Extraction Of Red Pigments Research Articles

Extraction of red pigment from Chinese jujube peel and the antioxidant activity of the pigment extracts

Abstract Chinese jujube is a delicious fruit with high antioxidant nutrients. The fruit peel, however, is always discarded due to its indigestibility. In the current study, the jujube peels were collected for red pigment extraction. Six extraction-related parameters (ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, material granularity, enzyme concentration, enzymolysis time, and pH) were optimized for jujube peel pigment extraction using Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs. When the fruit peels were treated with 1.18% cellulase and 73% ethanol at pH 3.15, optimization enhanced the pigment extraction efficiency by 29.7% compared with the control. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) assay revealed that delphinidin 3-O-galactoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride were the major components of the jujube pigment extracts. Additionally, the red pigment extracts exhibited high free radical scavenging capacity and strong Fe3+ reducing power. Finally, it also provides us a simple new method for efficient extraction of natural antioxidants from discarded jujube peels.

Production and extraction of red pigment by solid-state fermentation of broken rice using Monascus sanguineus NFCCI 2453

The present work has attempted to use broken rice as an economical substrate for the solid-state fermentation (SSF) mediated by Monascus sanguineus NFCCI 2453 for red pigment production. UV–Vis spectral and FTIR analyses were employed for the confirmation of the red pigment production. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize four significant parameters (extraction time, ethanol concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio and agitation speed) for extracting red pigment from the fermented biomass. Results from ANOVA proved the developed model to be significant as the R2 value (0.9602) demonstrated that the experimental values matched well with the results, as predicted. The maximum red pigment yield of 143.3 ODU/gds was obtained with the optimal setting of the process parameters. The model was found to be accurate (99.3%) using validation experimental data. The study serves as a prelude for exploiting M. sanguineus for the efficient production of red pigment using a low-cost substrate.

Applications of red pigments from psychrophilic Rhodonellum psychrophilum GL8 in health, food and antimicrobial finishes on textiles

A psychrophilic bacterium (named GL8) producing red pigments was isolated from the high altitude Pangong Tso Lake located in Leh Ladakh, India. Based on 16S rDNA sequencing amplicon of 1370 bp, the psychrophilic bacterium was identified as Rhodonellum psychrophilum (R. psychrophilum GL8) and deposited in Gen Bank under accession no. MH031708.1.The red colored pigments from R. psychrophilum GL8 showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans, (MTCC 277, ATCC 90028) and S. cerevisiae (H1086) with minimum inhibitory concentrations from 31.25 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL. Red colored pigments also showed synergistic antifungal activity when combined with fluconazole and amphotericin B against C. albicans (MTCC 277 and ATCC 90028) and S. cerevisiae; vancomycin and erythromycin against E. coli and S. aureus. The red pigments showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 13.159 μg/mL, LC–MS/MS analysis demonstrated that red pigment extracts contained a mixture of 2-methyl-3-butyl-prodigine, Prodigiosin, 2-methyl-3hexyl-prodigine, 3, 4-Didehydrorhodopsin, anhydrorhodovibrin, alloxanthin and Tetradecanoyl-hexadecanoyl compounds. Red pigment extracts were used to develop antimicrobial fabrics and did not show any cytotoxicity to U87MG human glioblastoma cell line, but showed a marginal growth inhibition to A172 human glioblastoma cell lines. In contrast, the red pigment extracts showed significant growth stimulation on L929 mouse fibroblast cell lines.

Pigment Extraction of Safflower, Dyeing Properties and Antimicrobial Study of Dyed Silk

The extractions of yellow and red pigments from safflower petals were studied. The pigment extracted was further utilized as a natural dye for silk dyeing. The safflower petals were water-extracted in order to remove the yellow pigment and the extraction of red pigment from the petals was done with alkali solution. The extracted red pigment was applied to a silk fabric by dyeing process. The effects of dye concentration and pH of dye bath were studied. The colourimetric analysis of each dyed material was done in terms of the CIELab (L*, a* and b*) and K/S values. Maximum color strength for red color was obtained at pH 4. Color fastness to washing and light was evaluated. Washing fastness was 4-5 but light fastness for red dyed silk was 1. The dyed silk did not display antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923T and Escherichia coli ATCC25922T.

Thermal Stability of Selected Natural Red Extracts Used as Food Colorants

The color degradation of aqueous solutions of six natural red pigment extracts (elderberry, red cabbage, hibiscus, red beet, Opuntia fruits and red cochineal) used commercially as food colorants was investigated at temperatures between 50 and 90°C. Color degradation was studied in respect to both spectral properties and visual color. The remaining absorbance at 535nm as a function of the incubation time and temperature was used to quantify the degradation process. Red cochineal was the most thermoresistant extract with a remaining absorbance of 95% after 6h at 90°C. Anthocyanin extracts (elderberry, red cabbage, hibiscus) showed remaining absorbance percentages of 63.8, 46.1 and 26.7, respectively. Betacyanin extracts (red beet, Opuntia fruits) were the most thermosensitive maintaining only 12.5 and 1.7%, respectively, of the initial absorbance at 535nm. Applying a first-order kinetic model to the degradation processes, reaction rate constants (k) and half-life periods (t 1/2 ) were calculated. The temperature dependence of the degradation rate constant obeyed the Arrhenius relationship, with activation energies (E a ) ranging between 3.02 and 53.37kJ mol(-1). The higher activation energy values indicated greater temperature sensitivity. Changes in visual color attributes corroborated the high thermal stability of the red cochineal extract.

A “Green” Extraction Protocol to Recover Red Pigments from Hot Capsicum Fruit

Plant pigments represent a source of non-toxic compounds that are used as food or cosmetic coloring agents. Red-fruited varieties of Capsicum annuum can be extracted to isolate the red-colored xanthophylls, capsanthin, and capsorubin. Common commercial processes for this extraction use hexane as the extracting solvent and mild or no heat varieties of Capsicum. In this report, we describe a process for efficient extraction of these red pigments using green chemistry: CO2 supercritical fluid extraction and trapping the pigments in ethanol. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this method can be performed on hot or pungent Capsicum fruit and the resulting pigment sample has very low levels of capsaicinoids, 1 to 2 ppm. This process then can reduce the use of hazardous solvents and expand the type of fruit that can be used for the extraction of red pigments.

Pulsed electric field treatment for solid–liquid extraction of red beetroot pigment

Extractability of red pigment from red beetroot was investigated using pulsed electric field (PEF) treated tissue in a solid–liquid extraction process. Thin disks of the tissue were subjected to PEF at different intensities and, 3–4 min after the treatment, the release of red pigment and ionic species into an isotonic solution was measured in situ using a spectrophotometer and a conductivity meter. The highest degree of extraction achieved with PEF was compared with that of freezing and mechanical pressing. Subjected to 270 rectangular pulses of 10 μs at 1 kV/cm field strength, with an energy consumption of 7 kJ/kg, the samples released about 90% of total red colouring and ionic content following 1 h aqueous extraction. The increase in tissue electric conductivity after PEF treatment correlated approximately linearly with the extraction yield of red pigment and ionic species only up to an extraction level of 60–80%. No differential permeabilization of the intracellular components was found. Higher degree of variation of the extractability of pigment and ionic species at intermediate PEF treatments was interpreted as related to non-homogenous permeabilization of the tissue due to cell size.

Pulsed electric field treatment for solid–liquid extraction of red beetroot pigment: mathematical modelling of mass transfer

The extraction of red pigment and conductive matters from individual red beet tissue slices following pulsed electric field pretreatment of different durations was compared with a two dimensional bimodal Fickian diffusion model. The process appeared to be governed by two apparent diffusion coefficients, one slow and one fast. The values of these coefficients were independent of the duration of treatment, but the yield associated with each coefficient varied. Following the treatment of longest duration and treatment by freezing and thawing of the tissue, the yield from the faster diffusion coefficient accounted completely for the mass transport. The faster apparent diffusion coefficient was 2–5 times smaller than the diffusion coefficients in dilute solution.

Extraction of Red Pigment from Lycium Barbarum and Its Stability

Extraction of Red Pigment from Lycium Barbarum and Its Stability

Extraction of Red Pigment from Lycium Barbarum and Its Stability

Extraction of Red Pigment from Lycium Barbarum and Its Stability