Extract Oil Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Syzygium jambolanum seeds for In- vitro Antimicrobial Potential against Herbal Drugs Contaminants

The disc diffusion method, MIC and MBC were used to test the antibacterial activity of methanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate extract and essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus leaves, and Syzygium jambolanum seeds against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, which were isolated from herbal medicines. Methanolic extract of Syzygium jambolanum was highly active against Bacillus cereus and E. coli. Chemical analysis was done by GC- MS. All the plant extracts showed different kinds of phytochemicals like terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids etc.

Chemical Characterisation of New Oils Extracted from Cañihua and Tarwi Seeds with Different Organic Solvents.

Vegetable oils are rich in health-beneficial compounds, including fatty acids, phenolic compounds, natural antioxidants, and fat-soluble vitamins. However, oil extraction methods can influence their composition. This study aims to understand the chemical basis for developing a green process to extract oils from two Andean seeds, cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule) and tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis). Ethanol, considered a green solvent, is compared to petroleum ether used at the laboratory level and hexane used at the industrial scale for extracting oils. The extraction efficiency is assessed in terms of yield, fatty acids profile, polar and neutral lipids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. The chemical composition of edible commercial oils, such as sunflower, rapeseed, and olive oils, was used as a reference. Hexane had the highest extraction yield, followed by petroleum ether and ethanol. However, the oils extracted with ethanol having yields of tarwi 15.5% and cañihua 5.8%, w/w showed the significatively superior content of tocopherols (α, γ, and δ); phenolic compounds; and antioxidant capacity. In addition, ethanol-extracted (EE) oils have higher levels of polar lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, than those extracted with the other solvents. Remarkably, EE oils presented comparable or slightly higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids than those extracted with hexane. Finally, compared to the commercial oils, tarwi and cañihua EE oils showed lower but acceptable levels of oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids and a wider variety of fatty acids (10 and 13, respectively). The composition of tarwi and cañahua oils extracted with ethanol includes compounds associated with nutritional and health benefits, providing a sustainable alternative for oil production.

Metagenome-assembled genomes provide insight into the metabolic potential during early production of Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site 2 in the Delaware Basin.

Demand for natural gas continues to climb in the United States, having reached a record monthly high of 104.9 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) in November 2023. Hydraulic fracturing, a technique used to extract natural gas and oil from deep underground reservoirs, involves injecting large volumes of fluid, proppant, and chemical additives into shale units. This is followed by a "shut-in" period, during which the fracture fluid remains pressurized in the well for several weeks. The microbial processes that occur within the reservoir during this shut-in period are not well understood; yet, these reactions may significantly impact the structural integrity and overall recovery of oil and gas from the well. To shed light on this critical phase, we conducted an analysis of both pre-shut-in material alongside production fluid collected throughout the initial production phase at the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site 2 (HFTS 2) located in the prolific Wolfcamp formation within the Permian Delaware Basin of west Texas, USA. Specifically, we aimed to assess the microbial ecology and functional potential of the microbial community during this crucial time frame. Prior analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing data through the first 35 days of production revealed a strong selection for a Clostridia species corresponding to a significant decrease in microbial diversity. Here, we performed a metagenomic analysis of produced water sampled on Day 33 of production. This analysis yielded three high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), one of which was a Clostridia draft genome closely related to the recently classified Petromonas tenebris. This draft genome likely represents the dominant Clostridia species observed in our 16S rRNA profile. Annotation of the MAGs revealed the presence of genes involved in critical metabolic processes, including thiosulfate reduction, mixed acid fermentation, and biofilm formation. These findings suggest that this microbial community has the potential to contribute to well souring, biocorrosion, and biofouling within the reservoir. Our research provides unique insights into the early stages of production in one of the most prolific unconventional plays in the United States, with important implications for well management and energy recovery.

Soil nutrient prediction for paddy cultivation via soil fertility and pH trained hybrid architecture: Recommendations based on nutrient deficiency

Soil testing can assist in determining how much fertilizer is necessary, as it depends on the fertility and crop of the soil. Through soil fertility and pH-trained hybrid architecture, a new soil nutrient prediction model for paddy agriculture is proposed in this work. First, data acquisition takes place, which is the act of gathering soil data, and it is subsequently preprocessed using the Improved Normalization method. A soil information dataset is employed in this work to help with this. Subsequently, the preprocessed data undergoes data augmentation; the correlation method facilitates an enhanced data augmentation procedure. In this case, the data used for the correlation approach is min-max normalization data. The augmented data is used to extract soil properties such as pH level and soil fertility index. Additionally, a hybrid classifier strategy that combines RNN and Modified LSTM is suggested for nutrient prediction. Lastly, this article suggested some fertilizers for nutritional insufficiency based on the projection. The hybrid prediction classifiers that have been suggested perform better in experiments than the classic classifier models, which include LSTM, RNN, SVM, Bi-GRU, and DNN, in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, FPR, MCC, precision, and efficiency in predicting nutrients. Even though the CNN (0.075), Bi-GRU (0.080), LSTM (0.087), DBN (0.078), Enhanced-1DCNN DLM (0.080), RNN (0.085), and RFA (0.052) obtained maximal FPR ratings, the FPR of the Modified LSTM+RNN scheme is 0.052.

A comparative study of the effect of extracts extracted from Ocimum basilicum leaves using organic extract and essential oil

Background: Medicinal plants that possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties have garnered significant attention for their role in maintaining food quality, improving safety, and impeding spoilage. They also can aid in controlling food contamination risks and augmenting the nutritional value of foods. Objective: The study aimed to obtain botanical extracts possessing antimicrobial capabilities and use them to inhibit the growth of molds and yeasts. Additionally, these extracts are aimed at prolonging product shelf life by harnessing their antioxidant attributes. Methods: Several microorganisms, including E. coli and Pseudomonas, were subjected to testing. Ethanolic alcohol, chloroform, and essential oil extracts were prepared; the tablets were then immersed in these solutions to test their efficacy. Results: The leaf extracts displayed significant antimicrobial efficacy against essential oil extracts with Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens, while the organic extracts, which included ethyl alcohol and chloroform, did not show any inhibitory effects against bacteria. Conclusion: The basil leaf extract demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against microorganisms, particularly in the case of essential oil extracts compared with other methods of extraction. However, Gram-positive bacteria showed a better response for the essential oils method than that of Gram-negative bacteria. Keywords: Ocimum basilicum; basil leaf; Clevenger; chemical active compounds; essential oil; organic extracts

The pyrolytic oil and castor oil methyl ester blend with nano‐additive as fuel in a diesel engine for environmental safety and preservation

AbstractThe increase in the use of plastic products and disposal of the same pose a threat to the world community due to its poor biodegradability. Chemically treating the waste plastic to extract oil and using as the fuel in the form of blends will safeguard the environment. It was observed that viscosity and lubricity of such oils were lower than standard diesel. High Ricinoleic fatty acid ester is added to improve the lubricity of novel pyrolytic blend. Lower blends were prepared for the investigation. Cator ester was added to Pyro‐Diesel along with graphene quantum dot (GQD). The fuel blend is prepared with concentration of 30 ppm GQD nano‐particles. The investigation was made on using CME and PD20 blend. The blend was prepared using Castor oil methyl ester, Pyrolytic oil and nano particle Graphene Quantum Dot (GQD). GQD has extraordinary ecological characteristics such as biocompatibility, large surface area excellent solubility. This combination is a novel work which resulted in reduced emissions. The results reveal that oxides of nitrogen and smoke were increased for all the ternary blends but combustion characteristics improved. The performance of PCD10 (10% CME + 20% Pyro + 70% Diesel) was higher than that of Pyro‐Diesel blend. Hence, ternary blend may be chosen as fuel.

Phytochemical Analysis of Extract and Essential Oil of Echinophora platyloba

Phytochemical Analysis of Extract and Essential Oil of Echinophora platyloba

Antibacterial Activity of the Allium sativum Crude Extract against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Garlic contains various components, such as allicin, ajoenes, and allyl sulfides, which are organosulfur compounds. It exhibits antimicrobial activities in all forms, including garlic powder, garlic extract, and garlic oil. Additionally, it exerts anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal effects. The drastic increase in drug-resistant organisms worldwide, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, has led to treatment failure in various infectious diseases. To overcome this issue, we aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of garlic extract against MRSA and explore its action mechanism against penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in this study. Mueller–Hinton agar was used for the agar well diffusion test. Moreover, bactericidal activity was determined using the Mueller–Hinton agar and spot tests. Molecular docking was performed using AUTODOCK to evaluate the PBP-binding ability of allicin. A wide zone of inhibition was observed for MRSA, and molecular docking revealed a strong interaction between PBP3 of S. aureus and allicin. Overall, our findings revealed the antibacterial activity of garlic extract against MRSA, a prevalent gram-positive coccus causing healthcare-associated infections. In addition to its affordability, the beneficial effects of garlic suggest its therapeutic potential for MRSA treatment in combination with cefoxitin.

Biochemical, functional and antioxidant dynamics potential of higher fungi cultivated on agro-industrial residues. Part I: Cultures on media supplemented with yeast extract, gypsum and commodity vegetable oils

Mushroom cultivation is an implementation of the industrial biotechnology in the valorization of various lignocellulosic materials. In the present study, common lignocellulosic residues (wheat straw - WS and barley and oats straw - BOS) were supplemented with ‘novel’ compounds (sunflower and corn oil, yeast extract and CaSO4⋅2H2O) and their impact on the biochemical properties (composition of intra-cellular polysaccharides - IPSs, proteins, lipids, glucans, tocopherol content, carbohydrates and fatty acids composition), total phenolic compounds (TPCs) and the antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii mushrooms, cultivated in ‘bag-logs’, was evaluated. Results revealed that supplements enhanced IPSs in carposomes cultivated on BOS substrates and the most positive were corn oil 2%, w/w and CaSO4⋅2H2O for P. ostreatus and P. eryngii, respectively (50.86 and 57.65%, w/w). In all treatments, there was a variety in the carbohydrate's composition and a great production of glucans (40.67–62.15%, w/w), especially of the bioactive β-glucans (32.10–61.93%, w/w) in the stipes of both species. Significant protein content was detected in P. ostreatus and P. eryngii carposomes grown on substrates with yeast extract (28.99 and 30.09%, w/w; WS and 29.49 and 24.94%, w/w; BOS). Although mushrooms presented a low lipid content in general, high values of fat content were observed for both species when cultivated on BOS substrate supplemented with sunflower and corn oil (4.54–6.58%, w/w). The nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between the two flushes. The greatest amount of TPCs were detected in supplemented WS (22.31–35.30 mg gallic acid equivalents/g d.w.) and BOS (21.03–41.74 mg gallic acid equivalents/g d.w.) with CaSO4⋅2H2O, in all parts of mushrooms and a strong antioxidant activity and tocopherols production, in all treatments. A higher quantity of lipids, antioxidant activity and reducing power was present in the pilei rather than the stipes, while the latter were richer in IPSs, regardless of the supplement's presence. Therefore, the outlined supplemented substrates could be used to produce mushrooms with high nutritional and medicinal values.

Patchouli essential oil: Unlocking antimicrobial potential for dandruff control

Abstract Dandruff causes the scalp to peel and results in itching, which is caused by one of the fungi, Malassezia globosa. Several studies have revealed that the compounds in essential oils can act as antimicrobials. To broaden insights regarding the potential compounds in essential oils, this research focuses on the potential of patchouli essential oil in inhibiting the growth of dandruff-causing microbes. One of the compounds with antimicrobial potential in patchouli oil is patchouli alcohol. The steam distillation method was used for extraction oil from dried patchouli stems and leaves to produce three different types of oil samples: crude patchouli oil, heavy fraction patchouli oil, and light fraction patchouli oil. Subsequently, the GC-MS analysis was conducted to compare the compound contents in samples. Our results indicate that the three patchouli oil samples have varying patchouli alcohol contents. Crude patchouli oil contains 31.2% patchouli alcohol; heavy fraction patchouli oil contains 61.82% patchouli alcohol, while light fraction patchouli oil contains 23.99% patchouli alcohol. This study demonstrates that heavy fraction patchouli oil has a greater potential as an antimicrobial compared to crude patchouli oil and light fraction patchouli oil.

Physical Appearance of Commercial Herbal Eco-Green Soap Bar Combination of Madeira Vine Leaf Extract and Citronella Oil

Herbal Eco-green soap is made by saponification using cold or hot process soap that reacts the lye with vegetable oil (soap base) and herbal component. Coconut oil is a vegetable oil that gave a nice hardness and foaming to the soap bar. There are two types of coconut oil on the market, namely coconut oil without a filtration process (unrefined) which contain more fatty acid and that has been filtered (refined) which contains less fatty acid. The free fatty acid from vegetable oil that is not saponified would affect the mushy soap and the rancid smell because of any matter that not saponified. The herbal extract added would affect the soap’s organoleptic and homogeneity. In this study, the organoleptic, homogeneity, and foam stability the as physical appearance of the herbal eco-green soap bar was evaluated for the better choice of coconut oil as a base herbal soap. The soap bar made by cold process and there was divided four group formula. Herbal soap with base soap and herbal component combination of madeira vine leaf extract with citronella oil (F1 and F2) and base soap with coconut oil without herbal component (F3 and F4). Formula 1 and 3 using refined coconut oil and F2 and 4 using non refined coconut oil. The study result that the herbais l soap more mushy and looked green than base soap. Herbal soap with non refined coconut oil more homogeneous (F2) and formula 3 was a hardest soap with white colour. All formulas had moderate foam stability.

Formulation of colloidal astringent solution using green tea and neem oil

This thesis explores the formulation of a novel colloidal astringent solution utilizing the synergistic properties of green tea and neem oil in skincare applications. Astringents play a crucial role in skincare, offering benefits such as pore tightening, oil control, and skin texture refinement. Green tea and neem oil, renowned for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, present promising ingredients for enhancing skin health. The study begins with a comprehensive literature review, examining previous research on astringents, green tea, and neem oil. This review elucidates the individual properties and skincare benefits of these ingredients, providing a foundation for their integration into a colloidal solution. Relevant formulation techniques for colloidal solutions and astringents are also reviewed, informing the experimental approach. Experimental design focuses on formulating a colloidal astringent solution using green tea extract and neem oil, with the aim of harnessing their collective potency. Physicochemical properties of the solution, including pH, viscosity, particle size, and stability, are characterized to evaluate its suitability for skincare applications. Stability studies over time provide insights into the shelf-life and efficacy of the formulation. Results demonstrate the successful formulation of a colloidal astringent solution with optimized properties, showcasing the potential synergy between green tea and neem oil. Analysis of experimental findings highlights the formulation's efficacy in addressing common skincare concerns, such as pore refinement, oil control, and inflammation reduction. The study contributes to the growing body of knowledge in natural skincare formulations, offering insights into the development of innovative products that marry tradition with modern science. In conclusion, the formulation of a colloidal astringent solution using green tea and neem oil represents a promising approach to skincare, leveraging the therapeutic benefits of natural ingredients. Future research may explore clinical applications and further optimization of the formulation to maximize its efficacy and safety in diverse skincare routines.

Kinetics and thermodynamic studies on biodiesel synthesis via Soxhlet extraction of Scenedesmus parvus algae oil

In recent times, there has been a notable surge in interest regarding the utilization of microalgae for biodiesel production through wastewater treatment. This can be attributed to the versatile nature of microalgae to thrive in various water systems, including wastewater systems, and their ability to show a high rate of photosynthesis. This research aims to assess the viability of utilizing Scenedesmus parvus microalgae, commonly used in the treatment of wastewater, as a potential source of oil feedstock for biofuel production. To extract oil from microalgae, a Soxhlet extraction technique was employed, using methanol for both extraction and separation processes. The extraction process was carried out under differing experimental conditions, including variable extraction temperatures (40–80 °C), extraction period (3–12 h), and algae to solvent ratios (S/L) (1:05–1:10). The microalgae exhibited a maximum oil yield of about 24% when subjected to the extraction conditions of an 8-hour extraction period, an extraction temperature of 70 °C, and a methanol to algae ratio of 1:10. The extraction process of algae oil using the Soxhlet method was analyzed for its thermodynamic and kinetic properties using a second-order equation and Eyring's theory, respectively. In this process, biodiesel was successfully produced with an efficiency of approximately 92.2 ± 0.8% through an alkaline transesterification reaction. This reaction was conducted at a temperature of 65 °C, using a catalyst concentration of 1 wt% (KOH), with the ratio of algae oil to methanol set at 1:9, for 3 h. The biodiesel obtained from microalgae in this research conformed to the global biodiesel standards, specifically ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. The findings emphasize the viability of Scenedesmus parvus microalgae as a valuable resource for biodiesel production.

The potential of calcium oxide nanocatalyst from chicken eggshells for biodiesel production using chicken fat waste

This research aims to synthesize biodiesel using raw materials from chicken fat waste and a catalyst from eggshells (EGS). The eggshells used as a catalyst were calcined (EGS_calcined) and uncalcined (EGS_uncalcined). The calcination process was carried out at a temperature of 900 °C with a heating rate of 5 °C/minute under static air conditions for 24 h. The X-ray Diffraction diffractogram showed that the calcination process has successfully converted the calcium carbonate compound in the eggshell into calcium oxide. The particle sizes of EGS_uncalcined and EGS_calcined catalysts were 509.2 nm and 2.9 nm, respectively. Chicken fat transesterification reaction conditions were optimized to increase biodiesel yield, including variations in EGS catalyst mass (1–3 % of chicken fat extract (oil) weight), oil and methanol mole ratio (1:5–1:30), temperature (55–75 °C), and reaction time (30–180 min). The EGS catalyst mass conditions, oil and methanol mole ratio, temperature, and reaction time that produced the highest yield (93 %) were 1.5 % (w/w oil), 1:10, 65 °C, and 120 min, respectively. Research showed that the calcined EGS_catalyst performs better than the uncalcined EGS_catalyst.

Cubeb (Piper cubeba L.): nutritional value, phytochemical profiling and dermacosmeceutical properties.

Cubeb, Piper cubeba L., has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and culinary practices, with a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Herein, we determined the phytochemical profile, mineral, fatty acids, and amino acid contents of P. cubeba berries and assessed the dermacosmeceutical properties of their water extract and essential oil (EO). These included assessing their antioxidant and antibacterial activities as well as their in vitro inhibitory activities against tyrosinase and elastase enzymes. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were performed on the major identified compounds of the EO. A total of forty-three compounds belonging to organic acids, phenolic acids and flavonoids were found in the water extract, while 36 volatile compounds were identified in the EO with Z-isoeugenol, dihydroeugenol, β-pinene, E-caryophyllene, and 1,8-cineole as major constituents. The berries were found to be rich in sodium and iron, have moderate zinc content along with low contents of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Amino acid analysis revealed a considerable concentration of isoleucine and phenylalanine, whereas 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid and linoleic acid were identified as the major fatty acids. In the DPPH and FRAP assays, the water extract elicited considerable antioxidant activity compared to the reference compounds. Enzyme inhibitory assays revealed that the EO had a potential to inhibit tyrosinase and elastase enzymes with IC50 values of 340.56 and 86.04 μg/mL, respectively. The water extract and EO completely inhibited the bacterial growth at MIC of 50 mg/mL and 20%, respectively. At sub-MIC concentrations, the extract and the EO substantially reduced the biofilm formation by up to 26.63 and 77.77%, respectively, as well as the swimming and swarming motilities in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics showed that the five main components of P. cubeba EO could be the major contributors to the elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory effect. This study emphasizes the promising potential of P. cubeba as a valuable source of natural compounds that can be utilized for the development of innovative pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and dermacosmeceutical agents.

Ultrasound and pulsed electric field treatment effect on the thermal properties, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile of oils extracted from berry seeds

AbstractThe seeds of berry fruits which are considered as a by-product may be valorized by recovering the oil they content. Nevertheless, the conventional extraction methods are time, energy and organic solvents consuming. In order to make extraction more environmental-friendly, alternative methods, like ultrasound-assisted and pulsed electric field-assisted processes, are being developed. The procedure of extraction may however influence the quality of obtained oil. The following study aims to define the effects of ultrasound and pulsed electric field application in the extraction process on the thermal properties, i.e., oxidative stability, melting and cyclic heating/cooling profiles, thermal decomposition characteristics. Additionally, fatty acid profile assessment was included in the study. Seeds of blackberries, blackcurrants, chokeberries, raspberries and redcurrants were used to extract oil. Based on the results, it can be summarized that extraction method influenced the resistance of oils to oxidation. Ultrasound-assisted process resulted in oils with the highest oxidation induction times. Melting profile was slightly influenced by extraction method, with peak temperatures indicating the presence of low-melting and middle-melting triacylglycerol fractions. Differential scanning calorimetry with heat/cool/heat procedure let determine crystallization peak temperatures around − 60 °C, which could be associated with the specific triacylglycerol profile of berry seed oils. The courses of thermogravimetric analysis curves were comparable for all the tested samples. The fatty acid profile study revealed that all the studied thermal properties were affected by the unique fatty acid percentage share, with a great predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Obtained results allowed to conclude that extraction method influenced oxidative stability, thermal properties and fatty acid profile only to some extent. The most promising extraction method among analyzed seems to be ultrasound-assisted extraction as it provided oil with high oxidative stability, typical thermal properties and unchanged fatty acid profile, without being harmful to natural environment due to possible reduction in solvent and time consumption.

Chemical and biological characterization of Ocimum basilicum L. phenolic extract and essential oil derived through ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction techniques

Plant-derived bioactive molecules are increasingly utilized in food processing as natural additives, driven by a growing interest in healthier lifestyles. This trend has spurred industries to reformulate products to meet the demands of health-conscious consumers. This study investigates the phenolic extract and essential oil of O. basilicum L. obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction, respectively. Characterization using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) for the basil phenolic extract (BPE) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for the basil essential oil (BEO) identified 82 compounds in BPE and 51 compounds, with rosmarinic acid and estragole as the main constituents, respectively. Both BPE and BEO exhibited significant antioxidant capacity. BPE showed higher antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 0.740 ± 0.023 mg/mL against DPPH•, 0.408 ± 0.02 mg/mL for ABTS+•, and 0.289 ± 0.02 mg/mL for iron chelation. Conversely, BEO demonstrated IC50 values of 16.296 ± 0.394 mg/mL, 0.6870 ± 0.0203 mg/mL, and 3.9 ± 0.12 mg/mL for DPPH•, ABTS+• scavenging assays, and iron chelation, respectively. The growth inhibitory effect of BEO surpassed that of BPE against microbial strains, achieving total growth inhibition against C. albicans with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.04 mg/mL. BPE exhibited inhibitory effects against MRSA with a zone of inhibition of 19 ± 1.15 mm, while the lowest MIC value was observed against E. coli at 0.38 ± 0.03 mg/mL. These findings underling basil's potential health-boosting, emphasizing its abundance in phenolic and volatile compounds.

Unlocking the potential of spent coffee grounds via a comprehensive biorefinery approach: production of microbial oil and carotenoids under fed-batch fermentation.

The valorization of renewable feedstock to produce a plethora of value-added products could promote the transition towards a circular bioeconomy. This study presents the development of cascade processes to bioconvert spent coffee grounds (SCGs) into microbial oil and carotenoids employing sustainable practices. The stepwise recovery of crude phenolic extract and coffee oil was carried out using green or recyclable solvents, i.e., aqueous ethanol and hexane. Palmitic acid (43.3%) and linoleic acid (38.9%) were the major fatty acids in the oil fraction of SCGs. The LC-MS analysis of crude phenolic extracts revealed that chlorogenic acid dominated (45.7%), while neochlorogenic acid was also detected in substantial amounts (24.0%). SCGs free of coffee oil and phenolic compounds were subjected to microwave-assisted pretreatment under different irradiations and solvents to enhance subsequent enzymatic saccharification. Microwave/water pretreatment at 400 W, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with proteases, hemicellulases, and cellulases, at 50g/L initial SCGs, led to satisfying overall yields of cellulose (75.4%), hemicellulose (50.3%), and holocellulose (55.3%). Mannan was the most extractable polysaccharide followed by galactan and arabinan. SCGs hydrolysate was used in fed-batch bioreactor fermentations with Rhodosporidium toruloides to produce 24.0g/L microbial oil and carotenoids of 432.9μg/g biomass.

Hormoanl and Semen Production Response to Oral Combination of Tigernut, Soybean, Datefruit Extract and Cod Liver Oil Administration in Male Wistar Rats

Aim/objective: This study assess the effect of combined oral administration of tigernut, datefruit, soybean extract and liquid codliver oil on semen and hormonal indices such as sperm count, viability, ph., testosterone, FSH, LH, PSA etc using male wistar rats. Methods: The Tiet and Layman methods were used to determine the concerned hormones analyzed while the PSA and semen was calculated using calibrated curve method and hemocytometer Method. The animals were grouped into two phases. Hormonal (1) phase: This consist of 25 animals with group (1) serving as the control, (2) received 1000mg/kg soybean, (3) received 800mg/kg tigernut and datefruit, (4) 800mg/kg of combined extract of tigernut, datefruit, and soybean daily while group5 received a standard drug of 500mg/kg codliver oil daily. Phase (2) Semen analysis: This phase consist of 35 animals with group (1) also serving as control but group (2) receive 1400mg/kg tigernut, (3) receive 800mg/kg datefruit, (4) receive 1000mg/kg soybean, (5) receive 800mg/kg datefruit/tigernut, (6) receive 800mg/kg of tigernut, datefruit, and soybean extract each daily while group7 was administered 500mg/kg codliver oil daily for 35days. Results: The outcome of this study indicate an increase mean values for insulin, LH and testosterone among the test group compared with control. The FSH level was significantly higher in group2 (3.60m/u/ml) but decreases in group3 - group5 compared with the control (3.00m/u/ml) level. There was a significant positive correlation that exist between FSH and LH while the PSA levels are within normal range. Both active and sperm count were increased in percentage and in millions among group5 and group6 administered the combined extract of the fruits daily in comparison with control group. A significant increase level of testosterone and improved normal/active sperm count among the test group administered soybean extract and codliver oil daily was observed. Conclusion: This study is a break through on ..

IoT BASED OIL SKIMMER BOAT

An oil skimmer is utilized to extract oil from an aqua-oil blend. It establish a highly acidic, alkaloid, and salty setting that imperils aquatic life and contaminates coastal zones. Each year, 706 million gallons of expended oil enter rivers, causing pollution. Oil spills have sullied sea water, affecting aquatic beings negatively. Hence, our recommendation is to invent a minuscule ship that acts as an oil skimmer to draw out oil from water. A bunch of such petite ships collaborating might tidy up oil spills while reclaiming the oil leaked. The ship is steered by a dc motor powered system with two steering gears, and the handler guides it with a remote. The ship features an on-board oil skimmer system that screens oil from water and accumulates it in a distinct container. This allows for the retrieval of oil from the water as well as its purification. Key Words: Skimmer, Alkaline, Rudders, Contaminated, Gallo