Extraction Of Rubidium Research Articles

Study on Impurity Removal from Lepidolite Leaching Solution and the Extraction Process of Rubidium

Efficient removal of iron and aluminum impurities is critical for the extraction of lithium and rubidium from zinnwaldite, a lithium-bearing mineral. In this study, solvent extraction using P507 was employed to remove iron and aluminum from zinnwaldite leaching solutions. However, stripping iron from the organic phase proved challenging due to the strong interaction between iron ions and the extractant. To address this, a novel reduction stripping method was developed using ascorbic acid (AA) as a reductant. This method exploits the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the aqueous phase, weakening the binding between iron ions and the organic phase, thus enabling efficient stripping. The optimized process achieved over 99.99% removal of iron and aluminum impurities. Subsequently, rubidium was selectively extracted using t-BAMBP, with a total recovery rate of 88.53%. Scaling-up experiments confirmed the feasibility of the process for industrial applications, demonstrating high efficiency and reagent recyclability. This study offers a promising approach for the efficient extraction and separation of valuable metals from zinnwaldite, with potential for broader applications in metal processing.

Efficient Extraction of Lithium and Rubidium from Lepidolite by Medium-Temperature Chlorination Roasting-Water Leaching Process

Efficient Extraction of Lithium and Rubidium from Lepidolite by Medium-Temperature Chlorination Roasting-Water Leaching Process

Publisher Correction: Direct and efficient in situ rubidium extraction from potassium chloride salts

Publisher Correction: Direct and efficient in situ rubidium extraction from potassium chloride salts

Direct and efficient in situ rubidium extraction from potassium chloride salts

Direct and efficient in situ rubidium extraction from potassium chloride salts

A Review on Extraction of Rubidium and Cesium from Ores

A Review on Extraction of Rubidium and Cesium from Ores

Research Progress on the Extraction and Separation Technology of Rubidium and Cesium Ions

Research Progress on the Extraction and Separation Technology of Rubidium and Cesium Ions

High-Efficiency Selective Adsorption of Rubidium and Cesium from Simulated Brine Using a Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Adsorbent

Rubidium and cesium are critical strategic elements, and their development and utilization are of great significance. In this study, a magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) adsorbent was prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption performance of the adsorbent for Rb+ and Cs+ in solution was investigated. The results showed that the adsorbent exhibited high adsorption capacities of 2.83 mol/g for Rb+ and 4.37 mol/g for Cs+. In simulated brine, the adsorbent demonstrated excellent selectivity for Cs+. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The primary adsorption mechanism was an ion exchange. The development of this adsorbent holds significant promise for the extraction of rubidium and cesium from liquid resources.

Synthesis and assessment of spherogranular composite tin pyrophosphate antimonate adsorbent for selective extraction of rubidium and cesium from salt lakes

In this study, a spherogranular porous composite tin pyrophosphate antimonate (SSbPP) adsorbent was developed for the efficient extraction of rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs) resources. This granular composite adsorbent was prepared using the anti-solvent method with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as carrier and the incorporated SSbPP powder as adsorbent. The composition, molecular structure, and adsorption performance of SSbPP, along with the microstructure and adsorption behavior of the granulated PVC-SSbPP adsorbent, were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the SSbPP adsorbent with superior performance was synthesized at a Sn:Sb:P molar ratio of 0.5:0.25:2. The adsorption behavior of PVC-SSbPP was evaluated using the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. The maximal adsorption capacities of PVC-SSbPP for Rb+ and Cs+ were found to be 81.3 mg g−1 and 95.23 mg g−1 at optimal condition, respectively. The PVC-SSbPP also exhibited high adsorption selectivity for Rb+/Cs+ in the presence of competitive metal ions such as K+, Na+, Li+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Furthermore, through dynamic adsorption-desorption experiment using a fixed-bed column, a low-concentration Rb+/Cs+ solution (10 mg L−1) could be concentrated by approximately 140 times. This research offers a promising approach for the selective extraction of low-concentration Rb and Cs resources from highly saline solutions.

Preparation of a core-shell magnetic potassium nickel copper hexacyanoferrate/zeolitic imidazolate framework composite for rubidium adsorption

Magnetic substrates are favorable for separating adsorption-saturated powder adsorbents from solutions. Here, a core-shell magnetic potassium nickel copper hexacyanoferrate composite (MKNiCuFC@ZIF-8) modified with zeolitic imidazolate frameworks was synthesized for selective extraction of rubidium (Rb) in solution. MKNiCuFC@ZIF-8 was analyzed in depth using N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, etc. Batch experiments were employed to assess the adsorption properties of MKNiCuFC@ZIF-8 for Rb+. The adsorption behavior based on the exchange behaviors of Rb+ and K+ conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Meanwhile, the adsorption data are well fitted through the Langmuir isotherm model and reached a maximum adsorption amount of 1030.69 mg g−1 at 45 °C. Furthermore, MKNiCuFC@ZIF-8 could be regenerated with 90.3 % of absorbed Rb+ being desorbed in 1 mol L−1 of KCl within 24 h.

Extraction of Li, K, and Rb from zinnwaldite by chlorination roasting with CaCl2

The extraction of lithium, potassium, and rubidium from lithium mica zinnwaldite was investigated using high-temperature roasting with solid calcium chloride, followed by water leaching of the resulting sinters. This study examined the impact of roasting temperature, heating rate, roasting time, and the calcium chloride content within the roasting mixture on the extraction efficiency of alkali metals. Based on the observed phenomena, a comprehensive reaction mechanism for alkali metals chlorination was proposed.The crucial factors of the roasting process are the roasting temperature and the calcium chloride content within the roasting mixture. The optimal results were achieved when a mixture containing four times the stoichiometric amount of calcium chloride was roasted at 1000 °C for 20 min with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. Under these conditions, 77 % of lithium, 90 % of potassium, and 90 % of rubidium were successfully extracted.The proposed chlorination mechanism of zinnwaldite roasting involves three successive stages:a)Chlorination of alkali metals between 500 and 650 °C primarily via the surface reaction of calcium chloride with zinnwaldite before the mineral decomposition initiates.b)Decomposition of zinnwaldite between 650 and 850 °C, with a preferential chlorination of potassium and rubidium due to their better accessibility for the chlorinating agent after the structural disruption of the original mineral.c)Chlorination of lithium as a result of the reaction between calcium chloride andβ-spodumene, a decomposition product of zinnwaldite.During the roasting process, the emission of fluorinated gaseous compounds was observed, along with the reaction of chlorine with iron. This reaction consumes the chlorinating agent and eventually leads to the generation of chlorine gas as a result of the decomposition of chlorinated iron compounds.

A novel adsorbent potassium magnesium ferrocyanide for selective separation and extraction of rubidium and cesium from ultra-high salt solutions

The unique properties of rubidium and cesium make them occupy a place in high-tech applications. In this paper, a novel adsorbent (potassium magnesium ferrocyanide—KMgFC) was synthesized and used to recover rubidium and cesium from ultra-high salt solutions. The composition of the material phase was determined to be K2.01[Mg0.97Fe(CN)6]‧xH2O by characterization and analysis of KMgFC. The effects of various factors on the extraction rates of Rb+ and Cs+ were investigated, and the results exhibited that the extraction rates of Rb+ and Cs+ could reach 90.7 % and 97.9 % at a reaction pH of 8.1, a temperature of 80 °C, an adsorbent dosage of 3 times the theoretical dosage, and an equilibrium time of 40 min. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of KMgFC for Rb+ and Cs+ were 158.91 mg/g and 8.11 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the mechanism analysis displayed that the structure of KMgFC changed slightly during the adsorption process, and the ion exchange process between Rb+ or Cs+ and K+ occurred to achieve the capture of Rb+ or Cs+. Based on the strong affinity for Rb+ and Cs+, KMgFC is expected to be a viable adsorbent to be applied for the selective recovery of rubidium and cesium.

Preparation of polysulfone based rubidium ion imprinted membrane and its selective adsorption and separation performance

A novel Rb+ imprinted membrane was fabricated via non-solvent inversion phase separation method by blending template RbCl, poly(styrene-co-4-hydroxylstyrene) (P(S-co-VPh)) and polysulfone, where the phenolic hydroxyl groups of P(S-co-VPh)) spontaneously coordinated with template Rb+ in the casting solution to form an imprinted Rb+ site. Gel permeation chromatography, FTIR and 1H NMR results indicated that the (P(S-co-VPh) had been synthesized successfully. The characterization of water contact angle, scanning electron microscope and membrane performance tests indicated that the blending membranes had better hydrophilicity, more porous structure and higher pure water flux. The adsorption behaviors of Rb+ on the blending membranes were investigated depending on the parameters of solution pH, temperature, ions interference, Rb+ concentration and contact time. The results indicated that the maximum Rb+ adsorption capacity can be obtained when the solution pH is 9.0, and low temperature is favorable for adsorption because it is an exothermic process. As compared to Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, K+ has the greatest ion interference effect, causing up to 58.1% decline in Rb+ adsorption capacity for non-imprinted membranes but only 7.4% for imprinted membranes. The adsorption process conforms to Langmuir isothermal model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the theoretical maximum adsorption of Rb+ is 70.12 mg/g. Furthermore, the Rb+ imprinted membrane can be reused at least five times using 0.1 M HCl solution as the eluent, indicating that membrane has potential application value in the separation and extraction of rubidium.

Extraction of rubidium and cesium from oilfield brine by the two-step adsorption–flotation method

Rb, Cs, and their compounds are important raw materials, and the extraction of Rb+/Cs+ from brine has attracted increasing attention. In this work, the extraction of Rb+/Cs+ from aqueous solutions, such as oilfield brine, through an adsorption–flotation process was evaluated. The effects of various factors on the extraction efficiency (Ee) of Rb+/Cs+ and the floatability of particulate matter were systematically investigated, and the Ee of Rb+/Cs+ was maintained at approximately 80% after five cycles. Because of the difference in the selectivity of ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP) for Rb+ and Cs+, Rb+/Cs+ can be extracted from oilfield brine using a two-step adsorption–flotation process. The Ee values of Rb+ and Cs+ were 18.01% and 90.83%, respectively, in the first step and 80.10% and 8.22%, respectively, in the second step. The adsorption and flotation mechanisms were analyzed using density functional theory (DFT), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and point of zero charge (PZC). The adsorption mechanism could be explained by electrostatic interactions and van der Waals effects between the ions and molybdophosphate, and the flotation mechanism was mainly the electrostatic interaction between the CTAB cations and rubidium molybdophosphate (RMP)/cesium molybdophosphate (CMP) particles.

Strengthening extraction of lithium and rubidium from activated α-spodumene concentrate via sodium carbonate roasting

As a critical resource, lithium is necessary for the flourishing of clean energy as an upstream raw material. With the global popularity of lithium batteries and strict requirements for environmental protection, a short, cost-effective lithium extraction process from α-spodumene was critical. In this paper, a novel process for efficient and direct extraction of lithium from α-spodumene was proposed. The main contents of the process were sodium roasting, water quenching and strengthening leaching. Firstly, the thermodynamic behavior of the roasting products was analyzed using Factsage 7.0 software. Subsequently, the factors of lithium extraction were investigated by single-factor condition experiments. And the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to carry out the three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken experiments. The investigation revealed that α-spodumene reacted directly with Na2CO3 at high temperature to form Li2SiO3, NaAlSiO4, and Na2SiO3. The stable aluminosilicate structure in α-spodumene was destroyed by the combined effect of sodium roasting and water quenching, which played a significant role in the release of lithium. In addition, the Na2CO3 dosage dominated the effect of lithium extraction, followed by roasting temperature and roasting time. Based on the model optimization results, the optimal roasting conditions were determined to be roasting at 1100 °C for 30 min with the addition of 45% Na2CO3. The extraction rates of Li and Rb were 95.9% and 90.3%, respectively, whereas those of Al was only 1.5%. This process provides a technological solution for the high-efficiency and synergistic extraction of valuable elements in α-spodumene.

An environmentally friendly improved chlorination roasting process for lepidolite with reduced chlorinating agent dosage and chlorinated waste gas emission

The traditional chlorination roasting has been criticized for the large amount of chlorinated waste gas emission. In this paper, an environmentally friendly improved chlorination roasting process for lepidolite was proposed. Firstly, a series of conditional experiments were performed to optimize the parameters in the process. The extraction of lithium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium was 85.5%, 80.9%, 94.5%, and 90.2% under the optimal conditions, respectively. Calcium hydroxide was selected as the chlorine-fixing agent and the dosage of chlorinating agent was greatly reduced from 50 to 100% to 25%. Then, the phase changes of the process were clarified by characterizing the solid products after roasting and leaching. The main phases of roasting slags were determined as anorthite (Ca(Al2Si2O8)), potassium chloride (KCl), andradite (Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3), calcium fluoride (CaF2), and ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4). Only soluble KCl was dissolved in the leaching process. The chlorinated waste gas emission was absorbed and analyzed. The emission of Cl2 was effectively restrained and the total volatilization of chlorine was also greatly reduced from 80% to 20%. The improved chlorination roasting process proposed in this paper was much more environmentally friendly compared with the traditional chlorination roasting process.

Electrochemical extraction of rubidium from salt lake by using cupric ferrocyanide based on potassium shuttle

Extracting rubidium from high reserve salt lakes has been an important measure to cope with the growing demand for rubidium. However, due to the low concentration and high impurity ions in the salt lake, there was no rational method to extract rubidium. Prussian blue and its analogues (PBAs) with specific functional structures have shown good cycling stability for K+ and Rb+ with large ionic radii in the field of batteries and their special affinity (Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+) for rubidium, which provides a new idea for the extraction of rubidium from salt lakes. In this paper, the cyclic electrochemical performance of synthesized copper ferricyanide (Cu3[Fe (CN)6]2) for rubidium was tested. Furthermore, a new method of rubidium extraction from salt lake was proposed by using potassium as the shuttle ion. The (K2Cu3[Fe (CN)6]2) obtained by intercalating K+ into copper hexacyanoferrate (Cu3[Fe (CN)6]2) with the electrochemical method was used to extract rubidium from simulated brine and the separation coefficients βRb: K, βRb: Na, βRb: Ca and βRb: Mg were 63, 1635, 585 and 2543, respectively. After that, rubidium was deintercalated by electrochemical oxidization of Rb2Cu3[Fe (CN)6]2 and the deintercalated efficiency can be reached 98 %. Rubidium enrichment can be achieved by repeating the above process with regenerated materials.

Preferential extraction of rubidium from high concentration impurity solution by solvent extraction and preparation of high-purity rubidium salts

Rubidium has a wide range of application prospects in high-tech fields, which makes the extraction of rubidium resources of great significance. However, the similar properties among alkali metals render their separation from each other a considerable challenge. This study aims to recover rubidium from high concentration impurity solution via solvent extraction, and further purify and refine rubidium salt products. The organic phase consisted of the acidic extractant [4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl) phenol (t-BAMBP)] and xylene. The affecting parameters, such as contact time, extractant concentration, alkalinity, and phase ratio (O/A) were thoroughly investigated during the separation process. Rubidium could be completely extracted after the four-stage countercurrent extraction, accompanied by 18.84 % of K+ also entered the organic phase. Furthermore, deionized water was employed to remove impurity elements, such as contaminant potassium in the loaded organic phase. The scrubbing findings revealed that the scrubbing rate of K+ reached 99.03 % after five-stage countercurrent scrubbing at a phase ratio of 5:1. Most importantly, rubidium chloride solution was obtained after HCl stripping, which was further used to prepare high-purity rubidium chloride and rubidium carbonate products with a purity of 99.5 %. Eventually, this work provides a complete process for rubidium extraction and product preparation.

The process and mechanism for cesium and rubidium extraction with saponified 4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl) phenol

Cesium (Cs) and rubidium (Rb) separation from brine is an important and application-oriented topic. 4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl) phenol (t-BAMBP) has been used for Cs and Rb extraction. However, the traditional extraction technology is base and acid consumed. In the present work, an innovative process for Cs and Rb extraction with t-BAMBP is developed, which consists of saponification, extraction, scrubbing and stripping. Both infrared spectrum and electrostatic potential analysis indicate the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxyl is dissociated from t-BAMBP during saponification and the oxygen of phenolic hydroxyl is the binding site for alkali metal ions. Saponified organic phase shows an excellent extraction effect for Cs+ and Rb+. The extraction reaches equilibrium in 5 min, with 99.5% Cs+ and 46.7% Rb+ are loaded into the organic phase in the single-stage extraction. Slope method indicates the structure of the extraction complex is MOR·3ROH (M = Cs+, Rb+, K+), where the electrostatic attraction between M+ and the oxygen of phenolic hydroxyl is dominant, and the cation–π interaction has a significant effect also. The extraction complex of MOR·3ROH dissociates in the acid environment while scrubbing and stripping is completed. The Cs+ and Rb+ are separated from the mixture phase, the proton H bonds to the phenolic hydroxyl group, and the extractant is regenerated.

Thorough extraction of lithium and rubidium from lepidolite via thermal activation and acid leaching

• A novel process combined with thermal activation and acid leaching was presented. • This process extracted 99.79% Li, which is far beyond that generally reported. • The collaborative efficient extraction of Rb (99.55%) was also obtained. • The content of Li and Rb in residues could be as low as 0.0031% and 0.0096%. • High ratio rate calcium sulfate whiskers were prepared using leaching residues. Currently, with the increasingly stringent requirements of carbon emissions and the rapid development of the new energy industry, the strategic position of lithium and rubidium has been elevated unprecedentedly. The higher extraction rate of lithium and rubidium from lepidolite mineral is of great significance for improving the production efficiency of their related chemicals from the source. In this study, the lepidolite was treated by the combined process of thermal activation and sulfuric acid leaching. The mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the lattice structure of lepidolite was destroyed and converted to the activated state during thermal activation. Afterwards, water quenching forced the activated slags to remain in this state, which was conducive to the subsequent acid leaching. The effect of various parameters on extraction efficiency was investigated. Under the optimal conditions, this process achieved the lithium extraction rate of 99.79%, which was far beyond the 90% generally reported in current researches, and also obtained an efficient extraction of rubidium (99.55%). The content of lithium and rubidium in residues could be as low as 0.0031% and 0.0096%, respectively. Additionally, the leach residues were reprocessed to the preparation of high aspect ratio calcium sulfate whiskers which not only reduced the generation of solid waste but also improved the economic value of the process. This process provided a novel and thorough technology for the extraction of lithium and rubidium from lepidolite.

Selective recovery and efficient separation of lithium, rubidium, and cesium from lepidolite ores

Sulfation and decomposition were proposed to selectively recover lithium, rubidium, and cesium from lepidolite ore. The purpose was to solve the problems of high acid consumption and the difficulty of separating lithium and aluminum in the sulfuric acid method. First, the theoretical feasibility of the process was verified by thermodynamic calculations. The optimal parameters were determined according to the theoretical and experimental results. The extraction rates of lithium, rubidium, and cesium were 90.5%, 91.2%, and 89.4%, respectively, whereas those of aluminum and iron were only 0.08% and 0.02%, respectively. The selective extraction of lithium, rubidium, and cesium was realized, and 90.4% of sulfuric acid could be recycled during the process. Subsequently, the mechanism was discussed by XRD and SEM-EDS analysis. The first-step roasting was the sulfation process of lepidolite, and the second-step roasting was the decomposition process of partial sulfates. The separation of alkali elements and impurity elements could be realized by simple deionized water leaching. The production of Li2CO3 and single-alkali sulfates (K2SO4, Rb2SO4, and Cs2SO4) were obtained through the efficient separation methods of carbonization precipitation and solvent extraction. This process achieved the selective recovery and efficient separation of lithium, rubidium, and cesium from lepidolite ores. At the same time, the recycling of sulfuric acid was realized; it greatly reduced the amount of reagents, such as acid and alkali. It is an efficient, clean, and sustainable process for the utilization of lepidolite ores.