blackberry (Rubus fruticosus Pollich) seeds.

Blackberry seeds, as a by-product of processing, have potential bioactive substances and activities. A response surface method was used to determine the optimal conditions of blackberry seed extracts (BSEs) with high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The composition and antioxidant capacity of BSEs were further analyzed. The optimal conditions were material-to-liquid ratio of 0.07 g mL-1, ethanol concentration of 56%, extraction temperature of 39 °C and ultrasonic power of 260 W. Using these conditions, the extraction yield and total polysaccharide, phenolic and anthocyanin contents in BSEs were 0.062 g g-1 and 633.91, 36.21 and 3.07 mg g-1, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of BSEs exhibited characteristic peaks associated with polysaccharide absorption. The antioxidant capacity, DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of BSEs were 1533.19, 1021.93 and 1093.38 mmol Trolox equivalent g-1, respectively. The delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, paeoniflorin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside contents in BSEs were 3.05,12.76 and 1895.90 ± 3.45 μg g-1. Five polyphenols including gallic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin and caffeic acid were identified and quantified in BSEs with its contents at 8850.43, 5053.26, 4984.65, 1846.91 and 192.40 μg g-1. These results provide a method for preparing BSE containing functional components such as polysaccharides, phenols and anthocyanins through UAE, and BSEs have potential application in food industries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phenolic Composition and Bioactivities of Invasive Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Leaf Extracts Obtained by Two-Step Sequential Extraction

Ailanthus altissima, a highly invasive species, contains valuable compounds in different plant parts, indicating great practical potential. This paper proposes the use of non-polar (n-hexane) and polar (ethanol) solvents for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from A. altissima (family Simaroubaceae) leaves in a sequential two-step process. Fresh and dried leaves were examined for their microstructure by scanning electron microscopy, and for color changes in the CIELAB color space co-ordinates. An investigation of the harvesting season, processing (freezing and drying), and solvent indicates ethanol can be used for the highly efficient extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and carotenoids. Statistically significant differences were found between the autumn and summer samples for phenolic content, and between dried and frozen samples for tannin content. The HPLC phenolic profile indicates more phenolics (nine polyphenols) in dried leaves harvested in both seasons compared to those in frozen ones (five to six polyphenols). Frozen leaves showed a higher antioxidant activity in a ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay than that of the dried samples, which exhibited a higher antioxidant activity using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay, but it was not statistically significant. The phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid contents significantly influenced the antioxidant activities. Among the ethanolic extracts, those from dried leaves showed better antibacterial activity, in particular, on Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The high bioactive content and activity of A. altissima leaves make them suitable natural raw materials for various applications.

Moldable Plastics (Polycaprolactone) can be Acutely Toxic to Developing Zebrafish and Activate Nuclear Receptors in Mammalian Cells.

Popularized on social media, hand-moldable plastics are formed by consumers into tools, trinkets, and dental prosthetics. Despite the anticipated dermal and oral contact, manufacturers share little information with consumers about these materials, which are typically sold as microplastic-sized resin pellets. Inherent to their function, moldable plastics pose a risk of dermal and oral exposure to unknown leachable substances. We analyzed 12 moldable plastics advertised for modeling and dental applications and determined them to be polycaprolactone (PCL) or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The bioactivities of the most popular brands advertised for modeling applications of each type of polymer were evaluated using a zebrafish embryo bioassay. While water-borne exposure to the TPU pellets did not affect the targeted developmental end points at any concentration tested, the PCL pellets were acutely toxic above 1 pellet/mL. The aqueous leachates of the PCL pellets demonstrated similar toxicity. Methanolic extracts from the PCL pellets were assayed for their bioactivity using the Attagene FACTORIAL platform. Of the 69 measured end points, the extracts activated nuclear receptors and transcription factors for xenobiotic metabolism (pregnane X receptor, PXR), lipid metabolism (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ), and oxidative stress (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, NRF2). By nontargeted high-resolution comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC-HRT), we tentatively identified several compounds in the methanolic extracts, including PCL oligomers, a phenolic antioxidant, and residues of suspected antihydrolysis and cross-linking additives. In a follow-up zebrafish embryo bioassay, because of its stated high purity, biomedical grade PCL was tested to mitigate any confounding effects due to chemical additives in the PCL pellets; it elicited comparable acute toxicity. From these orthogonal and complementary experiments, we suggest that the toxicity was due to oligomers and nanoplastics released from the PCL rather than chemical additives. These results challenge the perceived and assumed inertness of plastics and highlight their multiple sources of toxicity.

Polyphenols and Phenolic Glucosides in Antibacterial Twig Extracts of Naturally Occurring Salix myrsinifolia (Salisb.), S. phylicifolia (L.) and S. starkeana (Willd.) and the Cultivated Hybrid S. x pendulina (Wender.)

(1) Background: Salix species occurring in Finland have not been well studied for their antimicrobial potential, despite their frequent use for lung and stomach problems in traditional medicine. Thus, twig extracts of three species of Salix that are found naturally in Finland and one cultivated species were screened for their antimicrobial properties against human pathogenic bacteria. S. starkeana and S. x pendulina were screened for antibacterial effects for the first time. (2) Methods: An agar diffusion and a microplate method were used for the screenings. Time-kill effects were measured using a plate-count and a microplate method. A DPPH-method using a qualitative TLC-analysis was used to detect antioxidant compounds in antimicrobial extracts. Metabolites from a S. myrsinifolia extract showing good antibacterial effects were identified using UPLC/QTOF-MS. (3) Results: A methanol extract of S. starkeana was particularly active against B. cereus (MIC 625 µg/mL), and a methanol extract of S. myrsinifolia showed good activity against S. aureus and B. cereus (MIC 1250 µg/mL) and showed bactericidal effects during a 24 h incubation of B. cereus. Moreover, a decoction of S. myrsinifolia resulted in good growth inhibition against P. aeruginosa. Our UPLC/QTOF-MS results indicated that proanthocyanidins (PAs), and especially the dimer procyanidin B1 (m/z 577) and other procyanidin derivatives, including highly polymerized proanthocyanidins, were abundant in S. myrsinifolia methanol extracts. Procyanidin B1 and its monomer catechin, as well as taxifolin and p-hydroxycinnamic acid, all present in S. myrsinifolia twigs, effectively inhibited B. cereus (MIC 250 µg/mL). (4) Conclusions: This study indicates that Finnish Salix species contain an abundance of antibacterial condensed tannins, phenolic acids and other polyphenols that deserve further research for the antibacterial mechanisms of action.

Adaptive mode decomposition method based on fault feature orientation and its application to compound fault diagnosis of planetary gearboxes

Abstract Planetary gearboxes often experience multiple component failures during service, which can accelerate the degradation and failure of industrial equipment. Accurate separation and identification of multiple faults is an important means of ensuring the safe and stable operation of equipment. However, different faults can interact with each other, along with the influence of background noise, making it challenging to accurately extract faults with relatively weak energy among multiple faults. This difficulty leads to the problems of potential misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. To address this issue, an adaptive mode decomposition method based on fault feature orientation (AMD-FF) is proposed in this paper. Initially, a fault impact indicator (FII) is constructed based on period-weighted kurtosis of envelope spectral and correlated combination negentropy to effectively characterize the impulsiveness and periodicity of fault features. Furthermore, with the objective of maximizing the FII, an adaptive decomposition of the original signal is designed based on blind convolution theory using a finite-impulse response filter group. Subsequently, a variable weight particle swarm optimization is employed to adaptively optimize the key decomposition parameters. Finally, the data of industrial-grade planetary gear transmission test rig are collected to validate the proposed method for compound fault diagnosis of planetary gearboxes. The results indicate that the AFMD-FF can effectively separate and extract compound faults in planetary gearboxes, demonstrating superior fault separation and diagnostic performance compared to the fault mode decomposition (FMD) and adaptive FMD. This method offers a novel approach to diagnosing compound faults in rotating equipment in industrial scenarios.

PHENOLIC AND ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE: FTIR AND LC-MS ANALYSES OF SERAPIAS ORIENTALIS

Objective: The objective of this study is to characterize the aerial parts of S. orientalis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of seeds, stems, and flowers, and conduct quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds using LC-MS/MS. Material and Method: Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to characterize the aerial parts of S. orientalis. The analysis focused on identifying various functional groups such as -OH vibrations associated with polysaccharides, C-H vibrations from lipids and lignin compounds, and C=O vibrations related to cellulose derivatives. The total phenolic, flavonoid, flavanol, tannin, and proanthocyanidin contents of S. orientalis seeds, stems, and flowers were evaluated using standard analytical methods. DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined to assess antioxidant potential, with IC50 values calculated for each plant part. Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in the plant extract was conducted using LC-MS/MS. The abundance of various phenolic acids including P-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and vanillic acid was determined. Additionally, other phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, (+) taxifolin, rutin hydrate, ellagic acid, quercetin dihydrate, and apigenin were also detected and quantified. Result and Discussion: The evaluation of phenolic content showed differences among different plant parts, with flowers exhibiting the highest total phenolic and proanthocyanidin content. Seeds demonstrated superior DPPH radical scavenging activity. Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds using LC-MS/MS highlighted the abundance of various phenolic acids and other phenolic compounds in S. orientalis. These findings underscore the potential of S. orientalis as a valuable source of natural antioxidants. Overall, the results suggest that S. orientalis possesses significant phenolic diversity and antioxidant activity, which could contribute to its potential applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.

Potato Berries as a Valuable Source of Compounds Potentially Applicable in Crop Protection and Pharmaceutical Sectors: A Review.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a major agricultural crop cultivated worldwide. To meet market demand, breeding programs focus on enhancing important agricultural traits such as disease resistance and improvement of tuber palatability. However, while potato tubers get a lot of attention from research, potato berries are mostly overlooked due to their level of toxicity and lack of usefulness for the food production sector. Generally, they remain unused in the production fields after harvesting the tuber. These berries are toxic due to high levels of glycoalkaloids, which might confer some interesting bioactivities. Berries of various solanaceous species contain bioactive secondary metabolites, suggesting that potato berries might contain similarly valuable metabolites. Therefore, possible applications of potato berries, e.g., in the protection of plants against pests and pathogens, as well as the medical exploitation of their anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antifungal properties, are plausible. The presence of valuable compounds in potato berries could also contribute to the bioeconomy by providing a novel use for otherwise discarded agricultural side streams. Here we review the potential use of these berries for the extraction of compounds that can be exploited to produce pharmaceuticals and plant protection products.

The Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Bioactive Compounds from Flourensia cernua and Jatropha dioica and the Evaluation of Their Functional Properties

The Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Bioactive Compounds from Flourensia cernua and Jatropha dioica and the Evaluation of Their Functional Properties

Profiling the volatile compounds of Peganum harmala L. Based on multiple sample preparation coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and explored its antidepressants-like activity

Peganum harmala L., a traditional medicinal plant in China, is renowned for its significant alkaloid content in seeds and roots exhibiting a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antidepressant, antiseptic, and antiviral. However, the volatile composition of the herb remained unclear. Apart from that, the extraction of volatile compounds through essential oil presents challenges due to the low yield and the degradation of volatile active compounds at high temperatures. This study used multiple sample preparation methods including headspace (HS), needle trap device (NTD), and liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyze the volatile compounds from the areal part of P. harmala L.. A total of 93 compounds were identified with NTD facilitating the first detection of harmine among the volatile organic compounds. Through network pharmacology and protein interaction analysis, the compounds’ potential therapeutic targets of the compounds were explored, and 23 key targets were obtained (AKT1, ALB, PTGS2, MAOA, etc). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated significant involvement in neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions and serotonergic synapses. The results enhanced the understanding of P. harmala’s pharmacological mechanisms and supported its ethnopharmacological use.

Determination of 2-MIB and rancid-related volatile lipid oxidation products in hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus) with an automated HS-SPME-GC–MS-QTOF-arrow technique

A headspace solid–phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with quadrupole time-of-flight (GC/MS-QTOF) was developed for analysis of volatile off-odor compounds, i.e., earthy/musty (2-methylisoborneol, 2-MIB) and rancid (aldehydes and alcohols), from farmed hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus). The most efficient extraction of targeted volatiles was provided by 50 min at 70 °C with a CWR-PDMS fiber and 3 g of fish diluted to 5 mL with 1.5 g NaCl (30 % saturated NaCl). The maximum time-delay before extraction was 8 h to avoid spoilage and lipid oxidation during analysis. The final method showed good linearity, intraday repeatability of 5–9 %, interday reproducibility of 5–12 % and recoveries of 94–112 %. The implementation part proved that the developed method gave accurate quantitative results for oxidation-derived volatiles, several with high correlation to thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Altogether, our study provided an effective SPME-GC–MS method for the extraction and analysis of important off-odor compounds in catfish mince.

A study on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the Artemisia vulgaris L. extract and its fractions

Ethnopharmacological relevanceVietnamese people use mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) to treat arthritis and gout. Our previous research shows that mugwort contains flavonoids, and its extract possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. However, no publications have been on the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of mugwort and acute anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Aim of the studyThe study aimed to verify the antioxidant, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory capabilities of mugwort extract in vitro and in vivo, isolate phyto-compounds from potential bioactive fractions, and then evaluate their potential in inhibiting xanthine oxidase. MethodsAccording to established methods, the extract and the active flavonoids were obtained using different chromatographic techniques. DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, and H2O2 elimination were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. The model of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells was used to measure the inhibition of NO production. The carrageenan-induced paw oedema model was used to assess acute inflammation in mice. In vitro, xanthine oxidase inhibition assay was applied to investigate the effects of extract/compounds on uric acid production. Chemical structures were identified by spectral analysis. ResultsThe assessment of the acute inflammatory model in mice revealed that both the 96% ethanol and the 50% ethanol extracts significantly decreased oedema in the mice's feet following carrageenan-induced inflammation. 96% ethanol extract exhibited a better reduction in oedema at the low dose. The analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids. Additionally, this fraction demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in various assays, such as DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, and H2O2 removal. Furthermore, it displayed the most potent inhibition of xanthine oxidase, an anti-inflammatory activity. Five phytochemicals were isolated and determined from the active fraction such as luteolin (1), rutin (2), apigenin (3), myricetin (4), and quercetin (5). Except for rutin, the other compounds demonstrated the ability to inhibit effective xanthine oxidase compared to standard (allopurinol). Moreover, quercetin (5) inhibited NO production (IC50 21.87 μM). ConclusionThe results indicate that extracts from A. vulgaris effectively suppressed the activity of xanthine oxidase and exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, potentially leading to a reduction in the production of uric acid in the body and eliminating ROS. The study identified mugwort extract and bioactive compounds derived from Artemisia vulgaris, specifically luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin, as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors. These findings suggest that further development of these compounds is warranted. At the same time, the above results also strengthen the use of mugwort to treat gout disease in Vietnam.

Chemical Composition of Volatile and Extractive Organic Compounds in the Inflorescence Litter of Five Species of Woody Plants

The decomposition of plant litter, most of which is found in forests, is an important element of the global carbon cycle, as a result of which carbon enters the atmosphere in the form of not only CO2 but also volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Although the formation of litter is associated with autumn cooling, in the spring, there is a very intense fall of faded inflorescences of woody plants. This study examined the chemical composition of the litter and VOCs emitted from decaying inflorescences of four species of forest-forming trees: silver birch, European hornbeam, black alder and aspen. All litter emissions consisted of 291 VOCs, mainly terpenes actively participating in atmospheric processes. The detection of a number of typical mushroom metabolites, such as 1-octen-3-ol, known as “mushroom alcohol”, and alkyl sulphides, suggests that inflorescence-derived VOCs are a mixture of components of plant and microbial origin. In methanol extracts of the fallen inflorescences of all types, 263 organic compounds were identified, the majority of which were related to carbohydrates. Their share in the extracts was 72–76%. In general, the composition of the extractive compounds indicates the easy availability of this material for assimilation by various types of destructors.

Effect of Ultrasound and Freeze‐Drying to Enhance the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds in Dragon Fruit Peels and Apply Them in Edible Starch‐Based Films

ABSTRACTIn this study, dragon fruit peels were subjected to different times (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min) of ultrasound pretreatment (4.870 W m−2/25°C) and then freeze‐drying (FD) (−56°C/48 h) to obtain powder particles, which underwent physical–chemical, functional and structural characterisation. Additionally, the extraction of total phenolic compound (TPC) was evaluated through ultrasound‐assisted kinetics and mechanical agitation. Finally, films based on black rice starch were developed with the addition (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5%) of dragon fruit peel powder particles, and their physical, barrier, antioxidant, structural and mechanical properties were evaluated. The results obtained showed that all particles had low water content (4.21%–6.58%) and high solubility (84.62%–88.73%) with a reduction in particle size (23.21–39.32 μm). In the extraction of TPC, the synergistic effect of the tested conditions increased efficiency, reaching 686.66 mg GAE/100 g for pretreated dragon fruit peel powder particles (25 min) in 180 min of extraction. Furthermore, the type ‘A’ crystallinity structure did not change significantly with pretreatment, but there was a reduction in peak area, reflecting on relative crystallinity, with a maximum decrease of 29.04%. The starch‐based films produced with 2.5% dragon fruit peel powder particles showed low solubility (28.72%) and low water vapour permeability (5.03 × 10−8 g mm s−1 m2 Pa), however, they contained higher levels of TPC (31.78 mg GAE/100 g film) and antioxidant activity (8.17 μmol TE/g film) that were easily migrated in aqueous medium. Furthermore, they also presented low values of tensile strength at break (3.41 MPa) and Young's modulus (4.18 MPa), as well as a high value of elongation at break (45.82%). Finally, our results highlight the potential of ultrasound as a pretreatment for FD of dragon fruit peels, paving the way for the development of rice starch‐based food packaging.

A spectrophotometric analysis of extracted water-soluble phenolic metabolites of lichens

Main conclusionRainwater most probably constitutes a relatively effective solvent for lichen substances in nature which have the potential to provide for human and environmental needs in the future.The aims were (i) to test the hypothesis on the potential solubility of lichen phenolic compounds using rainwater under conditions that partly reflect the natural environment and (ii) to propose new and effective methods for the water extraction of lichen substances. The results of spectrophotometric analyses of total phenolic metabolites in rainwater-based extracts from epigeic and epiphytic lichens, employing the Folin–Ciocalteu (F.–C.) method, are presented. The water solvent was tested at three pH levels: natural, 3, and 9. Extraction methods were undertaken from two perspectives: the partial imitation of natural environmental conditions and the potential use of extraction for economic purposes. From an ecological perspective, room-temperature water extraction (‘cold’ method) was used for 10-, 60-, and 120-min extraction periods. A variant of water extraction at analogous time intervals was an ‘insolation’ with a 100W light bulb to simulate the heat energy of the sun. For economic purposes, the water extraction method used the Soxhlet apparatus and its modified version, the ‘tea-extraction’ method (‘hot’ ones). The results showed that those extractions without an external heat source were almost ineffective, but insolation over 60- and 120-min periods proved to be more effective. Both tested ‘hot’ methods also proved to be effective, especially the ‘tea-extraction’ one. Generally, an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds in water extracts resulted from an increasing solvent pH. The results show the probable involvement of lichen substances in biogeochemical processes in nature and their promising use for a variety of human necessities.

Optimization of Enzymatic Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Olea europaea Leaves

Nowadays, the circular economy trend drives researchers in the recovery of various bioactive compounds from agri-food by-products. Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) has been shown to be an innovative green technology for the effective extraction of various phytochemicals from agri-food section by-products; therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the application of EAE as green technology to obtain extracts from olive leaves (Olea europaea) for potential industrial production. The used enzymes were Celluclast, Pectinex XXL and Viscozyme L. EAE was conducted under various enzyme dose combinations and an incubation time of 120 min. Obtained extracts were characterized in terms of total polyphenols (TP) and total antioxidant activity (AA). Firstly, the enzyme synergistic effect in the enzymatic extraction of polyphenols was evaluated. TP optimal extraction conditions (468.19 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/L of extract) were achieved after EAE using Pectinex and Viscozyme enzymes (50–50 v/v) and for AA (69.85 AA%). According to the above results, a second experiment investigated the effect of incubation time (min.) and enzyme dose (mL) on the optimal extraction conditions of olive leaves. The final results after optimization were 75% higher than the control sample for the TP content (605.55 mg GAE/L) and 8% higher for the AA (70.14 AA%). These results indicated that EAE is an excellent choice for the green extraction of polyphenols from the olive leaves.

Green extraction of phenolic compounds from the by-product of purple araçá (Psidium myrtoides) with natural deep eutectic solvents assisted by ultrasound: Optimization, comparison, and bioactivity

The recovery of bioactive compounds is a promising approach for obtaining rich extracts from fruit by-products. This study investigated the influence of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) on the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro antidiabetic activity of Psidium myrtoides by-product. Among eight NADES evaluated based on choline chloride, NADES ChCl:Gly (1:2) was selected for its efficiency in extracting total phenolic compounds (TPC) with high antioxidant capacity. The optimized conditions were 61 °C, a solid–liquid ratio of 100 mg 5 mL−1, and a 60-minute extraction time. ChCl:Gly exhibited superior TPC recovery (2.6-fold greater effectiveness) compared to the 60 % hydroethanolic solution. Twenty-six phenolic compounds were identified, including significant levels of catechin (336.48 mg g−1) and isoquercetin (26.09 mg g−1). Phenolic acids, such as p-anisic acid (5.47 mg g−1) and methoxyphenylacetic acid (0.23 mg g−1), were identified for the first time in the purple araçá by-product. The ChCl:Gly extract demonstrated the highest bioactivity, showcasing antioxidant and antidiabetic capacities. This study introduces an innovative and sustainable alternative for recovering phenolic compounds from fruit by-products, offering enhanced recovery efficiency and/or selectivity compared to organic solvents.

Phenolic compound derived from Enteromorpha intestinalis and their bioactivity against bacterial pathogens

The purpose of the study was to assess a phenolic compound that was extracted from the brown seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linn.), Nees (1820) for its antibacterial activities on different bacterial pathogens of fish illnesses. Hexane and methanol were utilized to extract bioactive compounds from the seaweed. Phytochemical analysis of the methnaolic extracts have revealed the presence of carbohydrates and glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, fixed oil and fat, phenol compounds, tannins, and steroids. The bacterial pathogens of fish, including Providencia vermicola, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio harveyi, and Aeromonas caviae, were targeted for antibacterial assessment. Among them, the methanolic crude extract and fraction-1 of E. intestinalis have shown maximum activity against A. hydrophila (22 ± 0.13 and 33 ± 0.56 µg/mL). Column chromatography was employed to isolate effective seaweed fraction, while FT-IR and HPLC were utilized for characterization. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of various compounds in both extracts. The crude methanolic extract of E. intestinalis have demonstrated the maximum efficacy beside the tested bacterial pathogens. The FT-IR analysis revealed functional groups associated with polymeric structures in the seaweed extracts, including alcohols, phenols, aromatics, alkyl halides, aliphatic amines, alkynes, and alkenes. Overall, the methanolic extract of E. intestinalis exhibited significant antibacterial activity as a result of the phenolic chemicals that are present. The study provides valuable baseline data, emphasizing the need for further research towards developing antibacterial drug formulations.