Extraction Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Induction of volatile organic compounds in chrysanthemum plants following infection by Rhizoctonia solani.

This study investigated the effects of Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn infestation on the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and biochemical composition of ten cultivars of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium /Ramat./ Hemsl.) to bring new insights for future disease management strategies and the development of resistant chrysanthemum cultivars. The chrysanthemum plants were propagated vegetatively and cultivated in a greenhouse under semi-controlled conditions. VOCs emitted by the plants were collected using a specialized system and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biochemical analyses of the leaves were performed, including the extraction and quantification of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. The emission of VOCs varied among the cultivars, with some cultivars producing a wider range of VOCs compared to others. The analysis of the VOC emissions from control plants revealed differences in both their quality and quantity among the tested cultivars. R. solani infection influenced the VOC emissions, with different cultivars exhibiting varying responses to the infection. Statistical analyses confirmed the significant effects of cultivar, collection time, and their interaction on the VOCs. Correlation analyses revealed positive relationships between certain pairs of VOCs. The results show significant differences in the biochemical composition among the cultivars, with variations in chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds content. Interestingly, R. solani soil and leaf infestation decreased the content of carotenoids in chrysanthemums. Plants subjected to soil infestation were characterized with the highest content of phenolics. This study unveils alterations in the volatile and biochemical responses of chrysanthemum plants to R. solani infestation, which can contribute to the development of strategies for disease management and the improvement of chrysanthemum cultivars with enhanced resistance to R. solani.

Effects of Electron Beam Radiation on the Phenolic Composition and Bioactive Properties of Olive Pomace Extracts

Olive pomace is an agro-industrial waste product generated from the olive oil industry and constituted by bioactive compounds with potential applications in several industrial sectors. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of electron beam (e-beam) radiation on olive pomace, specifically on phenolic compounds (by HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS) and the bioactive properties (antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antimicrobial activities) of crude olive pomace (COP) and extracted olive pomace (EOP) extracts. The amount of total flavonoid content and the reducing power of COP extracts were higher than those obtained for EOP extracts. The results suggested that e-beam radiation at 6 kGy increased both total phenolic and total flavonoid contents as well as the reducing power of COP extracts, due to the higher extractability (>2.5-fold) of phenolic compounds from these samples, while decreasing the scavenging activity of extracts. The extracts of both olive pomaces showed antibacterial potential, and COP extracts at 400 µg/mL also presented antiproliferative activity against A549, Caco-2, 293T, and RAW264.7 cell lines, with both properties preserved with the e-beam treatment. All in all, e-beam radiation at 6 kGy appears to be a promising technology to valorize the pollutant wastes of the olive oil industry through enhancing phenolic extractability and bioactive properties, and, furthermore, to contribute to the environmental and economical sustainability of the olive oil industry.

Green and Efficient Extraction of Phenolic Components from Plants with Supramolecular Solvents: Experimental and Theoretical Studies.

The supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) has garnered significant attention as an innovative, efficient, and environmentally friendly solvent for the effective extraction and separation of bioactive compounds from natural resources. However, research on the use of a SUPRAS for the extraction of phenolic compounds from plants, which are highly valued in food products due to their exceptional antioxidant properties, remains scarce. The present study developed a green, ultra-sound-assisted SUPRAS method for the simultaneous determination of three phenolic acids in Prunella vulgaris using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental parameters were meticulously optimized. The efficiency and antioxidant properties of the phenolic compounds obtained using different extraction methods were also compared. Under optimal conditions, the extraction efficiency of the SUPRAS, prepared with octanoic acid reverse micelles dispersed in ethanol-water, significantly exceeded that of conventional organic solvents. Moreover, the SUPRAS method demonstrated greater antioxidant capacity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images revealed the spherical droplet structure of the SUPRAS, characterized by a well-defined circular fluorescence position, which coincided with the position of the phenolic acids. The phenolic acids were encapsulated within the SUPRAS droplets, indicating their efficient extraction capacity. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations combined with CLSM supported the proposed method's mechanism and theoretically demonstrated the superior extraction performance of the SUPRAS. In contrast to conventional methods, the higher extraction efficiency of the SUPRAS can be attributed to the larger solvent contact surface area, the formation of more types of hydrogen bonds between the extractants and the supramolecular solvents, and stronger, more stable interaction forces. The results of the theoretical studies corroborate the experimental outcomes.

Total Content and Composition of Phenolic Compounds from Filipendula Genus Plants and Their Potential Health-Promoting Properties.

This current article was dedicated to the determination of the composition of phenolic compounds in extracts of four species of the genus Filipendula in order to establish a connection between the composition of polyphenols and biological effects. A chemical analysis revealed that the composition of the extracts studied depended both on the plant species and its part (leaf or flower) and on the extractant used. All four species of Filipendula were rich sources of phenolic compounds and contained hydrolyzable tannins, condensed tannins, phenolic acids and their derivatives, and flavonoids. The activities included data on those that are most important for creating functional foods with Filipendula plant components: the influence on blood coagulation measured by prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time, and on the activity of the digestive enzymes (pancreatic amylase and lipase). It was established that plant species, their parts, and extraction methods contribute meaningfully to biological activity. The most prominent result is as follows: the plant organ determines the selective inhibition of either amylase or lipase; thus, the anticoagulant activities of F. camtschatica and F. stepposa hold promise for health-promoting food formulations associated with general metabolic disorders.

Green and sustainable techniques to increase the extraction of phenolic compounds from turnip greens by‐products

AbstractThe work was aimed to optimize extraction and recovery of phenolics from turnip greens by‐products using eco‐sustainable techniques based on the use of microwaves, ultrasound, or enzymes and of water as solvent. The optimization of ultrasound‐ and microwave‐assisted extractions was performed using a 4‐factors/3‐levels and a 3‐factors/3‐levels Box–Behnken Design (BBD), respectively and the results of the corresponding trials were fitted to a second order polynomial model. The enzymatic extractions were performed using three different commercial enzymatic preparations, optionally combined with an ultrasound treatment carried out according to the central values of the BBD design. The best results obtained from each green technique were compared with those of the conventional solid–liquid extraction performed with a 70% ethanol aqueous solution. Regarding ultrasounds, the conditions able to maximize the total phenolic concentrations of the extracts (solid–water ratio, 50 g/L; T, 45°C; t, 40 min; power, 24 W) increased the extraction efficiency by about 75% and reduced the extraction times from 2 h to 10 min with respect to the conventional extraction. Concerning microwaves, the optimized conditions (solid‐water ratio, 75 g/L; t, 3 min; power, 160 W) allowed the increase of the extraction efficiency by about 48% and the decrease of the extraction times to just a few minutes. For both techniques, the factor that mainly affected extraction yield and antioxidant activity were “solids‐to‐solvent ratio” and “power,” respectively. According to the results of the enzymatic treatments, the best extraction was that performed with the commercial mix of pectinlyase, polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and arabinase, which had the same extraction efficiency of microwaves but required longer times (90 min). Furthermore, the combination with ultrasounds did not improve its performances. Extraction technique also affected the phenolic profiles in terms of number and concentration of compounds identified. In conclusion, ultrasounds and microwaves are the best treatments to maximize extraction yield (the first) and minimize extraction time (the second).Practical applicationsThis study presents an approach to the sustainable recovery of phenolics contained in vegetable by‐products that can be adapted to a variety of food waste. It also supplies an overview of the extraction technique efficiency. The industrial adoption of our findings can lead to the following advantages: reduction food waste and/or remove from it compounds that can alter the ecosystem balance; reduction of disposal cost; production of precious ingredients for functional foods/natural cosmetics/natural supplements; obtainment of a new source of income by creating a further activity that can run in parallel with the main production of the company and can serve to diversify investments; improvement of the green image of the company, especially if the energy necessary to the energy needed to power the new process is obtained from renewable sources.

Extraction of phenolic compounds from edible flowers (Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus) using ultrasound‐microwave‐assisted extraction and its screening by HPLC

AbstractPhlogacanthus thyrsiflorus flowers have been consumed as a traditional delicacy in the north‐eastern region of India. The present investigation utilized the microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) technique in conjunction with an ultrasound pretreatment (at 250 W for 15 min) to extract phenolic compounds from Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus flowers. Here, independent factors for optimization of MAE were microwave power (300, 500, and 700 W) and extraction time (2, 4, and 6 min), and responses were total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and DPPH (2,2‐dipheny‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) activity. For the experimental design, a Response surface methodology and a central composite design were followed. The optimum MAE condition was found at microwave power 700 W for 5 min resulting 30.204 mg GAE/g TPC, 81.26% DPPH and 22.50 mg QAE/g of TFC. The extraction of phenolic compounds was significantly impacted by both the microwave power and the extraction time. The high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis detected various phenolic compounds in both conventional and MAE extracts. However, compared to conventional extract, the majority of the identified phenolic compounds were found to be higher in quantities in MAE extract. These results highlighted that MAE‐optimized flower extract could be beneficial as a functional ingredient for food product development.Practical applicationsPhlogacanthus thyrsiflorus is a highly nutritious flower with medicinal properties. Though traditionally edible flowers have been consumed in the northeastern part of India but people are still neophobic and there is scanty awareness available regarding the benefits of consuming edible flowers. This scientific justification regarding the advantages of edible flowers makes them appealing for future novel use in food technology and also for further scientific study. High perishability of flowers makes them limited for market viability and extraction of its phenolic compounds is one of the novel solutions to utilize the flowers before spoilage. Also, using ultrasound as a pretreatment could enhance the efficiency of microwave‐assisted extraction techniques for a higher yield of phenolic compounds. Microwave‐assisted extraction technique as its novel and was proven an easy successful extraction technique on this flower. Also, the study of phenolic compounds through HPLC provides important information regarding the presence of various phenolic compounds in the Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus flower. This research can be supportive of both food technology and the medicinal industry.

High-Temperature Hydrothermal Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Brewer's Spent Grain and Malt Dust Biomass Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Aligned with the EU Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (EU SDG2030), extensive research is dedicated to enhancing the sustainable use of biomass waste for the extraction of pharmaceutical and nutritional compounds, such as (poly-)phenolic compounds (PC). This study proposes an innovative one-step hydrothermal extraction (HTE) at a high temperature (120 °C), utilizing environmentally friendly acidic natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) to replace conventional harmful pre-treatment chemicals and organic solvents. Brewer's spent grain (BSG) and novel malt dust (MD) biomass sources, both obtained from beer production, were characterized and studied for their potential as PC sources. HTE, paired with mild acidic malic acid/choline chloride (MA) NADES, was compared against conventional (heated and stirred maceration) and modern (microwave-assisted extraction; MAE) state-of-the-art extraction methods. The quantification of key PC in BSG and MD using liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that the combination of elevated temperatures and acidic NADES could provide significant improvements in PC extraction yields ranging from 251% (MD-MAC-MA: 29.3 µg/g; MD-HTE-MA: 103 µg/g) to 381% (BSG-MAC-MA: 78 µg/g; BSG-HTE-MA: 375 µg/g). The superior extraction capacity of MA NADES over non-acidic NADES (glycerol/choline chloride) and a traditional organic solvent mixture (acetone/H2O) could be attributed to in situ acid-catalysed pre-treatment facilitating the release of bound PC from lignin-hemicellulose structures. Qualitative 13C-NMR and pyro-GC-MS analysis was used to verify lignin-hemicellulose breakdown during extraction and the impact of high-temperature MA NADES extraction on the lignin-hemicellulose structure. This in situ acid NADES-catalysed high-temperature pre-treatment during PC extraction offers a potential green pre-treatment for use in cascade valorisation strategies (e.g., lignin valorisation), enabling more intensive usage of available biomass waste stream resources.

Sustainability assessment of orange peel waste valorization pathways from juice industries

AbstractA wide variety of products such as high value-added bioactive materials, biofuels, biochemicals and bioplastics can be obtained by the valorization of waste streams in a comprehensive and holistic biorefinery concept. In this study a meta-analysis of the available technologies utilizing organic waste derived from the juice industry is conducted. Initially, a mass flow analysis is performed to quantitatively illustrate the available orange peel waste volumes in the EU followed by a geographic distribution. The overall sustainability of the available valorization scenarios is then analyzed by considering critical environmental, economic and energy indicators and comparing innovative and conventional valorization technologies. Innovative technologies are better in terms of energy requirements and extraction time and also, in product yield and environmental performance than the conventional ones (85.1%, 9.5% and 47.9% lower CO2 eq values for the extraction of essential oils, pectin and phenolic compounds respectively). In terms of orange peel waste valorization scenarios, landfilling shares the largest environmental impact, followed by thermochemical and biological conversion alternatives. Complex biorefinery schemes are proportionate to environmental performance and energy consumption, but inversely proportionate to production cost. Finally, a trade-off analysis illustrates a positive correlation between environmental indicators of the most under study valorization scenarios.

Extraction and purification of oleuropein from olive leaves

In this study, effect of some solvents (ethanol, acetonitrile and water) for the extraction of phenolic compounds was investigated. Solvent volume, temperature and duration of the extraction process have a positive correlation with the amounts of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The amounts of phenolic compounds, especially oleuropein in the leaf extract is higher than the fruit extract, and the concentration of oleuropein content in leaves and fruits extract was 4900 and 1800 mg/L, respectively. The oleuropein extracted from olive leaves was purified with liquid-liquid extraction to above 98%, and its concentration in leaves was 9.8 w/w/% in dried leaves.

Sustainable Valorization of Coffee Silverskin: Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Proteins for Enzymatic Production of Bioactive Peptides.

Coffee silverskin (CS), a by-product of the coffee roasting process, has high protein content (16.2-19.0%, w/w), making it a potential source for plant protein and bioactive peptide production. This study aims to develop innovative extraction methods for phenolic compounds and proteins from CS. The conditions for hydrothermal (HT) extraction of phenolic compounds from CS were optimized by varying CS loading (2.5-10%, w/v), temperature (110-130 °C), and time (5-30 min) using a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. The highest TPC of 55.59 ± 0.12 µmole GAE/g CS was achieved at 5.0% (w/v) CS loading and autoclaving at 125 °C for 25 min. Following hydrothermal extraction, CS protein was extracted from HT-extracted solid fraction by microwave-assisted alkaline extraction (MAE) using 0.2 M NaOH at 90 W for 2 min, resulting in a protein recovery of 12.19 ± 0.39 mg/g CS. The CS protein was then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using protease from Bacillus halodurans SE5 (protease_SE5). Protease_SE5-derived CS protein hydrolysate had a peptide concentration of 0.73 ± 0.09 mg/mL, with ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP values of 15.71 ± 0.10, 16.63 ± 0.061, and 6.48 ± 0.01 µmole TE/mL, respectively. Peptide identification by LC-MS/MS revealed several promising biological activities without toxicity or allergenicity concerns. This study's integrated approach offers a sustainable and efficient method for extracting valuable compounds from CS, with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Green extraction of phenolic compounds from strawberry waste based on natural deep eutectic solvents

SummaryThe increase in ecological sensitivity and the interest in ‘green chemistry’ are leading to a decrease in the use of environmentally harmful substances in chemical processes. Replacing traditional solvents with NaDES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents) is an excellent green alternative to extract bioactive compounds from agri‐food industry wastes, as these solvents bring numerous advantages and are environmentally friendly. In this work, the performance of traditional organic solvents and NaDES were compared for the extraction of phenolic compounds (PCs), with different physicochemical characteristics, from strawberry residues. For this reason, numerous combinations of NaDES have been evaluated, optimising the experimental conditions of the process. The samples were analysed using HPLC–MS/MS, which allowed the identification and quantification of numerous PCs in the samples. The best extraction efficiencies were obtained using choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor and lactic acid (LA) as hydrogen bond donor, in a ratio of 1:5 and containing 30% of water. Isoquercetin, hesperidin and catechin were the phenolic compounds most remarkable in samples, with a content of ca. 43%, 26% and 11% of total polyphenols, respectively. Finally, the evaluation of the method through the Analytical GREEness calculator showed how NaDES can satisfactorily replace traditional extractions with a great performance and reduced impact on the environment.

Assessment of the botanical origin of Saudi Arabian honey samples to identify pollen with chromatographic tools and packing and storage.

The increasing demand for honey purification and authentication necessitates the global utilization of advanced processing tools. Common honey processing techniques, such as chromatography, are commonly used to assess the quality and quantity of valuable honey. In this study, 15 honey samples were authenticated using HPLC and GC-MS chromatographic methods to analyze their pollen spectrum. Various monofloral honey samples were collected, including Acacia, Hypoestes, Lavandula, Tamarix, Trifolium, and Ziziphus species, based on accurate identification by apiarists in 2023 from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Honey analysis revealed the extraction of pollen from 20 different honeybee floral species. Pollen identified from honey samples using advanced chromatographic tools revealed dominant vegetation resources: Ziziphus species (23%), Acacia species (25%), Tamarix species (34%), Lavandula species (26%), Hypoestes species (34%), and Trifolium species (31%). This study uses HPLC to extract phenolic compounds, revealing dominant protocatechuic acid (4.71 mg g-1), and GC-MS to analyze organic compounds in honey pollen. Specifically, 2-dodecanone was detected with a retention time of 7.34 min. The utilization of chromatographic tools in assessing honey samples for pollen identification provides a reliable and efficient method for determining their botanical origins, thereby contributing to the quality control and authentication of honey products.

Optimization of extraction condition to improve blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) polyphenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity by natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) using the simplex lattice mixture design method

In the present study, a statistical tool called the simplex lattice mixture design method was used to create a new formulation of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) that is derived from a combination of three compounds (lactic acid, maltose, and water) to extract phenolic compounds, including the anthocyanin content, as well as their antioxidant activity from blackthorn fruits (Prunus spinosa L.). The optimal condition for the highest compounds and antioxidant activity was obtained by simultaneous optimization of the ternary mixture containing lactic acid: maltose: water (66:16:16 v/v/v), which was the most suitable for simultaneous maximization of maximum total phenolic content (TPC) (134 ± 1.6 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (AA) showing a 141 ± 1.4 mmol/TE g, which were measured using the DPPH assay. The ternary mixture containing lactic acid: maltose: water (33:33:33 v/v/v), which was the most suitable for simultaneous maximization of the total anthocyanin content (TAC) (120.3 ± 1.3 mg C3G/g)/TE g. The ANOVA analysis of the mixture design showed that all three responses (TPC, TAC, and AA) were statistically significant, with determination coefficients of 94.41 %, 94.96 %, and 98.38 %, respectively, and fit the quadratic regression models. A chromatographic analysis of the NADES extract of the blackthorn fruit revealed that phenolics (vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and gallic acid) and anthocyanin (Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, Peonidin-3-O-glucoside and Delphidin-3-O-β-O-glucoside) are the most prevalent bioactive compounds. These results indicate that the simplex lattice mixture design effectively optimized the phenolic and anthocyanin content, thereby preserving their antioxidant activity. This optimization is valuable, as it can potentially enhance the nutritional and functional value of blackthorn fruit extracts that are rich in phenolic compounds and have antioxidant properties. These discoveries could be used in the creation of functional food, dietary supplement, and natural antioxidant for several fields.

The influence of raw material preparation on the yield of bioactive substances in lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) fruits


 
 
 
 Phenolic compounds are well-known phytochemicals found in many types of plants. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are potential substitutes for bioactive agents in pharmaceutical and medicinal sections to promote human health and prevent and cure different diseases. Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) belongs to the Ericaceae family. It is widely spread in the northern hemisphere in such countries as Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Iceland, Scandinavian countries, etc. Lingonberry fruits are beneficial due to their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidative activities and effect on the cardiovascular system. Although a number of studies are done on phenolic compound extraction methods, there is a high need of evidence on the most efficient way of raw material preparation. In this research, various lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) fruit raw material preparation methods will be compared.
 
 
 

Green and efficient extraction of phenolic compounds from Neem leaves using deep eutectic solvents based ultrasonic-assisted extraction

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) combined with ultrasonic-assisted extraction was employed as an environmentally friendly technique for extracting antioxidant phenolic compounds from Neem leaves in place of organic solvents. Choline chloride-Ethylene glycol (1:2) with 40% V/V water content (DES-1) was investigated as a potential total phenolic content extractant (38.2 ± 1.2 mg GAE/g DW, where GAE: gallic acid equivalent, DW: dry weight). The optimal operational parameters assessed using single-factor experiments to maximize the total phenolic compounds content were as follows: extraction time of 30 min, 40% V/V water content, liquid-solid ratio of 15:1, and room temperature. Additionally, the in-vitro antioxidant experiments (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) demonstrated the DES-1-based extract of Neem leaves as a potent antioxidant agent, compared to traditional solvents. Moreover, microscopic morphological analysis supported the effectiveness of DES-1 for the noticeable alteration in the fiber surface structure of Neem leaves after extraction which benefited in the release of polyphenols from these leaves. Eventually, the mass analysis of the extract disclosed the presence of eleven polyphenols in the extract. The Green Analytical Procedure Index revealed the greenness of the extraction method.

Process Optimization for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Pomegranate Peels: Response Surface Methodology-Desirability Function and Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm

Valorization of agricultural wastes is ongoing topic in industry. Determining the best conditions by artificial neural networks based optimization techniques is the key step to extract valuable compounds efficiently and to obtain high quality extracts. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM)-desirability function (DF) and artificial neural network (ANN)-genetic algorithm (GA) approaches were compared in modeling and optimization the extraction parameters (temperature, time and ethanol concentration (ratio of ethanol to water, % v/v)) of phenolic compounds in pomegranate peels. The ANN-GA approach providing higher coefficient of determination and lower root mean square deviation showed better predictive capability than the RSM. The optimum time (81.4 min) and ethanol concentration (15.7%) of RSM-DF approach shifted to the lower levels (78.8 min and 15.3%) with the ANN-GA approach while the optimum temperature (54.0°C) shifted to a higher level (59.3°C). The use of these values provided total phenolic content of >1000 mg GAE L-1 and the corresponding antioxidant activity was 11 mmol TE L-1. As a result, increasing temperature up to a critical level decreased the extraction time and ethanol concentration, and it was determined that higher time-temperature combinations must be used for the complete water-based extraction of phenolic compounds from plant wastes in comparison to ethanol-water based extraction.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidants in Apple Pomace (var. Belorusskoje malinovoje) Using Response Surface Methodology: Scope and Opportunity to Develop as a Potential Feed Supplement or Feed Ingredient

Apple pomace represents an underexploited source of bioactive compounds. This study examines the optimization of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant extraction yield of apple pomace (variety: Belorusskoje malinovoje) using response surface methodology. The green extraction technique used was ultrasound-assisted extraction, and it was compared with conventional solvent extraction. The impact of extraction time and amplitude of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the yield of polyphenols and antioxidants has been evaluated. Total phenolic content was determined using an established TPC assay. The antioxidant activity of the apple pomace was determined using established assays 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). Furthermore, the potential of apple pomace as a feed material was explored by assessing its nutritional composition, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acid content. The extraction of antioxidants and phenolic compounds was efficiently optimized using RSM. The optimal conditions for TPC and DPPH• analyses were achieved with an extraction time of 17.5 min and an ultrasound-assisted extraction amplitude of 20%. Optimal conditions for ABTS•+ were 5 min extraction time and 20% amplitude. Conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods yielded comparable results. Moreover, apple pomace exhibits potential as a feed ingredient despite its modest protein content. This study contributes to the utilization of apple pomace by providing additional information on its antioxidant content and nutritional composition, thus contributing to its sustainable utilization in various industries, especially the livestock feed sector.

Insight into the influence of natural deep eutectic solvents on the extraction of phenolic compounds from poplar type propolis: Composition and in vitro biological activity

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have been considered promising to replace traditional volatile and toxic organic solvents for the extraction of biologically active substances from natural sources. This work applied an efficient and ethanol-exclusion strategy for extraction of phenolic compounds from poplar type propolis using five known NADESs (lactic acid:1,2-propanediol 1:1, lactic acid:fructose 5:1, choline chloride:1,2-propanediol 1:3, choline chloride:1,2-propanediol:water 1:1:1 and betaine:malic acid:water 1:1:6). The selected NADESs' extractability was evaluated by measuring the concentrations of total phenolics and total flavones and flavonols in the propolis extracts obtained, which qualitative chemical composition was further determined in detail by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. It demonstrated that the chemical profiles of NADES and 70% ethanolic propolis extracts are similar. To expand the knowledge about the role of the applied solvents in the poplar propolis extraction process, the in vitro antimicrobial, cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of both NADESs and liquid NADES extracts were evaluated. The results revealed that the use of the selected NADESs as an extraction media for phenolic compounds from poplar propolis not only delivered a good extraction yield in some cases, but generally led to the preservation of propolis extracts' biological activity and even to the enhancement of their antimicrobial effect in comparison with the hydroethanolic one. Besides, the tested NADESs except for lactic acid:fructose and betaine:malic acid:water exerted low to negligible toxicity against normal cells treated and apart from lactic acid:fructose the remaining solvents demonstrated concentration-dependent moderate to subtle genotoxicity. There is a probability that not the supramolecular structure of the NADESs, but their components, played a key role for the observed biological effects. The present study has demonstrated an alternative approach for extracting the biologically active complex from poplar type propolis using NADESs, which could be useful for further pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.

Face-Centered Central Composite Design for the Optimization of the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Kernels and Shells of Raphia farinifera and Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

This study reports the extraction of phenolic compound from shells and kernels of the Raphia farinifera fruit and the biological activities of the extract. A face-centered composite design was established to optimize the extraction conditions: ethanol/water ratio (0-100%), solvent/powder ratio (10-30 mL/g), and extraction time (90-180 min). Subsequently, the extracts obtained under the optimal conditions were used for the evaluation of the radical scavenging capacity, the capacity to chelate ferric ions, and the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The optimal extraction conditions for the shells are an extraction time of 134.24 min, 65% ethanol in water, and a solvent/substrate ratio of 21.16 mL/g, and for the kernel, an extraction time of 180 min, 94.3% ethanol in water, and a solvent/substrate ratio of 18.6 mL/g. In these conditions, the phenolic compounds were 95.36 mg EAG/L for the shell extract and 139.72 mg EAG/L for the kernel extract. The antioxidant activity revealed that the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the kernel extracts are 22.32 μg/mL and 55.73 μg/mL for the shells. A reducing activity of Fe 3+ ions with an activity of 308.39 μg EAA/mg for the kernel extracts and 293 μg EAA/mg for the shells was observed. B. cereus was the most sensitive microorganism with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) equal to the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) with a value of 156.25 ppm for the kernel extract while the shell extract showed MIC of 625 ppm and MBC of 2500 ppm. The IC50 values for the denaturation of proteins by extracts of shells and kernels are 0.76 μg/mL and 0.56 μg/mL, respectively. Membrane stabilization revealed IC50 values of 1054.54 μg/mL and 1339 μg/mL for the shell and kernel extracts, respectively. This work has shown the potential of Raphia farinifera extracts for the food industry and cosmetics.

Impacts of microwave-assisted extraction parameters on total phenolic compounds yield from Algerian Moringa oleifera leaves, using response surface methodology

The study aimed to optimise the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken designs (BBD). Factors such as ethanol concentration, microwave power, irradiation time, and solvent to solid ratio were assessed in single-factor tests. Under optimal extraction conditions (48.86% ethanol, 626.53 W microwave power, 99.48 s irradiation, 29.67 mL/g solvent to solid ratio and 21.12 W/mL power density), TPC was 58.45 ± 0.68 mg GAE/g DW, close to the predicted 59.78 ± 1.47 mg GAE/g DW. The MAE method outperformed maceration extraction (8.41 ± 0.25 mg GAE/g DW) and decoction extraction (38.74 ± 0.81 mg GAE/g DW) in terms of extraction time, solvent use, and efficiency. The optimised extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 0.294 ± 0.004 mg/mL (DPPH) and 0.425 ± 0.005 mg/mL (ABTS), confirming the efficacy of MAE in preparing antioxidant-rich plant extracts.