Extraction Of Pigments Research Articles

Effects of Pectinase Treatment on the Optimization and Extraction of Pigments from Bacupari, Tucumã, and Peach Palm Using Response Surface Methodology

This work aims to optimize the process of extracting pigments from the peel of Amazonian fruits (bacupari, peach palm, and tucumã) using the enzyme pectinase. First, pigment extraction was carried out using different solvents (ethanol and acetone 80%, ethanol and acetone 50%, and water), temperatures (44, 40, 35, and 26 °C), and wavelengths (400, 450, and 490 nm). In the second stage, the best parameters found in the first stage were applied in a statistic with a response surface varying time (60, 120, and 180 min) and enzyme concentration (40, 80, and 120 U). The best results for extraction for bacupari and peach palm were acetone at 50% and 45 °C and ethanol at 50% and 35 °C for tucumã. In the second stage, the optimum point found was 1.5 h and 100 U concentration, and 2.5 h and 90 U concentration resulted in better extractions for bacupari, peach palm, and tucumã.

Influence of various solvents in extraction of natural pigments from Annona atemoya and Physalis peruviana as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells

Herein, we investigate the effect of various solvents on the extraction of natural dyes from two different fruit skins, namely Annona atemoya (Atemoya) and Physalis peruviana (Physalis), as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The functional groups of the extracted dye pigmentation were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to verify the presence of anthocyanin radicals. To fabricate the DSSCs, semiconducting TiO2 nanoparticles were deposited on FTO glass as a photoanode (using the spin-coating method), and platinum was also deposited on FTO glass as a photocathode (using the drop-casting method). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to verify the surface roughness and morphologies of the TiO2 photoanode and Pt photocathode. The photoelectric performance results of the fabricated DSSCs were examined and revealed the influence of various solvents on the extraction of Annona atemoya and Physalis peruviana dyes. The extraction of Annona atemoya and Physalis peruviana dyes in methanol solvent showed higher energy conversion efficiency of 2.02 % and 0.31 %, respectively, compared to other solvent extractions. In general, this work demonstrates that constructing solar cells from natural dyes at a reduced cost is a viable and sustainable alternative to traditional silicon cells.

Assessment of polyphenols in purple and red rice bran: Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities, and mechanism of inhibition against amylolytic enzymes

Pigmented Thai rice varieties, including purple (Riceberry) and red (Hommali), are gaining popularity due to their health benefits as a source of polyphenols that may exert a hypoglycemic effect through specific inhibition of amylolytic enzymes. This study determined the free phenolic extract from purple rice bran (PFE) to exhibit notably greater content of phytochemical compounds than did phenolic extracts from red rice bran, whether free (RFE) or bound fractions. This phytochemical content correlated with increased antioxidant activity and strong inhibition capacity against amylolytic enzymes, suppressing the conversion of carbohydrates into glucose. Several polyphenol compounds were identified in pigmented rice bran extracts, including benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, apigenin, and rutin; among these, flavonoids exhibited greater effect on inhibition capacity. Mechanistically, PFE was found to act as a competitive and uncompetitive inhibitor of α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively, while RFE showed respective uncompetitive and competitive inhibitory modes.

Sustainable natural dyeing of cellulose with agricultural medicinal plant waste, new shades development with nontoxic sustainable elements

The synthetic dyes used in textile industry cause severe health and environmental problems. Since production of these colors includes a noteworthy quantity of energy, water, and poisonous chemicals. Therefore, natural dyes from waste provide a significant source of study for the extraction of pigments. To use these natural dyes to its full extent, researchers used mordants to change the hue of the same natural dye and to get a range of shades from same source. Nonetheless, these mordants are toxic in nature. Therefore, to address this issue, in the present study, sustainable and environment friendly natural ingredients are studied to change the hue of the natural cutch dye. The results revealed that these natural ingredients can successfully developed new shades from the same natural dye without any negative effect on the fastness properties of the dyed cotton fabric.

The colorful fungi of the Chilean forests: Production, chemical characterization and possible applications of their pigments.

In Chile, as in the rest of the world, only a small fraction of the fungal diversity inhabiting the wide variety of its ecosystems is known. This diversity must hide an inestimable richness of species with interesting biotechnological potential, including fungal pigment producers. Recently, interest in filamentous fungi has increased significantly due to their importance as alternative sources of pigments and colorants that are environmentally and human health friendly. As a result, fungal pigments are gaining importance in various industrial applications, such as food, textiles, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. The increasing consumer demand for "green label" natural colorants requires the exploration of different ecosystems in search of new fungal species that are efficient producers of different pigment with a wide range of colors and ideally without the co-production of mycotoxins. However, advances are also needed in pigment production processes through fermentation, scale-up from laboratory to industrial scale, and final product formulation and marketing. In this respect, the journey is still full of challenges for scientists and entrepreneurs. This chapter describes studies on pigment-producing fungi collected in the forests of central-southern Chile. Aspects such as the exploration of potential candidates as sources of extracellular pigments, the optimization of pigment production by submerged fermentation, methods of pigment extraction and purification for subsequent chemical characterization, and formulation (by microencapsulation) for potential cosmetic applications are highlighted. This potential use is due to the outstanding bioactivity of most fungal pigments, making them interesting functional ingredients for many applications. Finally, the use of fungal pigments for textile and spalting applications is discussed.

Melanin antibacterial activity of two new strains, SN1 and SN2, of Exophiala phaeomuriformis against five human pathogens

Abstract Melanin is an almost ubiquitous pigment of brown to dark black color synthesized by living organisms. It has excellent potential for application in several fields, especially in pharmaceuticals. Yeasts are known for their ability to synthesize pigments, including melanin. These yeasts are considered black yeasts. However, there is little information on the synthesis of melanin by these yeasts. This work was designed to study the ability of black yeast to produce a diffusible dark pigment on agar. Two strains of black yeast, SN1 and SN2, were isolated from hydrocarbon-polluted soils. Based on morphological, physiological, and molecular analyses, the two strains SN1 and SN2 were identified as new species of the Exophiala phaeomuriformis strain. After pigment extraction, melanin was characterized using UV and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We found that melanin synthesis is strongly affected by light and optimal parameters such as temperature 30°C, salinity between 10 and 30 ppt, and basic pH. Both melanin extracts also showed inhibitory activity against pathogenic germs, and activities were observed on E. coli (33.33 ± 2.88 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.33 ± 4.61 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (24.3 ± 7.65 mm). It was concluded that the melanin of the E. phaeomuriformis strain isolated from oil-polluted soils had high antibacterial activity. This high antibacterial activity could be a suitable source of new antibacterial natural products.

Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Lipstick

Abstract: Lipstick is a cosmetic used for color the lips . It enhance the appearance of the lips. Lipstick utilise for the purpose to enhance the appearance, look attractive and protection of lips for many types damaging UV rays etc. Herbal Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, fragrance, preservatives, colors, texture and protection to the lips. It has become an almost universal constituent of ladies’ handbags. Moist lips, dry lips, shiny lips, smooth lips, all are simple matters of cosmetic application Herbal lipsticks are gaining popularity because natural cosmetics are safe. In market numbers of shades of colors are available to satisfy the demand by the women’s in form like liquid as well as stick on lips. Herbal lipsticks having minimum side effects. It contains natural ingredients or nutrients it is safe to use that keep lips healthy. Lipstick containing synthetic colorants which are made up of harmful chemicals and it is very harmful for our skin. Regular use of synthetic lipstick colours can have side effects on the skin, including skin pigmentation, skin irritation, acne, and cancer. The use of plant-based plant extract from the plants helps lessen side effects.This overview of lipstick covers its kind, technique of formulation, variety of colours, pigment extraction, natural oil, flavour, physical assessment, and quality control standards for lipstick used in the industry, as well as mould and flaws. Cosmetic procedures are used to enhance facial attractiveness. The demand for natural cosmetics is currently rising steadily thanks to its natural gifts. The natural products that women use today include a variety

Effects of different physical parameters on the stability of anthocyanin from coconut (Cocos nucifera) husk

Anthocyanin, a bioactive compound present in plants, possesses the characteristic of being an extractable pigment. Due to its bioavailability and wide spectrum of colors, extensive research has been conducted on anthocyanin to explore its medicinal advantages and its potential as a natural coloring agent. However, it is reported to be easily degraded by external environmental factors due to its high reactivity. The husk from coconut (Cocos nucifera) has been proven to contain a significant amount of anthocyanin. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of temperature, autoclaving condition, pH, and light on the stability of anthocyanin from coconut husk. The anthocyanin extracted from the mesocarps of brown coconut husks was tested at different temperatures (50 ? to 70?), pH (1 to 14), autoclaving conditions (15 minutes to 60 minutes), and light exposure (room temperature for 70 days). In extreme temperatures and long durations of autoclaving conditions, anthocyanin extracts were slightly degraded in terms of colour strength and total anthocyanin content. The acidity and alkalinity of the samples affected the stability of anthocyanin extracts drastically. The colour strength and total anthocyanin content steadily increased as the pH rose. Light exposure also influenced the stability of anthocyanin extract throughout the 70-day exposure to fluorescent light. To sum up, anthocyanin extracts from the C. nucifera are stable in a highly alkaline condition and must be stored away from light, extreme heat, and high pressure.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of bio-pigment from Beta vulgaris

ABSTRACT: Plants are essential for sustaining life on our planet, providing a diverse range of species that possess therapeutic properties. With a growing awareness of health and well-being among consumers, there has been a rise in the popularity of natural colorants sourced from plant-based materials. In this context, the main objective of this research was to extract valuable natural pigments from Beta vulgaris (commonly known as beetroot), with the aim of increasing the availability of pigments from natural sources while simultaneously minimizing environmental and health risks. The crude extract of pigments was obtained using the maceration method during the extraction process. The crude extract was then purified using flash column chromatography with various solvents as the mobile phase. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of active compounds like phenols, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was performed to analyze the betalain profile, showing distinct bands at specific Rf values. The specific functional groups were identified in the Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum based on the presence of characteristic bands. Antibacterial activity testing demonstrated varying degrees of inhibition against test organisms like Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The evaluated plant pigments exhibited positive results in terms of antioxidant activity, exhibiting free radical scavenging capabilities. The aqueous methanol extract showed the highest extraction yield at 36.71%. The aqueous methanol extract of Beta vulgaris showed the maximum antibacterial activity at 20 mm against Bacillus cereus. The methanol extract and aqueous ethanol extract displayed the lowest IC50 values (45.56 µg/ml and 43.23 µg/ml, respectively), indicating their high antioxidant potential. These findings highlight the promising potential of Beta vulgaris as a valuable source of natural pigments with both antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Effect of Phycoerythrin on Antimicrobial Activity and Shelf-life Extension of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at Refrigerator Temperature.

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of phycoerythrin (PE) treatment extracted from Nostoc sp. on the shelf-life extension of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillet at 4°C and 8°C. After extraction and purification of pigment in BG-110 medium, the pigment PE was extracted and purified with 56% ammonium sulfate followed by dialysis. After that, the effect of pigment on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. The fillet samples were immersed in pigment solution, and their physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties were examined. The results showed that the concentration and purity of the pigments increased after the dialysis. The results from performed chemical tests and total number of living mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive, and coliform bacteria of the samples compared to the blank sample showed that sample treated with algae extracts were able to control the increase in these parameters. In these tests, the highest levels belonged to Nile Tilapia fillet sample Nile Tilapia fillet coated with PE solution at a temperature 8°C and the lowest amount was observed with fillet coated with PE solution at a temperature of 4˚C (P≤0.05). The results of sensory evaluation showed that the highest score of taste, texture, color, and total acceptance were observed for Nile Tilapia fillet coated with PE solution at temperature 8°C. In conclusion, the extract pigments from Nostoc sp. has strong antimicrobial activity and can maintain the quality parameters for controlling of spoilage bacteria and extend the shelf-life of Oreochromis niloticus.

Preservice Chemistry Teachers’ Preconception on the Topic of Sustainable Development Oriented Plant Pigments Separation

One of the important principles in the success of learning activities is that educators need to pay attention to students' preconceptions before designing learning designs, because this will provide direction in compiling learning materials and strategies to achieve learning goals. This study aims to identify the preconceptions of preservice chemistry teachers’ as a basis for developing a didactic design on the topic of plant pigments separation which is one of the materials discussed in analytical chemistry II lectures. This research uses descriptive methods with participants were 36 pre-service chemistry teachers at one of the state universities in Pekanbaru City. This descriptive study used a diagnostic test in the form of an essay which totaled 19 questions. Based on the results of preconception analysis, it was identified that most of the students experienced learning barriers mostly in the following sub-discussions: (1) types of green solvents; (2) benefits of eutectic solvents; (3) the relationship of eutectic solvent with principles of green chemistry; (4) the process of making eutectic solvents; (5) experimental stages of plant pigment extraction; (6) processes that occur during extraction; and (7) extraction techniques. So it can be concluded that students do not yet have sufficient basic knowledge because students are not yet able to answer questions in most contexts on the topic of separating plant pigments

Comparison of extraction methods on anthocyanin pigment attributes from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit rind as potential food colourant

The mangosteen fruit is mostly consumed for its pulp, and the rind, which accounts for more than 60 % of the total fruit weight, is discarded making it poor economic worth. The dark purple rind of mangosteen fruit is a rich source of anthocyanin pigment that can be used for food application if extracted using eco-friendly solvents. The aim of the study was to come up with an efficient, cheap and environmentally friendly method of anthocyanin pigment extraction from mangosteen fruit rind. Acidified solvent has shown to have higher recovery percentage of the pigment concentrate having higher TMAC (17,652.54 mg/L), colour density (1596.30 AU), polymeric colour (997.80 AU). Significantly highest recovery percentage (55.03), antioxidant activity measured by DPPH (2.29 l/ml), FRAP (2.83 l/ml), and ABTS (2.02 l/ml), total phenolics (32.25 mgGAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (40.02 mgQE/100 g), as well as the instrumental colour values indicating bright reddish-purple, were observed in microwave assisted extraction method with acidified solvent. By LC-MS/MS analysis, it was also evident that the rind contains a number of beneficial and health-promoting compounds, such as anthocyanins, xanthones, phenolics, flavonoids, coumarins, phoroglucinol derivatives, lignans, retinoids.

Kinetics of pulsed electric fields assisted pigment extraction from Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Kinetics οf chlorophyll extraction from the microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa, assisted by Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF), were studied. Treated (4.6 kV/cm, 0–179.2 kJ/kg) and untreated biomass was suspended in ethanolic solutions (75–95% v/v) and incubated at 30–60 °C for up to 6 h. Higher PEF treatment specific energy, ethanolic content of extraction solvent and extraction temperature led to higher recovery of pigments and antioxidants (chlorophyll and lutein, respectively). Chlorophyll characteristic extraction time depended only on extraction temperature (2.16 h at 30 °C vs. 0.61 h at 40 °C). A treatment of 179.2 kJ/kg before extraction with 95% ethanol at 60 °C for 4 h led to maximum recovery of both chlorophyll and lutein (18.2 and 1.17 mg/g dry biomass, respectively). Lutein was extracted more selectively at 30 °C which led to extracts with higher concentration in antioxidants (28.83 mg Trolox/g dry extract from treated samples with 179.2 kJ/kg and a four-hour extraction with 95% ethanol). Industrial relevanceChlorophylls and carotenoids from C. pyrenoidosa have garnered significant interest by the food industry for application as natural colorants and strong antioxidants in food products. Low energy requirements, short treatment times and selectivity establish Pulsed Electric Fields as a suitable technology to improve the extraction of these ingredients. An overall mathematical model of chlorophyll extraction, incorporating all process parameters, is a useful industrial tool for reliable predictions and the estimation of extraction efficiency under different process conditions.

Pigmented Microbial Extract (PMB) from Exiguobacterium Species MB2 Strain (PMB1) and Bacillus subtilis Strain MB1 (PMB2) Inhibited Breast Cancer Cells Growth In Vivo and In Vitro.

Breast cancer (BC) continues to be one of the major causes of cancer deaths in women. Progress has been made in targeting hormone and growth factor receptor-positive BCs with clinical efficacy and success. However, little progress has been made to develop a clinically viable treatment for the triple-negative BC cases (TNBCs). The current study aims to identify potent agents that can target TNBCs. Extracts from microbial sources have been reported to contain pharmacological agents that can selectively inhibit cancer cell growth. We have screened and identified pigmented microbial extracts (PMBs) that can inhibit BC cell proliferation by targeting legumain (LGMN). LGMN is an oncogenic protein expressed not only in malignant cells but also in tumor microenvironment cells, including tumor-associated macrophages. An LGMN inhibition assay was performed, and microbial extracts were evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity in BC cell lines, angiogenesis assay with chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), and tumor xenograft models in Swiss albino mice. We have identified that PMB from the Exiguobacterium (PMB1), inhibits BC growth more potently than PMB2, from the Bacillus subtilis strain. The analysis of PMB1 by GC-MS showed the presence of a variety of fatty acids and fatty-acid derivatives, small molecule phenolics, and aldehydes. PMB1 inhibited the activity of oncogenic legumain in BC cells and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. PMB1 reduced the angiogenesis and inhibited BC cell migration. In mice, intraperitoneal administration of PMB1 retarded the growth of xenografted Ehrlich ascites mammary tumors and mitigated the proliferation of tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity in vivo. In summary, our findings demonstrate the high antitumor potential of PMB1.

DINAMICA PROCESULUI DE FOTOSINTEZĂ LA UNELE SOIURI DE CIREȘ ÎN CONDIȚIILE CLIMATICE DE LA SCDP IAȘI

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of climatic conditions in the photosynthesis process at three cultivars of sweet cherry (‘Van’, ‘Andreiaș’ and ‘Margonia’) from the Research Station for Fruit Growing (RSFG) Iași. The ecophysiological response of the sweet cherry tree species was determined by evaluating the influence of light intensity on photosynthesis, as well as by determining the content of photosynthetic and carotenoid pigments of the leaves in different phenological stages (66 BBCH, 75 BBCH and 89 BBCH). The content of pigments in the leaves was analyzed spectrophotometrically, being estimated by the value of the light absorption capacity of the acetonic extract of pigments (1%) in the visible spectrum at different wavelengths. The obtained results showed that the intensity of the photosynthesis process has maximum values in the fruit ripening phenophase, the content in photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b) registering maximum values of 14.28 µg/mL, at an average light intensity of 53,000 lux.

Co-modulation of structural and pigmentary coloration in Lyropteryx apollonia butterfly.

Nature produces some of the most striking optical effects through the combination of structural and chemical principles to give rise to a wide range of colors. However, creating non-spectral colors that extend beyond the color spectrum is a challenging task, as it requires meeting the requirements of both structural and pigmentary coloration. In this study, we investigate the magenta non-spectral color found in the scales of the ventral spots of the Lyropteryx apollonia butterfly. By employing correlated optical and electron microscopy, as well as pigment extraction techniques, we reveal how this color arises from the co-modulation of pigmentary and structural coloration. Specifically, the angle-dependent blue coloration results from the interference of visible light with chitin-based nanostructures, while the diffused red coloration is generated by an ommochrome pigment. The ability to produce such highly conspicuous non-spectral colors provides insights for the development of hierarchical structures with precise control over their optical response. These structures can be used to create hierarchically-arranged systems with a broadened color palette.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive pigments from Spirulina platensis in natural deep eutectic solvents

Spirulina platensis biopigments have been documented as a potential source of nutritional, physiological, and pharmacological purposes due to the presence of bioactive pigments, total phenolic content (TPC) and the consequent antioxidant activity that these compounds present. Bioextracts market has increased in the last decades and is a key option for replacing fossil-derived products and promote the transition for a bio-based economy. To take advantage of these compounds more effectively, optimized extraction processes must be researched and used in biomass sources. The present study focused on optimizing the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using response surface methodology. Three factor and three level Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction of bioactive pigments, and to investigate the effects of three independent variables, x\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$x$$\\end{document}1: extraction temperature (40–60 °C), x\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$x$$\\end{document}2: extraction cycle time (20–40 min), and x\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$x$$\\end{document}3: solvent-to-biomass ratio (50–70 mL/mg) on total pigment yield, antioxidant assay, and TPC (dependent variables). A second-order polynomial model was used for predicting the responses. Statistically, the model was validated using an analysis of variance. Results revealed that ultrasound-assisted temperature, time, and solvent-to-biomass ratio had a significant (p < 0.05) influence on the total pigment yield, while temperature and solvent-to-biomass ratio had a significant influence in the antioxidant activity, and temperature significantly influenced the total pigment yield. For total pigment yield, antioxidant activity, and total phenol content, the R2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${R}^{2}$$\\end{document} values of the models generated were 0.8627, 0.8460, and 0.9003, respectively, indicating that the models developed based on second-order polynomials were satisfactorily accurate for analyzing interactions between parameters. Desirability functions showed that the optimal extraction parameters were temperature: 60 °C, extraction cycle time: 20 min; and a solvent-to-biomass ratio of 70 mL/mg. Under optimal conditions, experimental values for total pigment yield, total phenol content expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE), and antioxidant activity expressed as Trolox equivalent (TRE) were: 165.19 ± 1.01 mg/g Dry Matter (DM), 36.50 ± 0.98 mg GAE/g DM, and 37.98 ± 0.58 mg TRE/g DM, respectively. The experimental values showed a good agreement with the predicted values with residual standard low 1% under optimum conditions. This optimized ultrasound-assisted method in natural eutectic solvents is effective and scalable to a green extraction of the bioactive pigments from Spirulina platensis with potential application to food, pharmaceutical, functional materials, and packaging.Graphical

Technological and Scientific Prospection on Pigments Produced by Microorganisms.

Interest in natural pigments has grown due to the negative aspects caused by synthetic options, which trigger damage to the body and the environment. Research with natural pigments produced by microorganisms becomes viable in relation to other pigments extracted from animals or plants, as microorganisms have advantages in terms of versatility and productivity. Thus, production technologies are protected by patents. To evaluate the evolution of research and technological development on producing natural pigments by different microorganisms through scientific and technological prospection. Scientific prospecting was done by searching articles published from 2010 to 2020 in the Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases. Technological prospecting was carried out with patents obtained from the European Patent Office (ESPACENET) database. The searches were based on the keywords "pigment" and "dye" crossed with microalgae, fungi, bacteria and yeast. A total of 2.811 articles and 451 patents were selected. Scientific prospecting has shown interest in alternative cultivation media, and among the microorganisms that produce pigments, fungi and microalgae are the most studied. Technological prospecting showed that 375 (83%) recovered patent documents refer to the protection of pigment extraction and production techniques and that the largest patent holders are private companies, followed by Chinese universities.

Co-production of pigment and high value-added bacterial nanocellulose from Suaeda salsa biomass with improved efficiency of enzymatic saccharification and fermentation

This study evaluated the co-production of pigment and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) from S. salsa biomass. The extraction of the beet red pigment reduced the salts and flavonoids contents by 82.7%–100%, promoting the efficiencies of enzymatic saccharification of the biomass and the fermentation of BNC from the hydrolysate. SEM analysis revealed that the extraction process disrupted the lignocellulosic fiber structure, and the chemical analysis revealed the lessened cellulase inhibitors, consequently facilitating enzymatic saccharification for 10.4 times. BNC producing strains were found to be hyper-sensitive to NaCl stress, produced up to 400.4% more BNC from the hydrolysate after the extraction. The fermentation results of BNC indicated that the LDU-A strain yielded 2.116 g/L and 0.539 g/L in ES-M and NES-M, respectively. In comparison to the control, the yield in ES-M increased by approximately 20.0%, while the enhancement in NES-M was more significant, reaching 292.6%. After conducting a comprehensive characterization of BNC derived from S. salsa through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), the average fiber diameter distribution of these four BNC materials ranges from 22.23 to 33.03 nanometers, with a crystallinity range of 77%–90%. Additionally, they exhibit a consistent trend during the thermal degradation process, further emphasizing their stability in high-temperature environments and similar thermal properties. Our study found an efficient co-production approach of pigment and BNC from S. salsa biomass. Pigment extraction made biomass more physically and chemically digestible to cellulase, and significantly improved BNC productivity and quality.

Bioactive compounds of pigmented rice extracts reveal by NMR-based metabolomics

ABSTRACT The present study determined total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, α-glucosidase, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities of black (BR), purple (PR), and red rice (RR) extracted with different polarity solvents and characterized the metabolites by using the 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach. The methanol extract of RR had the highest DPPH scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The water extracts of PR and RR exhibited the highest NO inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 176.28 ± 18.78 and 160.69 ± 14.83 µg/mL, respectively. The metabolites that contribute to radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of RR methanol extract were chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, and tyrosine, whereas nicotinic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, and citric acid were the metabolites that contributed to the NO inhibitory activity of RR water extract. The RR extracts are potential sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and NO inhibitory properties.