Sugar Extraction Research Articles

Bioethanol production from grass pea and wild oat hydrolysates using S.cerevisiae ETP53, K. marxianus ETP87, and P. fermentans ETP22

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol is essential to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. After the grass pea and wild oat straws were characterized, they were hydrolyzed by live fungi (in situ), crude fungal enzymes, and chemical methods (sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acids at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3%). The fungi used for in situ degradation and crude lignocellulosic enzymes were Aspergillus niger JMC22344, Trichoderma reesei JMC22, Pleurotus ostreatus M2191, and Pleurotus sajor-caju M2145. Furfural content of hydrolysates was analyzed by GC–MS. The potential of activated charcoal, overliming, and sequential activated charcoal-overliming potential to reduce furfural in the acid hydrolysates were evaluated. The hydrolysates were fermented by S. cerevisiae ETP53, K. marxianus ETP87, and P. fermentans ETP22. Sulphuric acid hydrolyzed common wild oat (8.91 g/L) yielded higher sugars than NaOH (3.88 g/L) and NaOH treated wild oat (8.14 g/L) was superior in terms of sugars released than grass pea (4.21 g/L). P. ostreatus M2191 liberated the highest sugar (18.63 g/L) extracts than T. reesei JMC22676, A. niger ETP22344 and P. sajor-caju M2145. The 23–77% of the furfural in acid hydrolysates was reduced by overliming, activated charcoal, and the sequential activated charcoal-overliming. Yeasts produced optimal ethanol from straws hydrolyzed by crude enzymes from A. niger JMC22344. Generally, the ethanol titer was directly proportional to the amount of sugars released.

High-Throughput Extraction and Enzymatic Determination of Sugars and Fructans in Fructan-Accumulating Plants.

Fructans are carbohydrates present in more than 15% of flowering plants. They represent the major pool of carbohydrates in some species, especially when facing cold or drought. However, the functions of fructans with high or low degrees of polymerization (DP), their diurnal use, and the regulation of their synthesis and degradation in response to stresses still remain unclear. Here we present an enzymatic protocol adapted to 96-well microplates that simultaneously allows the determination of fructans and glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Moreover, the protocol allows to estimate the average DP of the fructans in the samples. The protocol is based on the enzymatic degradation of fructans into glucose and fructose and their subsequent conversion into gluconate 6-phosphate concomitant with the formation of NADH in the presence of ATP.

Chemistry and microbiology in sugar extraction

The stability of the sucrose molecule and the firmness of the tissue structure in the cossettes are of major concern when optimizing the operating conditions for the extraction system. For a given extraction system the retention time is more or less fixed, but the actual pH values and temperatures to be set across the system largely determine the extent to which both sugar gets lost by hydrolysis and the cossette structure deteriorates, particularly by dissolution of pectin. Furthermore, potential sugar loss by microbial infection in the extraction system needs to be controlled too. The influence of the pH value and temperature on these undesirable chemical and microbial reactions will be outlined in this paper, including the consequences for the subsequent processing steps. It can be concluded that the recommended optimal pH values and temperatures for operating the extraction system are a compromise between good and bad.

Sustainable production of cellulose nanofiber from sugarcane trash: A quality and life cycle assessment

Developing green processes in the chemistry and engineering domains is one of the most significant challenges for sustainable production. Sugarcane trash (ST) generated during the sugar extraction process is an excellent feedstock for the production of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). Four distinct routes for CNF production from ST has been designed. The OTH procedure included an Organosolv pretreatment, TEMPO oxidation, and High-pressure homogenization; the OLH procedure included an Organosolv pretreatment followed by Lime juice hydrolysis. Alkaline pretreatment, TEMPO oxidation and High-pressure homogenization comprised the ATH. The ALH consisted of Alkaline pretreatment, lime juice hydrolysis, and High-pressure homogenization. The characterization of the CNF samples revealed excellent purity and crystallinity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the synthesized CNF. X-ray diffractograms (XRD) showed a crystallinity value of 64.28 %, 69.52 %, 60.54 %, and 68.81 % for OTH, OLH, ATH, and ALH, respectively. The OTH route produced the highest yield of cellulose (0.98 g/g ST) while the OTH and OLH routes produced high yields of CNF (0.34 g/g ST). Environmental parameters associated with the processes used to obtain CNF from ST were evaluated to achieve sustainable production and asses the environmental impact, including EcoScale (ES) and Life Cycle Analyses (LCA). EcoScale analysis assigned the OTH method a score of 84 and OLH, ALH, and ATH methods 74, 67, and 74, respectively. The life cycle assessment results indicated that the ATH method had a relatively low environmental impact across all impact categories. Finally, comparing CNF value to other carbon nanomaterials, the CNF derived from biomass was found to have a low environmental impact.

Detection of syrup adulterants in manuka and jarrah honey using HPTLC-multivariate data analysis.

High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was used in a chemometric investigation of the derived sugar and organic extract profiles of two different honeys (Manuka and Jarrah) with adulterants. Each honey was adulterated with one of six different sugar syrups (rice, corn, golden, treacle, glucose and maple syrups) in five different concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% w/w). The chemometric analysis was based on the combined sugar and organic extract profiles’ datasets. To obtain the respective sugar profiles, the amount of fructose, glucose, maltose, and sucrose present in the honey was quantified and for the organic extract profile, the honey’s dichloromethane extract was investigated at 254 and 366 nm, as well as at T (Transmittance) white light and at 366 nm after derivatisation. The presence of sugar syrups, even at a concentration of only 10%, significantly influenced the honeys’ sugar and organic extract profiles and multivariate data analysis of these profiles, in particular cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), principal component regression (PCR), partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and Machine Learning using an artificial neural network (ANN), were able to detect post-harvest syrup adulterations and to discriminate between neat and adulterated honey samples. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis, for instance, could easily differentiate between neat and adulterated honeys through the use of CA or PCA plots. In particular the presence of excess amounts of maltose and sucrose allowed for the detection of sugar adulterants and adulterated honeys by HPTLC-multivariate data analysis. Partial least-squares regression and artificial neural networking were employed, with augmented datasets, to develop optimal calibration for the adulterated honeys and to predict those accurately, which suggests a good predictive capacity of the developed model.

A novel fermentation substrate in bioethanol production by saccharomyces cerevisiae

Pineapple and coconut are part of the largest commodities in Indonesia. In this study, extracts of pineapple skin and coconut water were used as a novel fermentation substrate in bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Those were used as raw materials contain sugar, which making it a potential medium for bioethanol fermentation. The method used was a milling process to extract sugar into the fermentation medium, so that ethanol can be directly produced from the juice. While coconut water as a mixture during the fermentation process. The fermented bioethanol was then purified by distillation process to obtain pure bioethanol. The the sugar content of the ingredients, the operating condition (pH, time of fermentation) and the addition of nitrogen source were studied. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a nitrogen source with variations of 14 and 16g/L with fermentation operating conditions for 40 and 44 hours and pH used were 04 and 05. The sugar content of pineapple skin extracts, coconut water, and the mixture of the two were 4.26; 4.19; and 4.21g/L, respectively. The largest ethanol content produced was 38.42% with 16g/L of nitrogen sources for 44 hours at pH 5. From these results, the mixture of pineapple skin extract and coconut water is proven to be used as a novel fermentation substrate for bioethanol production.

Biodiesel, biogas and fermentable sugars production from Spent coffee Grounds: A cascade biorefinery approach

Spent coffee grounds are rich in high-value compounds, such as saturate and unsaturated fatty acids, and polysaccharides. Therefore, this work investigated a cascade biorefinery to produce: i) biodiesel from coffee oils, ii) cellulose- and hemicellulose-derived fermentable sugars and iii) biomethane from the residual solid fraction after sugars extraction. Transesterification reached the best performances of 86% w/w of fatty acid methyl esters using 1:8 coffee oil/methanol ratio and 2% w/w of KOH as catalyst. The use of glycerol for the pretreatment of spent coffee grounds allowed the internal circulation of a process leftover from transesterification; thus, avoiding the use of clean water. In the best conditions, the total released fermentable sugars were about 40–50% (w/w) on dry weight basis. The low content of easily degradable compounds led to a low methane production of 50 LCH4/kgVS, indicating the need to search for better performing alternatives to close the biorefinery loop.

Pretreatment and process optimization of bioethanol production from spent biomass of Ganoderma lucidum using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this study, spent mushroom substrate (SMS) obtained from Ganoderma lucidum used as a potential biomass for bioethanol production was investigated. Sulphuric acid pretreatment of SMS was evaluated to optimize the sugar extraction through hydrolysis. The proximate composition of SMS was analysed. Total sugar and reducing sugar yield from SMS were calculated as 33.58 ± 0.17 mg/g and 8.28 ± 0.35 mg/g DW, respectively. Total organic carbon was recorded as 17.74 % DW. SMS pretreated with 1 % sulphuric acid yielded maximum total sugar of 807.53 ± 0.04 mg/g DW. Substrate and acid ratio was optimized for pretreatment and found that a ratio of 4:50 yielded maximum total and reducing sugar of 102.80 ± 0.73 mg/g and 12.68 ± 0.86 mg/g DW, respectively. Sugars obtained from SMS were fermented using baker’s yeast and incubated at 30 °C for 5 days. The final yield of 1.57 g L-1 of ethanol was produced on day 4 when compared with the theoretical ethanol yield of 0.91 g L-1 obtained. The present study concludes that SMS from Ganoderma lucidum considered being an alternate choice for bioethanol production to meet the biofuel demand in the future and utilization of mushroom wastes to generate energy with the concept of zero-waste discharge was emphasized.

Bi-phasic hydrolysis of corncobs for the extraction of total sugars and ethanol production using inhibitor resistant and thermotolerant yeast, Pichia kudriavzevii

In order to have sustainable energy and to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels, transition to renewable bioenergy is highly desired. Adequate biomass conversion to ethanol requires total carbohydrate extraction from the feedstock with minimum inhibitors. The present study aimed at revealing the fermentation potential of toxin resistant and thermotolerant Pichia kudriavzevii for ethanol production. Corncobs being one of the most abundant renewable biomass, was chosen for sequential bioconversion process to ethanol. Firstly, the biomass was pretreated using 2% NaOH which resulted in 83.12 ± 1.07% delignification. Subsequently biomass was used for biphasic hydrolysis (ultrasound assisted dilute acid followed by enzyme) which resulted in 27.03 ± 0.91 gL-1 of xylose, 0.33 ± 0.03 gL-1 furans in the first phase and 27.33 ± 0.9 gL-1 glucose in the later phase. Fermentation efficiency of P. kudriavzevii was evaluated using enzyme and acid hydrolysates (detoxified and undetoxified) which resulted in 11.98 gL-1 ethanol with glucose, 3.83 gL-1 and 3.64 gL-1 ethanol with detoxified and undetoxified acid hydrolysates with theoretical yield of 85.95, 31.89% and 28% respectively at 42 °C. Though the efficiency with xylose was low, the strain was found to be one among very few Pichia strains that have ability to ferment xylose. Furthermore, developing a potential biological process that utilizes the renewable biomass for energy development will not only save a lot of foreign exchange, but also helps in waste management in a sensible way.

Morphological Changes and Component Characterization of Coffee Silverskin.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of aqueous extracts of unroasted and roasted coffee silverskin (CS). Twenty compounds were identified from 1D and 2D NMR spectra, including caffeine, chlorogenic acid (CGA), trigonelline, fructose, glucose, sucrose, etc. For the first time, the presence of trigonelline was detected in CS. Results of the quantitative analysis showed that the total amount of the main components after roasting was reduced by 45.6% compared with values before roasting. Sugars in the water extracts were the main components in CS, and fructose was the most abundant sugar, its relative content accounting for 38.7% and 38.4% in unroasted and roasted CS, respectively. Moreover, 1D NMR combined with 2D NMR technology shows application prospects in the rapid, non-destructive detection of CS. In addition, it was observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that the morphology of CS changed obviously before and after roasting.

Pretreatment and optimization of reducing sugar extraction from indigenous microalgae grown on brewery wastewater for bioethanol production

Pretreatment and optimization of reducing sugar extraction from indigenous microalgae grown on brewery wastewater for bioethanol production

Sweet sorghum juice as an alternative carbon source and adaptive evolution of Lactobacillus brevis NIE9.3.3 in sweet sorghum juice and biodiesel derived crude glycerol to improve 1, 3 propanediol production

Sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) is considered as an ideal complement for carbon supplement in ethanol fermentation for its ease of cultivation. Extraction of fermentable sugars from the sweet sorghum is very simple in comparison to lignocellulosic biomass. Hence sweet sorghum is a suitable candidate as a feedstock. In the present study, batch fermentations were carried out using Lactobacillus brevis NIE9.3.3, a facultative anaerobe, isolated through onsite enrichment technique to produce 1,3-propanediol and other co-metabolites, in glucose-glycerol co-fermentation. To make the process more sustainable, the glucose supplemented in the production media was replaced with SSJ. The supplementation of 40 g/L sorghum juice and 40 g/L crude glycerol in the production media resulted in the titre of 25.9 g/L 1, 3-PDO with a volumetric yield of 0.64 g 1,3-PDO/g glycerol. Adaptation of the microorganisms and cultivation under controlled conditions of temperature and substrate concentrations followed by selection was carried out, that is, adaptive evolution. Among the adaptively evolved strains, PD 20.100 has displayed better performance and increased the titres up to 38.4 g/L with a volumetric yield of 0.64 g 1,3-PDO/g glycerol. The industrial applicability of the fermentation process was checked in pilot scale and the production yield was comparable with that of flask scale. The utilization of agricultural and biodiesel industrial waste for the production of 1,3-PDO by a non-pathogenic organism and the strain improvement through ALE for better utilization and conversion of substrates indicates the novelty of this work.

Biotransformation of hydroquinone into α-arbutin by transglucosylation activity of a metagenomic amylosucrase.

Arbutin is a naturally occurring glycosylated product of hydroquinone. With the ability to interrupt melanin biosynthesis in epidermal cells, it is a promising cosmetic ingredient. In this study, a novel amylosucrase, Asmet, identified from a thermal spring metagenome, has been characterized for arbutin biosynthesis. Asmet was able to catalyze transglucosylation of hydroquinone to arbutin, taking sucrose as glycosyl donor, in the temperature range of 20°C to 40°C and pH 5.0 to 6.0, with the relative activity of 80% or more. The presence of chloride salts of Li, K, and Na at 1mM concentration did not exhibit any notable effect on the enzyme's activity, unlike Cu, Ni, and Mn, which were observed to be detrimental. The hydroquinone (20mM) to sucrose ratio of 1:1 to 1:10 was appropriate for the catalytic biosynthesis of arbutin. The maximum hydroquinone to arbutin conversion of 70% was obtained in 24h of Asmet led catalysis, at 30°C and pH 6.0. Arbutin production was also demonstrated using low-cost feedstock, table sugar, muscovado, and sweet sorghum stalk extract, as a replacement for sucrose. Whole-cell catalysis of hydroquinone to arbutin transglucosylation was also established.

Endophytic Microbiome Responses to Sulfur Availability in Betavulgaris (L.).

Sulfur is an essential plant macronutrient, and its adequate supply allows an efficient root storage and sugar extractability in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.). In this study, we investigated the effect of changes in sulfur availability on the endophytic community structure of sugar beets. Plants were hydroponically grown in a complete nutrient solution (S-supplied), a nutrient solution without MgSO4 (S-deprived), and a nutrient solution without MgSO4 for six days and resupplied with 100 μM MgSO4 for 48 h (S-resupplied). The sulfur status was monitored by inductively coupled plasma ICP–OES, and combustion analysis together with the evaluation of microRNA395 as a biomarker for sulfate status. Metabarcoding of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was carried out in order to determine leaf endophytic community structure. The Shannon diversity index significantly differed (p < 0.05) between sulfate-supplied and sulfate-deprived seedlings. Validation by Real-Time PCR showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) of Burkholderia spp. in sulfate-deprived plants as compared to sulfate-supplied ones. The study sheds new light on the effects of nutrient deficiency on the microbiome of sugar beet plants.

Sensory profile analysis of steamed brownies using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA)

Brownies are popular cakes made of some basic ingredients such as chocolate, eggs, butter, sugar, flour, salt, and vanilla extract by either baking or steaming. This study aims to explore and evaluate the sensory properties of steamed brownies produced by small-medium enterprises in Surakarta. It used the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) method through trained panelists. Moreover, this analysis was carried out in several phases. They include the selection and training of panelists, conducting focus group discussion (FGD) and sensory profiling test. During the first stage, 15 panelists were selected, while at the FGD phase, 5 sensory attributes including color, aroma, taste, softness and moist, were confirmed for describing the sensory quality of brownies. Finally, the steamed brownies were dominated by the attributes of sweet, bitter, burnt chocolate, mocha, salty, margarine and milk powder.

Effect of Potassium Humate and Boron Fertilization Levels on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet in Sandy Soil

To study the effect of different levels of potassium humate and boron fertilization, two field trials were carried out in a private farm at El-Nubaria region, (latitude of 30.86° N, longitude of 31.16° E and altitude of 21 m above sea level) El-Bahira Governorate, Egypt in 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. This work included sixteen treatments, represent the combinations of four levels of potassium humate as a soil application (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg/fed) and four levels of boron (zero, 70, 140 and 210 ppm/fed) as a foliar application in the form of boric acid 17% boron), which sprayed thrice at 50, 65 and 80 days from sowing and their effect on growth, yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera, L.). A split-plot design in three replications was done. The results revealed that fertilizing sugar beet with 7.5 kg potassium humate resulted in higher values of leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic pigments, root diameter, fresh and foliage weights/plant, sucrose, sugar lost to molasses, extractable sugar percentages, quality index, root and sugar yields/fed in both seasons. However, the sodium content of roots was insignificantly affected by the studied potassium humate levels in both seasons. It was found that higher values of leaf area index (LAI), root diameter, fresh and foliage weights/plant, sucrose, sugar lost to molasses, sugar extractable percentages and quality index, as well as root, top and sugar yields/fed, were obtained with increasing boron application to 210 ppm/fed. otherwise, photosynthetic pigments, K, Na and alfa-amino N contents were insignificantly affected by the applied boron levels in both seasons. Fertilizing beet plants with 7.5 kg potassium humat/fed + 210 ppm boron resulted in a significant increase of LAI, chlorophyll (a), (b), root diameter and yield/fed compared to other combinations in both seasons. Under conditions of this work, the maximum root and sugar yields/fed were obtained by fertilizing beets with 7.5 kg potassium humate/fed as a soil application and spraying beets with 210 ppm boron/fed at three times (50, 65 and 80 days) after sowing.

Paper Waste Management: Extraction of Fermentable Sugar from Lignocellulosic Waste Paper

The utilization of paper on a commercial scale is increasing day by day throughout the world that produces million of tons of paper waste yearly and burdened for landfills. The present study focuses on the exploitation of waste papers (office paper, newspaper and tissue paper) as a cheapest alternative source of energy to extract fermentable sugar by applying chemical and enzymatic pretreatments. The quantification of released sugar was analyzed by spectrophotometer and high performance liquid chromatography refractive index (HPLC-RI) detector. Cellulose (12 FPU/g) and β-glucosidase (12 FPU/g) was found to be effective for the extraction of fermentable sugar from paper waste. The contents of cellulose (C6H10O5)n, hemicellulose (C5H10O5)n and lignin (C9H10O2,C10H12O3,C11H14O4) found in office paper were 40%, 32.5%, 22.5%, in newspaper 46.5%, 30.5% 22.5%, and in tissue paper 62%, 22%, 15.5%, respectively. The percentages of sugar contents assessed in this study were 62% in tissue paper and 46.5% in newspaper and 40% in office papers. Among the three substrates, tissue paper (23.4 mg/mL) released a significant amount of glucose (C6H6O12), whereas newspaper (20.8 mg/mL) and office paper (19.6 mg/mL) released less amount of sugar. This research of acid pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis was an efficient method to improve glucose conversion from lignocellulosic waste. Furthermore, this approach can be proved the first step towards the sustainable production of bioethanol from wastepaper-extracted sugar.

Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Carbohydrates from Microalgae

Microalgae are a promising new source of carbohydrates usable for several industrial applications in the food and biomaterial sector. Previous works on carbohydrate extraction from microalgae were mainly carried out by using destructive chemical hydrolysis, aiming at the extraction of simple sugars. Here in this work, a physical ultrasonication method was investigated to develop a process to extract microalgal carbohydrates in their polysaccharide form, as starch. To this end, different operative parameters were investigated: biomass concentration (3-6 g L-1), microalgae strain (Tetradesmus obliquus and Chlorella sp.), extraction time, amplitude (21-90 µm) and the configuration of the ultrasonication system (cyclic treatment, pulsed and continuous). The highest extractions were attained with higher amplitude (90 µm). The pulsed ultrasonication (ton/toff = 0.2) worked remarkably better than the continuous one, allowing to attain about 3 folds more carbohydrate extraction yield and consuming 6 folds less kWh per kg of extracted carbohydrates. The higher yield achieved with pulsed ultrasonication was related with a lower drop in the applied power during the ultrasonication treatment, which was -65 % with the continuous system and only -31 % with the pulsed one. The ultrasonication treatment induced a temperature increase up to 70 °C, that caused starch gelatinization and its solubilization in the recovered aqueous solution. Future studies should investigate better the effect of the ton/toff ratio, to limit the dead times (toff) of the process. The specific energy consumption was still too high for many practical applications; however, future optimizations on biomass concentration and operative temperature are expected to reduce remarkably the energy demand of the process.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CORRECTION OF THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF BEET MOLASSES

Application of sugar beet molasses as a secondary resource for the extraction of sugar is a topical issue, which will reduce the loss of sucrose during the processing of sugar beets and increase the economic efficiency of the sugar industry of the Republic of Belarus. Initially it is necessary to reduce the ash content for further desugarisation molasses. This study investigated removal of the ash content of the beet molasses solution with electromembrane equipment applying. The article reflects the results of studies on the possibility of reducing the salinity of a solution of beet molasses using electrodialysis at various voltages applied to the electrodes from 10 to 30 V. In the initial raw material and the final product, the electrical conductivity, optical&#x0D; density and dry matter content were determined, on the basis of which a conclusion was made about the expediency of using electrodialysis.

Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass using the OrganoCat Process.

The shift from a petroleum-based to a more sustainable and bio-based economy requires the development of new refinery concepts to maintain the supply of raw materials and energy. For these novel and sustainable biorefinery concepts, it is important to use catalysts and solvents that are aligned with the principles of Green Chemistry. Therefore, the implementation of biogenic alternatives can be a promising solution. The lignocellulose pretreatment and fractionation process presented herein-OrganoCat-is an integrated fractionation of lignocellulose into its main components using biogenic acids such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid as catalyst. Hemicelluloses and other non-cellulosic polysaccharides are selectively depolymerized by the diluted acid and dissolved, while the crystalline cellulose remains in the solid pulp. In the presence of a second organic phase consisting of biogenic 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, disentangled lignin is extracted in situ. The process allows for the efficient fractionation of the three main components-lignin, cellulose, and non-cellulosic sugars. This helps to focus on the quality of the lignin, the improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose-enriched pulp, and the mild non-cellulosic sugar extraction with low degradation.