Extraction Ratio Research Articles

Laser-engraved holograms as entropy source for random number generators

Our study introduces a novel approach to true random number generation (TRNG) using speckle patterns generated by laser-engraved holograms on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite substrates. Unlike previous methods, our approach simplifies the process by generating the necessary image dataset from a single microscope image of the engraved hologram. We achieve a high extraction ratio of 76 %, demonstrating the effectiveness of our TRNG. Moreover, our method successfully passes rigorous statistical tests proposed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), indicating its suitability for cryptographic and secure system applications. This work offers promising implications for enhancing security in various domains, from secure communication networks to IoT devices.

Unveiling the antimicrobial potentials of Sphagneticola trilobata: an integrated experimental and computer aided investigation

Although in the last three decades pharmaceutical industries invented good number of new drugs, resistance to antimicrobials is still prevailing due to the remarkable genetic plasticity of the microbes and drugs. In this present study, we have shown, Sphagneticola trilobata exhibited maximum zone of inhibition (20.5 ± 0.5 mm) and (20.166 ± 0.763 mm) against Streptococcus constellatus and Proteus sp. (in the case of human pathogenic bacteria) respectively and (27 ± 1mm) and (22.166 ± 0.763 mm) against Staphylococcus sciuri and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (in the case of human and animal pathogenic bacteria) respectively which were even greater than the zone of inhibition of the control. Additionally the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio of the plant extract was 2 or less (bactericidal) against all the tested bacterial strains. Moreover, the molecular docking studies of the compound list obtained from the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis against Phosphoolipase C showed binding energy of −8.3Kcal/mol, −7.7Kcal/mol, and −7.5Kcal/mol respectively for CID-5318517, CID-6432640 and CID-6452077 compounds whereas sensor domain of Vbrk showed docking energy of −6.1Kcal/mol, −6.1Kcal/mol, and −6.4 Kcal/mol for CID-5318517, CID-6452077, and CID-13304974 respectively. Moreover, the CID-5318517, CID-11976203, CID-12313020 complexes exhibited the binding energy −6.7Kcal/mol, −6.1Kcal/mol, and −6.8Kcal/mol respectively while interacting with Sortase A protein. The pharmacological and bioactivity profiling showed no carcinogenic and toxic profiles along with more favourable drug properties. Our data showed the molecular geometries of the short listed compounds which proved their good molecular geometry towards the active sites of the microbial targets in DFT calculation and strong binding patterns for the docked complexes in multiple dynamics thresholds. However, these need to be further checked and additional experimental validations are required.

The experimental substantiation of the main parameters of the extraction of gaillardia herb (Gaillardia pulchella L.)

In the structure of the pharmaceutical market, the share of drugs based on the medicinal plant raw material (MPRM) is growing. Therefore, it is relevant to create a standardized domestic substance of natural origin – a liquid extract of gaillardia herb (Gaillardia pulchela L.) and develop new medicines based on it. Aim. To obtain a liquid extract by experimentally substantiating the main parameters of gaillardia herb extraction. Materials and methods. The study object was the raw material of gaillardia herb collected in the flowering phase at the Botanical Garden of the Poltava National Pedagogical University named after V. G. Korolenko (Poltava) in July and August 2022-2023, dried by the air-shade method and crushed by the rolling method. The crushed raw material was sifted through a sieve with a hole size of 10 mm. The millet was used for further research. The study of pharmaco-technological indicators was carried out according to the standard methods of the SPhU. Results and discussion. Since the complex of active substances of gaillardia herb was mainly represented by water-soluble BAS, it was necessary to choose a solvent that would remove this group of substances from the raw material as completely as possible. The experimental data obtained show that the ability to extract the BAS complex from gaillardia herb is preferred by purified water, which provides the maximum yield of extractive substances. The next stage of our research was to study the determination of the multiplicity of extraction, based on the determination of the maximum yield of extractive substances. Each of the extracts was selected fractionally with a step of DER 1:1 (drug extract ratio – the ratio of the starting material to the resulting extract). According to the data obtained, the amount of extractives passing during the extraction into the hood increases gradually up to 5 samples. Analyzing extracts from 6 to 10, it can be seen that the amount of extractives and a dry residue varies slightly; percolation with the extraction of more than 5 will lead to an increase in the consumption of the extractant and a decrease in the yield of active substances for the entire volume of the extractant. Conclusions. Based on the results of the studies conducted, the technological parameters of gaillardia herb have been determined (the volume mass – 0.453 ± 0.016 g/cm3; the bulk mass – 0.071 ± 0.001 g/cm3, the specific gravity – 1.214 ± 0.032 g/cm3, the water absorption coefficient – 1.68 ± 0.08). It has been experimentally proven that when extracting with purified water, the maximum yield of extractive substances is observed in the second volume, the yield of extractive substances is smooth, without sharp fluctuations in concentrations (in contrast to 40 and 70% ethanol). Therefore, the studies have determined an effective extractant for obtaining the extract, namely purified water. As a result of the pharmaco-technological tests conducted, the effective multiplicity of gaillardia herb extraction has been determined, which is equal to 5. The data will be taken into account when developing the technology of a liquid extract from gaillardia herb and choosing equipment for its production.

Green Synthesis of Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Antibacterial Performance

This study uses a novel method in which extracts from different parts of a single plant are used to synthesize well-defined silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to address the lack of capping agents in certain plant extracts. We focused on synthesizing AgNPs with enhanced biomedical activity using aqueous leaves and fruit extracts of Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell, a plant native to northern Australia that is known for its high phenolic content and associated health benefits. The impact of using parameters such as the Ag+ ion-to-extract ratio and pH on AgNP synthesis was examined. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed using UV–visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The AgNPs synthesized at a pH of 8 and 1:25 Ag+/extract ratio exhibited the lowest particle size and polydispersity index. The AgNPs synthesized with leaf extract (AgKL) were monodisperse and exhibited a smaller hydrodynamic diameter (37 nm) compared to the fruit extract nanoparticles (AgKP), which were polydisperse and larger (147 nm). Phytochemicals in T. ferdinandiana aqueous leaf extract act as effective capping and stabilizing agents, enabling the synthesis of small-sized and homogenous AgNPs, which the fruit extract alone could not achieve. The in vitro bioactivity was evaluated using antioxidant and antibacterial assays and compared with the crude extract. Both the AgNPs and T. ferdinandiana extracts demonstrated strong 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. However, only AgKL showed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria based on minimum inhibitory and bactericidal results. Mixing 50% leaf extract with fruit extract resulted in well-stabilized NPs (AgKPL) with a hydrodynamic diameter of 33.4 nm and superior antibacterial properties. These results indicate that AgKL and AgKPL have significant potential for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

Research on the Optimization and Development of Low Carbon Energy Economy from the Perspective of Water Conservancy Engineering

In order to explore the optimal development path of low-carbon energy economy in universities, this paper proposes a new method based on complex network theory to describe the global evolution and transformation characteristics of multivariate time series correlation patterns. In order to more intuitively see the impact of product extraction inputs as endogenous factors on economic growth, this article explores the relationship between economic growth and product extraction inputs by constructing a Hamiltonian function and using optimization methods. When considering whether the extraction input share of products with different extraction ratios is different, this article found the relationship between the total extraction input of products with different extraction ratios and the input share of green and low-carbon products, and analyzed consumers' preferences; Extractive investment of products under budget constraints and policy constraints. In addition, this article uses the dynamic equation of household utility function and environmental quality to prove that the extractive input of products not only promotes carbon reduction, but also has a positive effect on promoting economic growth. The simulation results show that the low-carbon economic development model based on energy efficiency proposed in this paper can effectively improve the development path of low-carbon energy economy.

Establishing a UG2 Pillar Strength Formula in South African Platinum Mines

In this study, the peak strength of chromitite pillars in South African platinum mines is re-examined by comparing laboratory tests to the Upper Group 2 (UG2) PlatMine pillar strength formula and underground measurements. The laboratory results were stronger than the underground measurements and the strength predicted by the PlatMine formula. The rock mass strength in the PlatMine formula (‘k-value’) was about 70% of the laboratory tests performed on a 50 mm diameter sample. This finding agrees with other researchers who have compared the rock mass strength to laboratory-determined uniaxial compressive strengths. The laboratory tests, underground measurements, and the PlatMine formula all show that the pillars are significantly stronger than traditionally accepted. This finding can help the UG2 mining industry to improve extraction ratios significantly by adopting the PlatMine formula, particularly at deeper levels where bord-and-pillar workings are used. The results presented in this paper will achieve significant revenue creation in the mine where the underground measurements were made.

Preparation of polyacylated anthocyanins of red radish and enhancing its stability and bioaccessibility through encapsulating within double-coated yeast glucan particles

Abstract Although the anthocyanins of red radishes (ARR) rich in polyacylated pelargonidin glucosides are used as commercial food pigment, they are unstable. We found that the anthocyanin purity of the crude ARR extract can be rapidly increased by 5 times using D101 macroporous resin (mass ratio of extract:resin = 1:2.2). Capsule constructed by chitosan (CTS), pectin (PT) and yeast glucan particles (YGP) presented a high efficiency to encapsulate ARR. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis verified that polyacylated pelargonidin glucosides in ARR were packed into the capsule. Microstructure observation and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy further confirmed the encapsulated structure. Co-encapsulation of CTS, PT and YGP showed effective protection for ARR against heat, oxygen, ascorbic acid, and physiological pH. This encapsulation also significantly improved the gastric and intestinal bioaccessibilities of ARR. These results suggested that the triplex-coated YGPs might be a promising strategy to protect and deliver polyacylated anthocyanin.

Complementarity and competitive trade-offs enhance forage productivity, nutritive balance, land and water use, and economics in legume-grass intercropping

Legume-grass intercropping is proposed as a globally sustainable approach to enhance forage crop productivity and quality while supporting agropastoral ecosystem functioning. However, the mechanism involved in interspecific complementarity and competition driven forage productivity, quality, resource utilization, and economic benefits across different proportions of intercrops remains unclear, particularly under interannual climate variability. To address this, a 3-year field experiment was conducted in the agropastoral area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) to assess the effects of different legume proportions (five legume-grass intercropping and their respective monocultures) and growing seasons on the productive, biological and economic viability. The results showed that legume proportions of 40 % and 50 % achieved the highest forage yield, system productivity (SP), water use efficiency (WUE), land equivalent ratio (LER), net profit (NP), return on investment (ROI), biodiversity effect (NE), and complementarity effect (CE) compared to other intercropping and monocultures (P < 0.05). As the legume proportion increased, yield stability, selection effect, crude protein (CP) and ash contents, grass aggressivity and competitive ratio significantly increased (P < 0.05), while ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), gross energy (GE), legume aggressivity and competitive ratio significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Additionally, the lowest forage yield, SP, NP, ROI, CP, EE, NFE, GE, and the highest WUE, LER, NE, CE, CF and ash contents were observed during the dry season (P < 0.05). Overall, our results suggested that the optimal legume proportions of 40–50 % increased forage productivity, land and water use efficiency, and economic benefits in intercropping system by improving complementarity and competitive trade-offs, which helps the intercropping systems better adapt to climatic droughts in the semiarid regions of the QTP.

PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF GEL CONTAINING NANOPHYTO-PHOSPHOLIPID COMPLEX OF KOPASANDA LEAF EXTRACT (CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (L.) R. M. KING AND H. ROB)

Objective: This study aims to prepare, characterize, and in vitro evaluation of the gel containing nanophyto-phospholipid complex of kopasanda leaf extract. Methods: Kopasanda dried leaf was extracted by extraction reflux method, followed by total phenolic content of extract measurement using Spectrophotometry UV-Vis method. The nanophyto-phospholipid complex was prepared using an antisolvent evaporation method with various ratios between extract and phospholipid of 1:1; 1:2; 1:3. The optimum ratio was evaluated by entrapment efficiency (%). The nanophyto-phospholipid complex formation was characterized by polydispersity index, particle size, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR), and the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) method. The optimum nanophyto-phospholipid complex was formulated into gel preparation. The in vitro permeation study was performed to discover the influence of gel containing nanophyto-phospholipid complex compared with gel-containing extract without the nanophyto-phospholipid complex formation. Results: Thetotal phenolic content of kopasanda leaf extract was 117.214±3.054 mg/GAE. The optimum ratio of kopasanda leaf extract and phospholipid was 1: 2 with entrapment efficiency (%), particle size, and polydispersity index equal to 99.897±0.001%, 130.1 nm and 0.394. The morphology of the nanophyto-phospholipid complex was spherical and the complex formation was confirmed by the FTIR spectrum. The permeation test showed that the gel containing nanophyto-phospholipid complex had better diffusion than the gel without the nanophyto-phospholipid complex formation. Conclusion: The gel containing nanophyto-phospholipid complex formation exhibited the potential drug delivery system to increase the phenolic content permeation of kopasanda leaf extract.

Factors increasing the hydroxycinnamic acids extraction from dandelion roots

Aim – to study the influence of extraction factors on the extraction of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) from dandelion roots. Material and methods. The object of the study was air-dried dandelion roots. The HCAs content was determined using Arnov's reagent by spectrophotometric method according to the pharmacopoeial method. The influence of the nature, volume fraction of organic solvents, composition of extraction mixtures, temperature, duration, extraction frequency, medicinal plant raw material and extractant ratio, and medicinal plant raw material particle size on the HCAs yield from dandelion roots during extraction was established. Methanol, ethanol, propanol-1, propanol-2, acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene glycol-1,2, ethylene glycol, glycerol and their aqueous solutions in volume fractions of 20, 40, 60 and 80 % were used as extractants. A dispersion analysis of the influence of these factors on the yield of HCAs during extraction was performed. Results. Extraction conditions providing the maximum yield of HCAs in comparison with pharmacopoeial and literary methods were experimentally developed. The conditions include: extractant – 60 % propanol-1 or a mixture of 50 % propanol-1 and 10 % acetone; extraction temperature – 80 ˚C; extraction duration – 6 hours; medicinal plant raw material and extractant ratio – 1 to 25; extraction frequency – single and medicinal plant raw material particle size – 500 μm or less. It has been proven that the physicochemical characteristics of the extractants, their volume fractions in solutions and extraction parameters have a statistically significant effect on the yield of HCAs. Conclusions. A statistically significant effect of the studied extraction factors on the yield of HCAs from dandelion roots has been proven. The developed extraction method statistically significantly increases the yield of HCAs by an average of 30% to 2.5 times in comparison with pharmacopoeial and literary extraction methods.

Enhancing the cooling performance of thermocouples: a power-constrained topology optimization procedure

Heat pumping through thermoelectric devices has many advantages over traditional cooling. However, their current efficiency is a limiting factor in their implementation. In this paper, we approach the non-convex topology optimization of thermoelectrical elements for cooling applications through the method of moving asymptotes (MMA) to improve their cooling capabilities per watt usage. The optimization problem is defined for a given power budget, aiming for the minimum temperature with a known heat pumping need. The introduction of power as a constraint justifies the introduction of the voltage gradient across the thermocouple as a design variable to maintain the thermoelectrical device in its optimum power-to-heat extraction ratio. To better understand the convergence of this non-convex problem, we present a two-variable analytical thermoelectric optimization model. This example provides information on how to select the penalty parameters used to scale the three material coefficients involved in the problem to obtain lower objective values and better convergence using MMA. The analytical model shows the non-convexity of the problem and provides the recommendation to use penalization coefficients of the form pk=pσ>pα=1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$p_k=p_{\\sigma }>p_{\\alpha }=1$$\\end{document} for the thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and Seebeck coefficients. We tested these penalization coefficients through optimizations of a model based on the 1MC10-031 commercial thermoelectric-cooler (TEC) using the finite element method (FEM). These penalization coefficients provided local minima without the need for volume constraints. With this procedure, we found designs that provided temperatures close to 10 degrees lower using 60% less semiconductor material volume compared to the initial design.

A New Wax Gourd (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.)‐Assisted Green Synthesis Method of Metal Oxides (TiO2, MgO)

AbstractIn the reaction environment of wax gourd extract, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and magnesium oxide (MgO) were synthesized by microemulsion method. Under atmospheric pressure, the optimum conditions for preparing TiO2 and MgO nanoparticles were investigated at different reaction temperatures and time. The obtained optimal reaction conditions are as follows: when the amount of TiCl3 solution was 70 µL, the mass ratio of wax gourd extract to water was 1:2, the reaction time was 60 min, and the reaction temperature was 35 °C, rod‐like TiO2 particles with the best dispersion and crystallinity were obtained. When the amount of MgCl2 solution was 10 mL, the amount of wax gourd extract was 40 mL, the reaction time was 120 min, and the reaction temperature was 70 °C, the prepared MgO particles exhibited a spindle shape with the best dispersion and crystallinity. Wax gourd‐assisted synthesis of TiO2 and MgO provides not only a new synthesis idea for the preparation of metal oxides, but also a green environmental protection system, which conforms to the concept of sustainable development.

Oxygen extraction–guided transfusion strategy in critically ill patients: study protocol for a randomised, open-labelled, controlled trial

IntroductionIn critically ill patients, individualised strategies for red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) are lacking. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential advantages of employing an individualised transfusion...

The effectiveness of microwave heating as an ISRU extraction technique on different arrangements of icy lunar regolith.

The lunar poles potentially contain vast quantities of water ice. The water ice is of interest due to its capability to answer scientific questions regarding the Solar System’s water reservoir and its potential as a usable space resource for the creation of a sustainable cislunar economy. The lunar polar water ice exists in extremely harsh conditions under vacuum at temperatures as low as 40 K. Therefore, finding the most effective technique for extracting this water ice is an important aspect of ascertaining the suitability of lunar water as an economically viable space resource. Based on previous work, this study investigates the impact of the different possible arrangements of icy regolith in the lunar polar environment on the suitability of microwave heating as a water extraction technique. Three arrangements of icy regolith analogues were created: permafrost, fine granular, and coarse granular. The samples were created to a mass of 40 g, using the lunar highlands simulant LHS-1, and a target water content of 5 wt. %. The samples were processed in a microwave heating unit using 250 W, 2.45 GHz microwave energy for 60 min. The quantity of water extracted was determined by measuring the sample mass change in real-time during microwave heating and the sample mass before and after heating. The permafrost, fine granular, and coarse granular samples had extraction ratios of 92 %, 83 %, and 97 %, respectively. Possible explanations for the observed variations seen in the mass loss profiles of the respective samples are provided, including explanations for the differences between samples of varying ice morphology (permafrost and granular) and the differences between samples with varying ice surface areas (fine and coarse granular). While differences were observed, microwave heating effectively extracted water in all the samples and remains an effective ISRU technique for extracting water from icy lunar regolith. Differences in the water extraction of different icy regolith could be useful in determining the arrangement of ice in buried samples.

Development of a complex antioxidant for stabilization of dressing enriched with omega-3 fatty acids

The solution to the problem of developing a complex antioxidant for the oxidative stabilization of emulsion systems with a high content of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is considered. The object of the study is the oxidative stabilization of dressing using a complex antioxidant of plant origin. The ratio of ω-3:ω-6 PUFAs in model samples of the emulsion system was 1:5.46 and 1:2.21. The reasonable range of antioxidant ratios in the complex was substantiated. The ratio of tocopherol extract, garlic and laurel essential oils in the complex antioxidant is 1:1:1, respectively. Over 30 days of storage of the emulsion system model samples stabilized with a complex antioxidant, there is a gradual accumulation of organic acids (from 0.73 % to 0.75 %). The content of primary oxidation products increases for sample No. 2 – from 0.7 to 1.9 mmol ½ O2/kg, for sample No. 3 – from 0.4 to 1.2 mmol ½ O2/kg. The obtained values of physicochemical parameters meet the requirements of regulatory documentation (DSTU 4561). The peculiarity of the obtained results is that the complex antioxidant showed a significant increase in the stability of the emulsion system of high nutritional value, in particular, slowed down the accumulation of organic acids and peroxides. From a practical point of view, the development can effectively stabilize food emulsion systems with a high content of oxidation-labile PUFAs. An applied aspect of the obtained scientific result is the possibility of modeling and developing new formulations of emulsion and individual fat systems with high nutritional value, containing high PUFA concentrations

Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Subcutaneous Omeprazole in Sheep and Goats.

Abomasal ulcers are a challenge in animal farming, affecting health, welfare, and productivity. Omeprazole's (OPZ) efficacy in treating these ulcers is known, but data on its pharmacokinetics (PK) in adult goats and sheep are lacking. The purpose of this research was to investigate and contrast OPZ's PK in these animals following a single intravenous (IV, 1 mg/kg) and subcutaneous (SC, 2 mg/kg) doses. Sheep and goats had similar exposure levels for all administration routes, with no significant AUC(0-∞)D variations. Half-life was short in both species (sheep: 0.20 h; goats: 0.31 h). Goats had a higher volume of distribution after IV administration. Clearance was rapid, and extraction ratio values were high for both goats and sheep (43% and 30%, respectively). SC administration showed similarities in Cmax and Tmax values between species. Both goats and sheep had high bioavailability (about 80%) levels and comparable mean absorption times (MAT). Despite some PK parameters' variances, systemic exposure to OPZ is similar in sheep and goats. SC administration's high bioavailability suggests it as a convenient field application route. Further investigations are needed to understand OPZ's effectiveness in small ruminants with abomasal ulcers and improve dosing regimens for clinical use.

Hylopoly-Bag: Environmentally Friendly Bioplastic Innovation Made from Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polarizes) Peel Waste to Support Golden Indonesia 2045

Hylopoly-bag is a bioplastic bag from red dragon fruit (H. polyrhizus) skin waste. This research aims to discuss 2 things, namely the quality of hylopoly-bags and the realization of hylopoly-bags in supporting Golden Indonesia 2045. Experimental research uses descriptive quantitative methods. The independent variable is a ratio of dragon fruit peel extract and polyvinyl acetate of 2:1, 4:1, and 6:1, with the final quality of hylopoly-bag as the dependent variable. The analysis technique includes 6 methods: hylopoly-bag chemical content test, functional groups, permeability, elasticity, biodegradation rate, and SWOT. The results of the hylopoly-bag cellulose content were 6.32% and the functional groups consisted of C, H, and N. The analysis concluded that after the 28th day, the hylopoly bag had degraded the most, reaching 92 and 8% of the total initial weight of 7 grams. Hylopoly-bag has a water absorption capacity of up to 17% for 10 minutes and the average elasticity of hylopoly-bag is 4.65 x 104 N/m2. Hylopoly-bag can support Golden Indonesia 2045, especially the sub-pillars of scientific contribution and commitment to the environment.

Moringa Oleifera leaf-based zinc oxide nanoparticles: Green synthesis, characterization, and their antibacterial investigations

In the current study, an extract from Moringa Oleifera (MO) leaves was utilized for synthesis nanoparticles (ZnO) in an easy-to-use and ecologically friendly manner. Different ratios of MO leaf extraction (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, and 1:7, 1:9) were used to synthesize the nanostructured ZnO. The synthesized ZnO NPs were examined using an array of analytical methods, including energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, and antibacterial investigations. The synthesized MOL: ZnO NPs confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure, as demonstrated by XRD analysis. FT-IR demonstrated that the presence of distinct functional groups was required for the reduction of the metal ion into MOL: ZnO NPs. High purity and crystalline EDX has been used to identify the intense and narrow measurements of the zinc and oxygen found in the MOL: ZnO NPs. After being examined for antibacterial activity, the produced MOL: ZnO NPs showed the highest zones of inhibition against both gram negative Pseudomonas and gram positive Bacillus. The results show that ZnO-based NPs aided by leaf extract of Moringa Oleifera are the promising materials for a variety of applications such as food package applications and advanced forensic applications.

Green and efficient extraction of an anticaner agent N-methylsansalvamide using ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents from mycelia of strain Frusarium sp. R1

N-methylsansalvamide (SA), one of cyclic pentadepsipeptides produced by several Fusarium strains, is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer disease. In order to make sufficient amount of SA for drug development, a green and efficient extraction process of SA from the mycelia of strain Fusarium sp. R1 using deep eutectic solvent-assisted ultrasound extraction (DES-UAE) was firstly achieved in this work. Solvent screening results indicated that choline chloride-acetic acid (ChCl-Aa) was shown to be the best DES for SA extraction. Through single-factor trials, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and BoxBehnken design (BBD) experiments, the optimal conditions for DES-UAE with the highest SA yield of 58.2 ± 1.1 mg/g were obtained as follows: ChCl-Aa ratio of 1:2.0 (M/M), water content of 16.4 %, liquid-solid ratio of 37:1 (mL/g), ultrasonic power of 175 W for 47.4 min at 46.3 °C. Compared to conventional extraction approaches, DES-UAE exhibited better SA yield since it caused more serious damage to the surface of mycelia powder on basis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Furthermore, molecular interaction studies suggested that SA has a variety of interactions with ChCl-Aa, including hydrogen and electrovalent bonds as well as van der Waals forces. Finally, the recovery rate of SA reached up to 99.5 % when the ratio of distilled water and DES extracts was 15:1 (V/V). These findings provide the way for large-scale production of SA.

Exploring the Impact of Temperature and Solvent Ratio on Phenol and Flavonoid Levels in Alpinia galangal L. Extract Using Evaporative Vacuum Cooling

The objective of this research is to determine the impact of temperature gradients and solvent ratios in the evaporative vacuum cooling method on the yield of phenol and flavonoid content in galangal extract; ascertain the impact of these factors on the yield generated by galangal extract; and ascertain the mass balance analysis of materials are the objectives of this study. Throughout the extraction of galangal. The study's findings demonstrated that the evaporative vacuum cooling technique, conducted at 49 ºC and with a 1:1 solvent ratio of 1.4432±0.7317 mg GAE/g, produced the highest total phenol concentration. The three differences in the temperature of the evaporative vacuum produced the total phenol content cooling. The overall phenol content obtained decreases with increasing solvent ratio addition. Although the evaporative vacuum cooling treatment at 45 °C yielded the highest total flavonoid content (1.2418±0.2365 mg QE/g) at a 1:2 solvent ratio, the total flavonoid content varied between the three evaporative vacuum cooling temperature variations. The yield of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds was not significantly affected by temperature gradient adjustments or the ratio of galangal extract to solvent (Sig. &gt; 0.05) in any of the data samples pertaining to phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Keywords: Evaporative vacuum cooling, Flavonoids, Galangal, Phenol.