Extraction Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Integrated biotechnological process based on submerged fermentation and sonotrode extraction as a valuable strategy to obtain phenolic enriched extracts from moringa leaves.

The present study explored the influence of submerged fermentation with different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a pre-treatment of moringa leaves before the extraction of phenolic compounds via sonotrode. The sonotrode extraction was optimized using a Box-Behnken design and the optimal conditions found were: 25% ethanol, 5min and 100% amplitude. Folin-reacting substances and antioxidant activity were measured on hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from fermented moringa leaves and, individual phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS for the first time. The findings revealed that P. acidilactici CECT 98 and La. plantarum CECT 9567 significantly increased phenolic acids levels (30.30% and 27.55%, respectively) and total flavonoids increased in the presence of P. acidilactici CECT 98, Leu. mesenteroides CECT 219T, and La. plantarum CECT 9567 (50.12, 10.68 and 10.22%, respectively). This approach increases the yield of health-promoting phytochemicals and demonstrates the potential for optimising the extraction processes in functional food development.

The ANFIS-RSM based multi-objective optimization and modelling of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from jamun fruit (Syzygium cumini).

Given their potential as natural substitutes for artificial additives and their health advantages, the extraction of bioactive substances like polyphenols from plant sources is becoming more and more significant. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to achieve effective extraction with minimal time and energy. In order to optimize polyphenol extraction from ripe jamun fruit pulp, including traditional and ultrasound-assisted methods, this study assessed the prediction power of response surface methodology (RSM) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). It examined how temperature, process time, solvent type, and extraction method affected the yield of extracted polyphenols. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that solvent type (F-value=292.15) was the most significant factor influencing polyphenol extraction. Numerical optimization identified optimal conditions for maximizing phenolic compound extraction: a process temperature of 45°C, a duration of 65min under ultrasound, using methanol as the solvent (desirability of 0.935 and a realization rate of 95% of the maximum possible). Imposing minimum temperature and process time conditions will yield the same optimal process parameters as before, achieving 89% of the maximum possible while significantly reducing the process time from 65min to just 5min (desirability 0.953). For each of the six process-solver conditions, optimal ANFIS models were determined by analyzing the number and type of input membership functions, the output membership function, and the selected optimization and defuzzification methods, based on the highest correlation between actual and predicted data, along with the lowest error rates. Statistical analysis confirmed the effectiveness of both RSM and ANFIS in modeling polyphenol extraction from ripe jamun fruit. Error indices demonstrated that ANFIS (R2=0.8490-0.9989) outperformed RSM (R2=0.9265) in predictive capability, underscoring the relative superiority of ANFIS.

Deep Eutectic Solvents based green approach for bioactive molecules recovery from Spirulina.

Spirulina is a unicellular microalga, characterized by blue/green color, that has received significant attention for its interesting nutritional composition. Phenolic compounds and phycocyanin (PC) are responsible for the many biological activities of Spirulina. Spirulina phenolic compounds are usually extracted using organic solvents, while PC is extracted with water or phosphate buffer solution, obtaining an extract characterized by low stability and low purity. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are green solvents, widely applied for bioactive molecules extraction, composed by two or more molecules which act as hydrogen bond acceptor or hydrogen bond donor to create an eutectic mixture. A Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES), is a DES composed only by natural compounds. This work aimed to optimize a green extraction procedure based on NADES to obtain an extract rich in phenolic compounds and PC from Spirulina. The application of NADESs as extraction solvents is an important strategy for recovering phenolic compounds and to increase and stabilize the protein PC. The optimized extraction procedure involved to use a betaine-glucose NADES under the following conditions: matrix-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/w), temperature of 50 °C and one hour as extraction time. The developed extraction procedure guaranteed to recover a phenolic compounds and PC quantity of 11.77 ± 1.23 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) and 27.56 ± 2.46 g per g of Spirulina powder respectively. PC in the NADES extract degraded more slowly than in an aqueous extract. The extract phenolic compounds profile was determined through high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis.

Exploring the impact of elevated pH and short maceration on the deterioration of red wines: physical and chemical perspectives

This study explored the impact of high pH and short maceration on red wines' physical and chemical traits and stability. Specifically, wines from Petit verdot, Merlot, Malbec and Tempranillo grapes, harvested in a tropical wine-producing region, were analysed. A consistent maceration period of 96 hours was applied in all vinification trials. After six months of bottling, parameters such as colour, acetaldehyde levels, higher alcohols and phenolic compounds were assessed. The findings highlighted significant impacts of grape pH on chemical stability, influenced by the phenolic profile of each grape variety. The short maceration period reduced phenolic compound extraction in high-pH musts, leading to decreased antioxidant potential and chemical stability. Critical indicators included colorimetric parameters, acetaldehyde and free SO₂ content. Acetaldehyde levels were strongly correlated with free SO₂ consumption and colour variations, signifying oxidative processes. Wines with higher concentrations of (+)-catechin, procyanidins and monomeric anthocyanins exhibited enhanced stability, while the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids was associated with oxidative changes. Caffeic acid emerged as a potential marker of oxidative stress, particularly in grapes from warmer climates. To improve the stability of wines made from high-pH grapes, extended maceration times or increased SO₂ dosages may be required.

Influence of pH and Sulfur Dioxide in Unaged Wine Distillates on the Physicochemical and Sensory Profile of the Brandies de Jerez

AbstractBrandies are spirits produced from wine spirits and wine distillates aged in less than 1000 L oak casks for at least 6 months. The composition of each brandy is determined by its raw material and its aging. During aging, two different phenomena occur: the extraction of compounds from the cask wood and reactions between the different compounds. Characteristics of the casks have a significant impact during this process. Those casks that have previously contained some type of Sherry wine give rise to the so-called Sherry Cask®, which not only contributes to the compounds from the wood but also to those that were originally found in the Sherry wine previously aged in them. The quality of brandy is also determined by the physicochemical composition and characteristics of the distillate, which depends both on the quality of the distilled wine and on the distillation process itself. This work studied the effect of sulfur dioxide and the role that the pH of the distillate plays on the physicochemical and sensory composition of three brandies aged 24 months in a static system of Sherry Casks®. The analyses were carried out following the OIV methods. Results have revealed that high levels of sulfur dioxide and the distillate pH significantly condition the extraction of phenolic compounds and organic acids from the wood, as well as reactions such as hydrolysis or esterification that take place between the compounds in the spirits. These factors have led to a differentiated sensory evaluation of the final brandies.

Otimização da extração de compostos bioativos do bagaço de azeitona por hidrodifusão por micro-ondas e gravidade

ABSTRACT: There are few studies on the extraction of bioactive compounds from olive pomace by the microwave method of hydro diffusion and gravity (MHG). Therefore, this study extracted bioactive compounds from pomace by MHG using a central rotational compound (DCCR). The statistical model showed a significant difference for the variable potency (W) in the extractions of phenolic compounds, showing linear behavior. Simple linear regression analysis suggested the use of 100W of power for the extraction of phenolic compounds in olive pomace. There were no significant differences in flavonoid extractions and antioxidant capacity of the extracts, at different potencies (W) and times (min), in the olive pomace extracts.

Optimization of the Microwave‐Assisted Extraction of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPCs) From Almond Skins Through Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Assessment of the Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Activity of the Extracts

Optimization of the Microwave‐Assisted Extraction of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPCs) From Almond Skins Through Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Assessment of the Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Activity of the Extracts

Optimization of aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds and bioactive profiles from brown (Sargassum polycystum) and red (Kappaphycus alvarezii) seaweeds using the response surface method

Optimization of aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds and bioactive profiles from brown (Sargassum polycystum) and red (Kappaphycus alvarezii) seaweeds using the response surface method

Optimization of UAE-NADES green extraction of bioactive compounds from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) sprouts using simplex lattice mixture design methodology

In the present study, a statistical tool called the simplex lattice mixture design method was used to create a new formulation of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) which is derived from a combination of three compounds (citric acid, glycerol, and water) to extract bioactive compounds from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) sprouts. The mixture (natural deep eutectic solvent) was formulated by combining three solvents including citric acid, glycerol, and water. The extraction was performed in a sonication bath for 30 min. The simultaneous optimization was performed to obtain the highest total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidants activity. The highest values of total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity were 128.0 ± 0.2 mg GAE/100 g, 38.61 ± 0.03 mg CE/100 g and 2117 ± 1.8 µmol TE/100 g respectively. HPLC-DAD of the optimized extract was utilized for quantification of polyphenol compounds showing catechin as the main compound followed by chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, syringic acid, rutin, gallic acid, kaempferol 3-glucoside, ferulic acid, and coumaric acid. These findings may represent a significant advancement in the management of phenolic compound extraction for targeted uses, such as serving as alternatives to traditional antioxidants primarily employed in the food industry to improve nutritional quality. Furthermore, our research has shown that mixture designs are an efficient and useful method for structuring and optimizing experimental parameters to achieve the most accurate results with the minimum number of experiments.

Green Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Aronia melanocarpa Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Antioxidant Activity Investigation.

This study explores the green extraction of phenolic antioxidants from Aronia melanocarpa fruit using choline-chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional solvents. Sixteen DESs, prepared by combining choline chloride with various hydrogen bond donors, were characterized for their physical properties, including viscosity, polarity, and pH, and applied to extract phenolics from Aronia melanocarpa. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantified key phenolic compounds, including neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acid, quercetin derivatives, and cyanidin derivatives, as well as total phenolic acids, flavanols, and anthocyanins. The results revealed that DES composition and physical properties significantly influenced extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity. Additionally, the intrinsic antioxidant activity of DESs contributed substantially to the overall activity of the extracts, particularly in DESs containing organic acids or thiourea. Choline chloride/tartaric acid DES demonstrated the highest total phenolic content, attributed to its high viscosity and strongly acidic pH, while choline chloride/thiourea DES, with low viscosity and slightly acidic pH, exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity. This study highlights how tailoring DES formulations can optimize the extraction of target compounds while accounting for the solvent's intrinsic properties. The findings support the potential application of DESs as environmentally friendly solvents in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction on phenolic profile, bio-accessibility, OVCAR-3, and SKOV-3 cytotoxicity in blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.).

This study aimed to examine the extraction of specific phenolic compounds from blackthorn using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and to evaluate the influence of UAE on the phenolic composition, bioaccessibility, and cytotoxic effect evaluated on ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3) and healthy (HaCaT) cell lines. The UAE parameters were optimized by modeling with the response surface method. Temperature, time, and ultrasound amplitude were utilized to determine the optimal extraction conditions. Optimization experiments were conducted to assess the influence of independent variables on the maximum concentrations of six phenolic compounds identified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The optimal conditions for UAE were determined as an extraction temperature of 33.177°C, a duration of 4.334 min, and an amplitude of 38.980%. The phenolic profile of the extract obtained under optimized UAE conditions (B-UAEopt) was re-examined, confirming that it remained consistent at the individual component level. Using an in vitro digestion model, UAE was found to increase the bioaccessibility of antioxidant activity in the small intestine. The IC50 values for OVCAR-3 were 64 and 67mg mL-1 for blackthorn and B-UAEopt, while the IC50 values for SKOV-3 were 53mg mL-1 and 50mg mL-1 for blackthorn and B-UAEopt, respectively. This study showed that UAE is an exceptionally effective method for extracting phenolic compounds from blackthorn, as it preserves the phenolic profile, enhances bioaccessibility, and maintains cytotoxic effects without any detrimental impact.

Evolution of Fermented Food Products in the Republic of Congo: A Meta-analytic Review

Approximately 61 reports on traditional fermented food (TFF) were published in the Republic of Congo between 1986 and 2024. Research on fermented foods has experienced many delays but has seen significant growth. Several studies related to TFFs have been conducted on bacterial identification, antibacterial and antifungal properties, extraction of flavonoid and phenolic compounds, extraction of biosurfactant and bacteriocins, bacteria-bacteria, bacteria-yeast interactions, enzyme engineering, bioethanol production, soil bioremediation, protein expression and purification, and gene cloning. To date, no review has offered an objective meta-analysis of all previous studies on TFFs. This review aims to establish a research timeline by tracking previously documented scientific publications in terms of TFF year after year while analyzing, commenting, and taking stock of scientific information. The reader is guided through the highlights of pioneers in the history of TFF research. With this review, the timeline of progress in fermented food research will allow a growing understanding of the complex role thet microorganisms play in the fermentation process.

Evaluation of Cellulase, Pectinase, and Hemicellulase Effectiveness in Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Grape Pomace.

Grape pomace, the solid residue from winemaking, is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds with significant antioxidant properties. However, the efficient extraction of these valuable compounds remains a challenge. This study focuses on optimizing the conditions for the enzyme-assisted extraction of polyphenolic compounds from red grape pomace using cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase. The key variables investigated in this study were enzyme concentration, extraction time, and solid/liquid ratio. The results highlight the importance of selecting enzymes based on target compounds, as different enzymes were found to be more effective for specific phenolic fractions. Hemicellulase was most effective for phenolic acids, cellulase for catechins, and pectinase for anthocyanins. Enzyme-assisted extraction significantly increased the yield of phenolic compounds and resulted in higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity compared to control samples treated with solid/liquid extraction without enzyme addition. These findings confirm that enzyme-assisted extraction is a promising approach for enhancing the recovery of polyphenolic compounds from grape pomace.

The Role of Phenol and Flavonoid in the Synthesis and Application of Nano Graphene Oxide

The unique properties of graphene oxide have generated significant interest in recent years. Many potent aromatic drugs are water-insoluble, complicating their administration. Nano graphene oxide, a potential drug carrier, is typically synthesized through environmentally harmful chemical methods. This review emphasizes the need for more sustainable approaches to address these challenges while maintaining graphene oxide's effectiveness in drug delivery. Plant extracts are rich in bioactive compounds known as phytochemicals which have the ability to synthesize nano graphene oxide. A large and most intricate class of these phytochemicals are Phenolic compounds which have an aromatic ring and one or more hydroxyl groups in their structural conformations. Based on their structural composition, they are divided into subgroups that include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, lignans, quinones, stilbenes, and carotenoids. Plant polyphenols are gaining increasing attention because of their potent antioxidant properties and important roles in preventing oxidative stress-related diseases. The extraction, identification, and characterization of phenolic compounds from a range of plant sources has become a major area of study in the health and medical fields in recent years. The role of phenol and flavonoid in the synthesis and application of nano composites are also covered in this review.

Extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity analysis of Ficus carica L. seed oil using supercritical fluid technology

The rationale behind this study was to investigate the potential of fig (Ficus carica L.) kernel oil as a source of bioactive compounds, particularly focusing on its phenolic compounds, due to the increasing interest in plant-based oils with antioxidant properties for use in functional foods and nutraceuticals. The primary objective was to identify and quantify the active phenolic components present in fig kernel oil. Utilizing an additional co-solvent in the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process, specific phenolic compounds, such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, and syringic acid, were exclusively identified in the CO2 + ethanol (IC-2-1) sample. Furthermore, other notable compounds, including vanillin, verbascoside, ferulic acid, luteolin 7-glucoside, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol, were detected in both the IC-2-1 and CO2 (IC-1-1) samples. These findings suggest that fig kernel oil with its rich phytochemical profile, is a promising alternative oil source and has significant potential as a functional food ingredient. Further research on the SFE of fig seeds and oil is recommended to expand its applications and potential health benefits.

Mechanism of deep eutectic solvents based extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from peony petals

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have exhibited great potential in the extraction of active ingredients from flowers. In this study, ternary DESs were designed for the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from peony petals. When the molar ratio of ChCl:EG:U was 1:2:2, and the water content was 30 %, the maximum extraction yields of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were achieved, reaching 109.30 mg GAE/g and 56.93 mg RE/g, respectively. Meanwhile, cellulose nanofibers were prepared. The relationship model with extraction yield as the target was established by multivariate analysis. The model indicated that the property parameters of the HBD had a significant impact on the extraction yields of TPC and TFC. At the molecular level, Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to explore the extraction mechanism. The analysis revealed that hydrogen bonding was the main interaction force. The maximum binding energy between DES and rutin was −89.03 kcal/mol. This study provides an efficient extraction solvent and insights into the mechanism of extracting the phenolic and flavonoid compounds from peony petals.

Eutectic solvents for the extraction of phenolic compounds from the Moldovan Dragonhead

Introduction. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are of interest to modern pharmaceutical technology as alternative extractants to traditional organic solvents. The prospects for their use are due to low toxicity, biodegradability, the possibility of selective extraction of individual substances and regeneration of the extractant. The purpose of the study is to develop and optimize a technology for ultrasonic extraction of phenolic acids from the Moldovan dragonhead using DES, and to study the antioxidant activity of the resulting extracts. Results. 11 DES compositions with different molar ratios of components were obtained; the optimal composition one was selected based on choline and lactic acid in a molar ratio of 1:3. The dependence of the extraction of phenolic compounds on the composition of DES, the influence of water content in the composition of DES on the process of extraction of phenolic compounds have been studied. Data were obtained on the antioxidant activity of the Moldavian snakehead extract obtained using DES. Conclusion. A method has been developed for the extraction of phenolic acids from the Moldavian snakehead with deep eutectic solvents. The extraction efficiency of the DES-3 mixture based on choline chloride and lactic acid in a molar ratio of 1:3 has been proven. The content of phenolic compounds in terms of rosmarinic acid was 7.72±0.12%, which is 0.23% more than when using 50% ethyl alcohol as an extractant. Using cyclic voltammetry, it was established that the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained using DES is due to the content of rosmarinic acid.

Extraction and characterization of phytochemicals from Bauhinia variegata flowers using ultrasound and microwave techniques

This research investigates the efficacy of three distinct extraction techniques; ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and conventional extraction (CE) for the isolation of phytochemicals from the flowers of Bauhinia variegata. The findings demonstrated that both UAE and MAE surpass CE, yielding higher concentrations of bioactive compounds while significantly reducing the extraction time. UAE demonstrated the highest extraction efficiency, followed by MAE. The UAE yielded significantly higher levels of total phenolic content (43.97 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (24.08 mg QE/g), total anthocyanin content (16.37 mg CGE/g), DPPH antioxidant activity (19.29 mg TE/g), and FRAP antioxidant activity (16.75 mg TE/g) compared to MAE and conventional extraction methods. GC-MS analysis revealed a diverse array of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids, with some compounds showing higher concentrations in UAE. Reverse phase HPLC profiling further confirmed the enhanced extraction of phenolic compounds using UAE, including gallic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, quercetin, and kaempferol. This study reveals the efficiency, time-saving, and eco-friendliness of UAE for extracting valuable bioactive compounds from B. variegata flowers. The findings optimize extraction processes in the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compound From Harumanis Mango Leaves (Mangifera indica) Using Green Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs)

Harumanis mangoes, known for their taste and nutrition, are a symbol of Perlis, Malaysia. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) are being studied for eco-friendly extraction methods. There is limited information on green extraction from Harumanis mango leaves, and NADESs have not been used for this purpose. This study aims to evaluate the green extraction of phenolic compounds from Harumanis mango leaves using five NADESs systems, assess the phytochemical composition, and test their antimicrobial potential. These NADESs were prepared by heating and stirring their components until a clear solution was formed. The extraction yields of NADESs were compared with conventional solvents like 100% ethanol, 100% methanol, 50% ethanol, and 50% methanol for extracting phenolic compounds. The chosen NADES was processed with Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE). The total phenolic content (TPC) in the extracts was measured using a gallic acid standard curve and spectrophotometry. The extract with the highest TPC value from NADES extraction was evaluated for phytochemicals using FTIR and tested for antimicrobial activity with the disc diffusion method. Based on the screening of different NADESs, the highest phenolic content was recorded by lactic acid: glycerol system at 135.74 mg GAE g−1 dw. The lowest TPC value was recorded with sodium acetate: glycerol system, which was 32.76 mg GAE g−1 dw. Among the conventional solvents, the highest TPC value was recorded by 50% ethanol at 133.09 mg GAE g−1 dw, and the lowest TPC value was by 100% ethanol at 67.18 mg GAE g−1 dw. The use of UAE with lactic acid: glycerol NADES system yields the highest TPC value of 142.87 mg GAE g−1 dw. Harumanis extract using NADES-3 had saponins, phenols, glycosides, tannins, and antimicrobial activity on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The results show that NADES effectively extracts phenolic compounds from Harumanis leaves, which have significant therapeutic potential.

Environmental insights of bioethanol production and phenolic compounds extraction from apple pomace-based biorefinery

Food waste is one of the main challenges of solid waste management throughout the food supply chain. Apples are one of the most widely consumed fruits worldwide, the production of which is accompanied by the generation of pomace as a by-product with valuable nutrients. This research presents the first environmental insights of a multiproduct apple pomace-based biorefinery through a life cycle perspective. The design and process modelling of this platform aims to produce bioethanol and extract total phenolic compounds (TPC) towards an efficient use of the pomace obtained from the apple manufacturing industry (juice production). Bioethanol production consist of pressing, fermentation, distillation as the main processes; while in the case of TPC, two extraction techniques were evaluated: i) solvent extraction (mainly water), and ii) the Soxhlet method. The life cycle analysis followed an attributional cradle-to-gate approach considering different midpoint impact categories from the ReCipe 2016 method such as Global Warming (GW), Eutrophication, Human Toxicity, Fossil Scarcity, among others. The results indicate that bioethanol production encompasses a GW profile of 3.17 kg of CO2 eq per kg of product, being the vinasse treatment (subproduct after distillation) the most impactful stage. Phenolic compounds extraction with water achieves a total value of 5.8 kg CO2 eq per g of TPC, while 0.22 kg CO2 eq per g of TPC is obtained with Soxhlet technique. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is addressed to improve the environmental profile of bioethanol and TPC. This research demonstrated the relevance of process design on the environmental performance of bioethanol and TPC, where stillage treatment has a key contribution to the results and the use of solvents in TPC extraction, although improving extraction yield, leads to a higher environmental impact.