Extraction Of Pa Research Articles

한우의 자궁 내 분리 세균에 대한 천연물질 항균효과

(Received: July 11, 2014; Revised: September 1, 2014; Accepted: September 11, 2014)Abstract : Bacterial infection of the uterus in Hanwoo can kill embryos. Therefore, many antibiotics have been usedto treat this infection in the uterus of repeat breeders. Incorrect use of antibiotics has led to resistance in bacteria.Natural compounds have used as substitutes for antibiotics because they are safe and have very mild side effects.This study was conducted to examine the antimicrobial effects of five extracts from medicinal plants including Humulusjaponicas (Hj), Phelledendron amurense (Pa), Viola mandshurica (Vm), Carthamus tinctorius (Ct), and Chelidoni herba(Ch) on bacteria isolated from the uterus of Hanwoo using the paper disc diffusion method. Hj and Pa extracts hadpotent antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus lentus, Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli, and Bacillus pumilus.Pa had the greatest antimicrobial effect among the five medicinal plants and was effective against 19 types of bacteriafrom bovine uterus. Compared to Pa, Hj showed weaker antimicrobial effects on all the bacteria tested exceptPseudomonas aeruginosa. Vm, Ct, and Ch also showed weak antimicrobial effects on the tested bacteria. The resultsobtained suggest that Hj and Pa are natural compounds suitable for treating bacterial infection in repeat breeders andimproving conception rates of Hanwoo.Keywords : antibacterial effects, bacterial flora, Hanwoo, natural product, uterus

Induction of quinone reductase (QR) by withanolides isolated from Physalis angulata L. var. villosa Bonati (Solanaceae)

In the present study, the EtOAc extract of the persistent calyx of Physalis angulata L. var. villosa Bonati (PA) was tested for its potential quinone reductase (QR) inducing activity with glutathione (GSH) as the substrate using an UPLC–ESI-MS method. The result revealed that the PA had electrophiles that could induce quinone reductase (QR) activity, which might be attributed to the modification of the highly reactive cysteine residues in Keap1. Herein, three new withanolides, compounds 3, 6 and 7, together with four known withanolides, compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 were isolated from PA extract. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques, including 1H-, 13C NMR (DEPT), and 2D-NMR (HMBC, HMQC, 1H, 1H-COSY, NOESY) experiments, as well as by HR-MS. All the seven compounds were tested for their QR induction activities towards mouse hepa 1c1c7 cells.

Integration of a phenolic-acid recovery step in the CaCCO process for efficient fermentable-sugar recovery from rice straw

An advanced sugar-platform bioprocess for lignocellulosic feedstocks by adding a phenolic-acid (PA: p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid) recovery step to the CaCCO process was designed. For efficient PA extraction, pretreatment was 95°C for 2h, producing a yield of 7.30 g/kg-dry rice straw (65.2% of total ester-linked PAs) with insignificant effects on saccharification. PAs were readily recovered in solution during the repeated washings of solids, and the glucose yield, after 72-h saccharification of the washed solids, was significantly improved from 65.9% to 70.3-72.7%, suggesting the removal of potential enzyme inhibitors. The promotion of xylose yield was insignificant, probably due to 13.1-17.8% loss of xylose residues after washing(s). This new bioprocess, termed the SRB (simultaneous recovery of by-products)-CaCCO process, would effectively produce fermentable sugars and other valuables from feedstocks, strengthening the platform in both economic and environmental terms.

Protective effects of Plantago asiatica L. extract against ferric‐nitrilotriacetate (Fe‐NTA) induced liver oxidative stress in Wistar rats

The Plantago asiatica L.(PA), a native plant in East Asia (Korea, Japan and China etc.), traditionally used as a popular folk for the treatment of liver diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the liver protective effects of PA extract(PAE) on the Ferric‐nitrilotriacetate(Fe‐NTA)‐induced oxidative hepatotoxicity. Fe‐NTA is a potent hepatotoxic agent and has been reported to induce hepatocyte necrosis. The study of liver protection effect that pretreatment with PAE(1, 2, 4 g/kg b.w.) by gavage to Wistar rats for 7 days before a single dose of Fe‐NTA(13.5 mg Fe/kg b.w., i.p.). Only Fe‐NTA treated group showed significantly increased the serum levels of the hepatic enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) which is representative liver damage marker, and liver tissue malondialdehyde(MDA), product of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the level of biomarkers indicate the antioxidants status, glutathione(GSH), glutathione‐S‐transferase(GST), glutathione reductase(GR) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in liver tissue were decreased. However, PAE pre‐treated group showed decreases in the levels of serum AST and ALT and liver tissue MDA in concentration dependent manner and increases in the level of GSH, GST, GR and SOD. These results are significantly different(p<0.05) to compare with only Fe‐NTA treated group. Thus, our study suggested that PAE might contribute to the chemopreventive material against Fe‐NTA‐mediated liver oxidative damage.

Solvent extraction studies of protactinium for its recovery from short-cooled spent fuel and high-level waste solutions in thorium fuel cycle using diisobutyl carbinol (DIBC) as extractant

ABSTRACT Conditions have been optimized for selective removal of protactinium by solvent extraction from short-cooled spent fuel dissolver solution and from high-level waste solution under simulated conditions employing diisobutyl carbinol (DIBC) as extractant. These studies include: effect of acidity, extractant and thorium concentration on the extraction behavior of protactinium. Selectivity of the extractant for protactinium has been investigated with respect to U, Pu, Th, and the fission/activation products. These studies suggest that 40% DIBC (∼2.02 M) solution in n-dodecane can be employed for the recovery of protactinium from short-cooled spent fuel dissolver solution and from high-level waste solutions. Extraction of Pa increased with aqueous phase acidity due to the formation of protonated species of DIBC, [H(DIBC)1−2]+ and anionic Pa(OH)2(NO3)4]– species. There was an enhancement in Pa extraction at lower acidities (⩽4 M HNO3) with increased Th concentration (up to 200 g/l) beyond which a decrea...

Inhibitory effects of Physalis angulata on tumor metastasis and angiogenesis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELAVENCE: Physalis angulata is well-known in traditional Chinese medicine as a ingredient for various herbal formulation; also, it has been shown to exhibit anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the ability of P. angulata to inhibit tumor metastasis and angiogenesis was investigated. Anti-proliferative activity of ethyl acetate extracts of P. angulata (PA extracts), was determined against human oral squamous carcinoma (HSC-3) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by trypan blue exclusion method. Wound-healing migration, trans-well invasion, Western blotting and chick chorioallantoic membrane assay were carried out to determine the anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic effects of PA extracts in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that at sub-cytotoxic concentrations of PA extracts (5-15 μg/mL) markedly inhibited the migration and invasion of highly metastatic HSC-3 cells as shown by wound-healing repair assay and trans-well assay. Gelatin zymography assay showed that PA extracts suppressed the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and -2, and urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) in HSC-3 cells. In addition, Western blot analysis confirmed that PA extracts significantly decreased MMP-2 and u-PA protein expression in HSC-3 cells. Notably, PA extracts significantly augmented the expression of their endogenous inhibitors, including tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP-1 and -2), and plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAI-1 and -2). Further investigations revealed that non-cytotoxic concentration of PA extracts (5-15 μg/mL) inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced proliferation, and migration/invasion of HUVECs in vitro. PA extracts also suppressed the activity of MMP-9, but not MMP-2, in HUVECs. Further, we observed, PA extracts strongly suppressed neovessel formation in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos in vivo. These results strongly support an anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activity of P. angulata that may contribute to the development of better chemopreventive agent for cancer and inflammation.

Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by herbal extract: Phyllanthus amarus as potent natural source

Hepatitis C virus infection is a major health problem worldwide. Developing effective antiviral therapy for HCV is the need of the hour. The viral enzymes NS3 protease and NS5B RNA dependent RNA polymerase are essential enzymes for polyprotein processing and viral RNA replication and thus can be potential targets for screening anti-HCV compounds. A large number of phytochemicals are present in plants, which are found to be promising antiviral agents. In this study, we have screened inhibitory effect of different plant extracts against the NS3 and NS5B enzymes of hepatitis C virus. Methanolic extracts were prepared from various plant materials and their inhibitory effects on the viral enzymes were determined by in vitro enzyme assays. Effect on viral RNA replication was investigated by using TaqMan Real time RT-PCR. Interestingly, Phyllanthus amarus root (PAR) extract showed significant inhibition of HCV-NS3 protease enzyme; whereas P. amarus leaf (PAL) extract showed considerable inhibition of NS5B in the in vitro assays. Further, the PAR and PAL extracts significantly inhibited replication of HCV monocistronic replicon RNA and HCV H77S viral RNA in HCV cell culture system. However, both PAR and PAL extracts did not show cytotoxicity in Huh7 cells in the MTT assay. Furthermore, addition of PAR together with IFN-α showed additive effect in the inhibition of HCV RNA replication. Results suggest the possible molecular basis of the inhibitory activity of PA extract against HCV which would help in optimization and subsequent development of specific antiviral agent using P. amarus as potent natural source.

Hypotensive activity of an n-butanol extract and their purified compounds from leaves of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels in rats

We aimed to investigate the effects, identify the active substances and establish the mechanisms involved in the hypotensive activity of an n-butanol extract from leaves of Phyllanthus acidus (PA extract). PA extract caused a decrease in blood pressure of anesthetized rats that was not modified by atropine or propranolol. PA extract caused a persistent dilatation of thoracic aortic rings preconstricted with either phenylephrine or KCl, and these effects were not modified by LNA or removal of the vascular endothelium. For phenylephrine-preconstricted aortic rings, the dilatory activity of the PA extract was not modified by atropine, propranolol or indomethacin. TEA, glybenclamide or ODQ significantly inhibited the dilatory activity of the PA extract on endothelium-denuded aortic rings. Nifedipine or a Ca 2+-free medium depressed the aortic rings constrictor response to phenylephrine, and that was further augmented by the PA extract. Adenosine, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, hypogallic acid, and kaempferol were isolated from the PA extract. Each caused a decrease in blood pressure and dilatation of the aortic rings. LNA or removal of the endothelium reduced this activity. ODQ and TEA attenuated the vasodilatory activity of adenosine whereas glybenclamide and ODQ attenuated the effect of hypogallic acid. These results suggest that the hypotensive activities of the PA extract is likely the result of the direct action of these five compounds on the blood vessels by stimulating release of nitric oxide from the vascular endothelium, in part through stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase, and opening of K ATP and K Ca channels in the vascular smooth muscle.

Rapid sporulation of Bacillus anthracis in a high iron, glucose-free medium

Spores are the infectious form of Bacillus anthracis (BA), causing cutaneous, inhalation and gastrointestinal anthrax. Because of the possible use of BA spores in a bioterrorism attack, there is considerable interest in studying spore biology. In the laboratory, however, it takes a number of days to prepare spores. Standard sporulation protocols, such as the use of ‘PA broth’, allow sporulation of BA to occur in 3 to 5days. Another method employs growth of BA on plates in the dark for several days until they have efficiently sporulated. In efforts to determine the effect of iron on gene expression in BA, we grew BA Sterne strain 7702 in a minimal defined medium (CDM; Koppisch et al., 2005) with various concentrations of iron and glucose. As part of our initial observations, we monitored BA sporulation in CDM via light microscopy. In glucose-free CDM containing 1.5mM Fe(NO3)3 (CDM-Fe), >95% of the BA sporulated by 30h; a far shorter time period than expected. We pursued this observation and we further characterized spores derived from PA and CDM-Fe media. Purified spores derived from PA or CDM-Fe had similar morphologies when viewed by light or electron microscopy, and were equally resistant to harsh conditions including heat (65°C), ice and fresh 30% H2O2. Spore viability in long term cold storage in water was similar for the two spore preparations. Extracted spore coat proteins were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and silver staining, which revealed distinct protein profiles for PA and CDM-Fe spore coat extracts. ELISA assays were done to compare the interaction of the two spore preparations with rabbit antiserum raised against UV-killed Sterne strain 7702 spores prepared in PA medium. Spores from both media reacted identically with this antiserum. Finally, the interaction and fate of spores incubated with macrophages in vitro was very similar. In summary, BA spores induced in CDM-Fe or in PA medium are similar by several criteria, but show distinct extractable coat proteins. CDM-Fe liquid medium can be used for rapid production of BA spores, and could save considerable time in spore research studies.

Charcoal and smoke extract stimulate the soil microbial community in a highly weathered xanthic Ferralsol

Summary The influence of charcoal and smoke condensates (pyroligneous acid, PA) on microbial activity in a highly weathered Amazonian upland soil was assessed via measurements of basal respiration (BR), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), and exponential population increase after substrate addition. PA extracts are commonly used for fertilizer or as pest control in Brazil, where phosphorus (P) availability and nitrogen (N) leaching are among the most severe limitations for agriculture. Microbes play an important role in nutrient cycling and solubilizing of phosphate. BR, microbial biomass, population growth and the microbe's efficiency (expressed by the metabolic quotient) increased linearly and significantly with increasing charcoal concentrations (50, 100 and 150 g kg −1 soil). Application of PA caused a sharp increase in all parameters. We suppose that the condensates from smoke contain easily degradable substances and only small amounts of inhibitory agents, which could be utilized by the microbes for their metabolism.

Glass-fiber reinforced poly(acrylate)-based sorptive materials for the enrichment of organic micropollutants from aqueous samples

A novel and simple approach to sorptive materials for the extraction of organic compounds from environmental samples is presented. It entails the use of glass fiber fabric strips coated with a customized poly(acrylate) (PA) formulation as extraction medium. Analytes were enriched by means of shaking of the PA strip in the sample and then subsequently thermally desorbed and analyzed by GC–MS. The performance of the sorptive materials was evaluated by the enrichment of compounds with different polarities (phenols, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes) from water samples. Parameters that affect the extraction process such as pH, ionic strength of the solvent, mixing mechanism, extraction time and desorption conditions were investigated. The extraction abilities of the PA extraction medium were compared with that of commercially available poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) Twisters. The results revealed that the new material shows higher affinity for phenolic compounds presumably due to the presence of polar groups. The partition coefficients for the PA strips estimated in this work were up to 15 times higher than for the PDMS Twister, resulting in higher recoveries and lower detection limits. The method was applied for the quantification of the afore mentioned compounds in contaminated surface water samples from Bitterfeld (Germany). Using both PA strips and PDMS Twisters, good agreement of the extraction data was achieved.

Biopotency and identification of allergenic proteins in Periplaneta americana extract for clinical applications

Commercial cockroach extracts for diagnosis and therapy show batch-to-batch variation. This study aimed to standardize Periplaneta americana extract based on major IgE binding components using hypersensitive patients' sera. Extracts were prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or NH 4HCO 3, from freeze-dried or 37 °C dried material and compared with commercial extracts by immunobiochemical methods. Cockroach positive patients' sera were collected after intradermal tests and specific IgE enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Allergenic proteins were identified by western-blotting and potency of extracts determined by ELISA-inhibition. Adult P. americana extract from freeze dried source material in PBS (PA extract) resolved into 45 protein bands and showed 22 IgE binding components with pooled patients' sera. It required 9–12 ng self-proteins for 50% ELISA-inhibition. Individual patients' sera identified 23, 28, 35, 38, 40, 49, 72, 78 and 97 kDa as major IgE binding components in PA extract. Nymph extract exhibited similar potency and protein profile to PA extract with 72 and 78 kDa proteins present in high intensities. Commercial extracts exhibited only 6–11 IgE reactive bands compared to PA extract and required 40 folds or more protein for 50% ELISA-inhibition. PA extract from freeze-dried source material seems a potent allergen preparation with 9-major IgE binding components. It can be referred to upgrade the quality of commercial extracts exhibiting low potencies due to poor quality source material, inadequate extraction procedures and improper storage.

Differences Between Bamboo Shoots and Vegetables in Thermal Disintegration of Tissues and Polysaccharides Fractionated by Successive Extraction

ABSTRACTBamboo shoots were more difficult to disintegrate during cooking than other vegetables (potato, Japanese radish, carrot, burdock, and East Indian lotus). The pectic substances of bamboo shoots were fractionated with three reagents. The uronic acid composition of HCl‐soluble pectin (PA), acetate buffer‐soluble pectin (PB) and sodium hexame‐taphosphate‐soluble pectin (PC) were about 8‐10%, 2‐4%, and 88%, respectively. Conversely, the other vegetables contained only a small amount of PC and completely disintegrated after the extraction of PA and PB; bamboo shoots retained considerable firmness under the same conditions. Acidic polysaccharides in bamboo shoots separated by DEAE‐cellulose column chromatography contained large amounts of neutral sugars. This suggested that the glucose and xylose rich PC (low methoxyl pectin) affected the solubilization of pectic polysaccharides and thermal disintegration of bamboo shoots.

Solvent Extraction of Pa(V) by Triphenylphosphine and Triphenylarsine Oxides from Nitric Acid Medium

Solvent Extraction of Pa(V) by Triphenylphosphine and Triphenylarsine Oxides from Nitric Acid Medium

Solvent extraction of protactinium(v) with bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid in toluene

The extraction of Pa(V) from 1M perchloric acid medium with HDEHP in toluene was carried out. The different factors affecting the metal distribution coefficient such as HDEHP concentration in the organic phase, pH of the aqueous phase and the equilibrium temperature were followed. From the data obtained the equilibrium constants of the extraction reaction were calculated. From the temperature variation, the corresponding thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) were also derived. In the same way, the effect of addition of some N-and 0-containing solvents such as pyridine, 2,2′-dipyridyl, n-amyl alcohol, n-decyl alcohol and n-butyl acetate, to the HDEHP organic phase was demonstrated. From the data obtained the suggested mechanisms for the synergistic extraction reactions were discussed together with the corresponding values of the thermodynamic parameters.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF Pa(V) and Th(IV) BY TRIPHENYLPHOS-PHINE AND TRIPHENYLARSINE OXIDES FROM HYDROCHLORIC ACID MEDIUM

ABSTRACT The extraction of Pa(V) by both ph3PO and Ph3AsO in chloroform from HCl medium is performed. The extraction stoichiometry for each system is proposed which is assumed to proceed through the formation of monosolvate. The extraction behaviour of Pa(V) by both extractants is quantitatively described by an empirical equation for each case. The obtained data show that the extraction power of Ph3AsO is much higher than the corresponding value of PH3PO. This difference is ascribed to the difference in their electronic structure. The effect of using different diluents is studied. In the same way, the extraction of Th (IV) by both extractants from HCl medium is described and the separation factors for both systems are calculated and compared.

Liquid-liquid Extraction of Pa(V) and U(VI) by Dialkyl Sulphoxides

Liquid-liquid Extraction of Pa(V) and U(VI) by Dialkyl Sulphoxides

THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES OP SYNERGISTIC SOLVENT EXTRACTION OP Pa( V) BY BIS( 2-ETHYL HEXYL) PHOSPHORIC ACID MIXED WITH SOME ELECTRON DONER COMPOUNDS.

Pa(V) was extracted from perchloric-perchlorate of 1M ionic strength solution at different temperatures. Thermodynamic parameters of PaO(OH (H(DEHP)/sub 2/)/sub 2/ formed in the organic phase were calculated and discussed. Some organophosphorus compounds: trioctyl phosphine oxide (TOPO); triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) were used as adducts mixed with HDEHP for Pa(V) extraction. The distribution ratio studies suggest the following species in the organic phase: PaO(OH) (H(DEHP)/sub 2/)/sub 2/. TOPO; PaO(OH (H(DEHP)/sub 2/)/sub 2/.TPPO and PaO(OH) (H(DEHP)/sub 2/)/sub 2/.2TTPPO; PaO(OH) (H(DEHP)/sub 2/)/sub 2/. 2TBP. The data obtained for ..delta.. H, ..delta.. G and ..delta.. S of the synergistic species were discussed and the reaction mechanisms were proposed. Antagonism was observed in the extraction by HDEHP-TBP at low concentrations of the TBP. 9 references, 4 figures, 4 tables.

Extraction of Th, Pa, U, and Np by PMBP from aqueous solutions at short phase contact times

The extraction properties of Th/IV/, Pa/V/, U/VI/ and Np from nitric acid solutions into 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoylpyrazolone-5 /PMBP/ in toluene were studied, using singlestep batch and continuous H-centrifuge methods. The effects of acid and extractant concentration, temperature and phase contact time on the extraction were investigated.

Extraction of protactinium(V) with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone from strongly acidic solutions

The extraction of Pa(V) from strongly acidic solutions of mineral acids is carried out with benzene solution of thenoyltrifluoroacetone. To interpret the data obtained, two extraction mechanisms representing the descending and ascending parts of the extraction curves are suggested. At lower acidity, the formation of PaO(TTA)3·HTTA species predominates. In going to higher acidity, an ion-pair formation between anionic protactiniuminorganic complex species and H2 TTA+ cation is assumed.