Extraction Of Nonferrous Metals Research Articles

Efficient technology for the extraction of non-ferrous metals from liquid production waste

The results of the study of Cu(II) to Cu(I) reduction process in chloride-sulfate solutions under the action of carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure in the presence of palladium chloride(II) acting as catalyst are reported. This process is described by general equation: 2Cu2+ +2SO2-4 +2Cl +CO+H O- 2 →Pd(II) 2CuCl+CO +2H +2SO2 + 2-4 . It has been shown product mix in the sediment obtained hydrocarbonyl process. Thus, the recovery process Cu(II) → Cu(I) with the action of CO is catalyzed by Pd(II) in the initial stage, and then develops in an autocatalytic mode with the subsequent redox decomposition intermediate. As a reducing agent serve ligand molecules of CO which are in activated state: CO+HO=CO +2H +2e2 2 + .

Extraction of Non-ferrous Metals from Underspoil Waters


 
 
 he focus of the study was the acidic underspoil waters of Safyanovskaya copper JSC containing 0.17 g/l of copper and 1.8 g/l of zinc (pH 2.8–2.9). The purpose of the work was research and development of water purification technology from impurities (copper, zinc, aluminum, iron, manganese), suggesting the possibility of copper and zinc extraction in the form of commercial products. The process of copper extraction by cementation with metallic iron was studied. It was shown that this method could allow to extract 94–95 % copper into a concentrate. The zinc extraction from solution after copper removal was studied by precipitation with NaHS, Na2CO3, NaOH and CaO. For economic reasons it is recommended to make zinc precipitation in two stages with CaO in order to produce cake containing 15–21 % Zn with extraction 80–87 %. This cake can be utilized at zinc processing plant. A process flowsheet for acidic underspoil waters, including copper cementation and the precipitation of zinc cake, has been developed. According to this scheme, mother liquor from zinc precipitation should be treated with lime until pH reaches 10–10.5, followed by pulp settling. As a result, purified water of the following composition is obtained, mg/l: zinc – 0.05, copper – 0.01, aluminum – 0.02, iron – 0.02, manganese – 0.05.
 Keywords: underspoil water, copper, zinc, iron, cementation, calcium oxide, concentrate, precipitation
 
 

Hydrazides in the Processes of Extraction of Non-ferrous Metals from Ammonia Solutions

The extraction of copper and other non-ferrous metals from ammonia solutions with hydrazides оf Versatic acids (C15–C19 fraction) is discussed in this article. Hydrazide group has been known to be a selective extractant for non-ferrous metals. Introducing the alkyl radical of -branched tert-carboxylic acids into the reagent structure may lead to new properties important for an extractant, such as chemical stability and good compatibility with solvents properties. The optimal extraction conditions, the effect of ammonium salts and the regularities of re-extraction are assessed.
 Keywords: extraction, hydrazides, -branched tert-carboxylic acids, non-ferrous metals

PROCESSING OF PYRITE CONCENTRATES WITH THE EXTRACTION OF NONFERROUS METALS: NICKEL AND COBALT TECHNOLOGY ELABORATION

The paper presents the results of the development of a technology for processing of pyrite concentrates with the extraction of nonferrous metals, iron and sulphur using the technology of two-stage dissociating roasting with hydrometallurgical processing of cinder. Hydrometallurgical processing of cinder was studied. It comprised of two steps - cinder leaching and extraction for processing multi-component solutions. Based on the results of laboratory tests, balance experiments were conducted on the chemical enrichment of nickel-poor and cobaltpyrite concentrates. The experiments included (i) Thermal decomposition of pyrite concentrate at a temperature of 660 - 700° C and a duration of 60 minutes, an oxygen flow rate of 30-50% of the stoichiometric; (ii) Leaching of the cinder with a HCl solution at a temperature of 90°C, liquid: solid = 8:1, pH 2,7 and a duration of 60 minutes; (iii) Filtration of pulp and precipitation of nickel and cobalt from solutions with iron sulphide. During leaching, mainly iron is transferred to the solution; nickel and cobalt remain in a small amount of cake (the cake weight is reduced by almost ten times compared to the thermal decomposition product). As a result, up to 99% of non-ferrous metals are extracted into the concentrate, and the solution becomes more concentrated in iron.

Preliminary study on rapid screening technology of small non-ferrous metal residues in explosive devices

The remnants of explosive devices contain copper, aluminium, tin and other non-ferrous metals, which often play a key role in the detection of explosive cases. Therefore, compared with the remnants of explosive devices made of plastic and other materials, the discovery and extraction of non-ferrous metals remains is particularly important in the field investigation of explosive cases, especially the small non-ferrous metal remains that are difficult to be found by the naked eyes. It is necessary to study new techniques and methods for the discovery and extraction of residues. In this study, the automatic screening technology of small non-ferrous metal residues in explosive devices is analysed. Through the comparative analysis of various separation and extraction technologies, it is believed that electromagnetic separation technology is expected to be used in the rapid screening of small non-ferrous metal residues in explosive devices.

Processing and recycling of iron-bearing copper–nickel production waste

The importance of production waste recycling toward sustainable development of the society is defined. The world’s experience in processing and reusing of metallurgical waste from nonferrous metallurgy works are briefly described. Examples of the use of slag and cake in the construction industry are presented, and a number of technologies for the extraction of nonferrous metals and iron from them are described. To organize efficient utilization of waste slag from Kola MMC, a mixed processing method has been developed based on their sulfuric acid leaching with 5-10% sulfuric acid, transferring most of silica into the solution in the form of silicic acid and concentrating the bulk of nickel and all copper in an insoluble residue, followed by flotation of nonferrous metal sulfides, providing flotation concentrates containing more than 4.5% copper and nickel. Processing of the leaching solution produces mesoporous silica with a specific surface area of 700-800 m2/g, which is used as an active additive in cement. The possibility of hydrometallurgical processing of afterburning products after carbonyl nickel decomposition using hydrochloric acid solutions and liquid extraction method for separating nickel and iron by organic reagents to obtain pure solutions of ferric chloride is demonstrated. A scheme is proposed for the joint processing of solutions from leaching of ferruginous cakes and residues of carbonyl nickel afterburning, as well as nickel raffinates of cobalt production of Kola MMC, which ensures production of commercial ferric chloride. To reduce the volume of dumped iron cakes, the technology and regulation are developed for the extraction of iron(III) from concentrated nickel solutions using high molecular weight aliphatic ketones and their mixtures with fatty alcohols instead of its hydrolytic precipitation.The authors appreciate participation of Leading Researcher, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Yu. N. Neradovskiy and Researcher E. V. Chernousenko from the Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Minerals, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences in these studies.

Selective Acid Leaching of Copper and Zinc from Old Flotation Tailings

The goal of the present work was to develop hydrometallurgical method based on acid leaching, which makes it possible to perform selective extraction of non-ferrous metals from old flotation tailings. Leaching was performed with sulfuric acid solutions (from 0.5 to 10%) and distilled water. Leaching was carried out using percolators and bottle agitator. Percolators were loaded with 100 g of old tailings, and leaching was performed with 100 mL of acid solutions. Pulp density during agitation leaching (S: L) was 1: 5. Two samples of old flotation samples were studied. The first sample of flotation tailings contained 0.26% of copper, 0.22% of zinc, and 17.4% of iron; while the second sample contained 0.36% of copper, 0.23% of zinc, and 23.2% of iron. Percolation leaching made it possible to extract up to 43 and 47% of Cu and Zn from the first sample. Extraction rate was maximum during the leaching with 1 and 2.5% sulfuric acid solutions. During the agitation leaching, the maximum extraction rate was reached with a 2.5% sulfuric acid solution (52 and 54% Cu and Zn), but the leaching rate with all solutions and distilled water differed insignificantly. Percolation leaching made it possible to extract up to 54 and 37% of Cu and Zn from the second sample of tailings, while agitation leaching made it possible to extract up to 34 and 68% Cu and Zn, respectively. The rate of non-ferrous metals extraction from the second sample with water did not differ significantly from that of obtained in the experiments with sulfuric acid solutions. In all experiments, the increase in the H2SO4 concentration led to the increase in concentrations of iron ions in productive solutions, which impedes the extraction of non-ferrous metals from solutions. Thus, it was possible to reach selective leaching of non-ferrous metals and to obtain solutions with relatively low concentrations of iron ions.

Development of a mathematical model and analysis of the receiver for emergency alerts in a mine

The article presents the scientific and methodological approaches to the principles of construction and justification of the characteristics of a new sample of the SDV radio channel in underground mines to assess the required sensitivity of the receiving equipment and the maximum range of the channel. Based on the estimates obtained, as well as using radio engineering methods for calculating communication systems, the principles of noise reduction are formulated, coding and modulation systems are selected and justified. Mathematical modeling of noise reduction processes was carried out and algorithms and programs for the receiving and transmitting paths of a wireless data transmission system through rocks were developed. The paper presents the results of field observations of noise recorded in a working mine for the extraction of non-ferrous metals.

Use of New Processing Materials during Slag Depletion in Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant Slag-Cleaning Furnaces

Within the period of 2015–2017 at Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant (NMZ) the following new processing materials are tested to reduce pyrometallurgical slags: quartzite from the Shilkinsk deposit of Krasnoyarsk Territory (as a flux instead of overburden rock produced locally) and anthracites of various grades (as a reducing agent). The materials tested are attractive in terms of their price compared with the flux and reducing agent (coke) used currently. During the tests with imported quartzite in the process of electric-furnace slag reduction the specific flux consumption falls by 36.9% and the specific electric power consumption falls by 3.2%. There is no marked wear of protective accretions in the slag zone of the furnaces and there is no unfavorable effect on the level of hearth scale. Standard waste slag is produced. Various anthracite brands are tested industrially (i.e., AM-UHG, AKO-UHG produced by Listvyanskaya Mill of CJSC Siberian Anthracite, AKO brand manufactured by LLC Promprodukt, A of AO grade produced by LLC Southern Fuel Company). Tests show that an increase in anthracite fraction in the total amount of the reducing agent supplied for smelting causes undesirably low matte metallization with poor non-ferrous metal extraction into matte, especially cobalt. This results in increased specific consumption of the reducing agent per ton of charge processed in a slag-depletion electric furnace (SEF). Based on tests, the following order for matte metallization degree (in descending order) is obtained: AKO > A of AO grade > (mixture of AM-UHG and AKO-UHG). Testing of the first brand is stopped prematurely due to the abrupt critical reduction of matte metallization (up to 17.8% with a specified minimum value 19%) and low level of hearth accretion in the SEF, likely to fall below the point required for bottom protection. Taking account of the results obtained quartzite from Shilkinsk deposit is recommended for industrial use in order to reduce converter and FSF slags in the electric furnace. Anthracites of AM-UHG, AKO-UHG and A grade of AO are recommended for the partial replacement of the reducing agent used (from 50 to 75%), apart from the sample of AKO grade.

Intensification of Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Copper from Sulfide Concentrates Using Ozone and Iron Ions

Studies have been conducted to establish the patterns of sulfuric acid dissolution of metal sulfides in the presence of environmentally friendly oxidizing agents, ozone and iron(III) ions; determine the parameters and modes of intensified extraction of metals into solution; reduce the consumption of oxidizing agents; and develop the least environmentally intense and most cost-effective methods for the extraction of nonferrous metals from sulfide ores, concentrates, and industrial wastes. A copper sulfide concentrate with a grain size of 0.074 mm (90%) and a copper content of 24.5% obtained by the flotation concentration of ore from the Udokan deposit and ozone with a concentration of 80–180 mg/L in a mixture with oxygen are used for the study. The concentrate is fed into a stirred reactor at a rate of 1–5 mL/s. Patterns are studied within the sulfuric acid concentration range 20–100 g/L and a Fe(III) ion concentration of 7.8–29.2 g/L at a solid phase to liquid phase ratio 1.1–1.5 at a temperature of 18–60°C. It has been established that the use of Fe(III) ions and ozone can significantly intensify the recovery of copper from sulfides in sulfuric acid solutions. The extraction of copper from sulfides increases in proportion to the 2.4-fold increase in the concentration of Fe(III) from 7.8 to 29.25 g/L. Ozone effectively oxidizes Fe(II) and regenerates the oxidizing agent, Fe(III) ions. With an increase in the temperature and iron concentration, the consumption of ozone for oxidation increases; namely, 0.22 mol of O3 is consumed per 1 mol of Fe, which is higher than a theoretical value of 0.17. An increase in the rate of the ozone-assisted extraction of copper from sulfides is achieved by increasing the temperature from 20 to 50°C (by 1.4 times), the concentration of ozone from 85 to 180 mg/L (3 times), the feed rate of the ozone–oxygen gas mixture from 1 to 5 mL/s (2.7 times at 20°C and 3.9 times at 50°C), and by the addition of Fe(III) ions by ~1.5 times at 50°C and [Fe(III)] = 10 g/L. The largest oxidizing activity in the sulfuric acid solution is provided by ozone decomposition products at a temperature of 50°C when the solubility of ozone decreases. The ozone utilization coefficient and specific ozone consumption rate for extracted copper decrease with an increase in the feed rate of the ozone–oxygen gas mixture from 1 to 5 mL/s by 1.42 times at 20°C and by 1.16 times at 50°C and increase with an increase in the temperature and concentration of Fe(III) due to the rapid decomposition of ozone and its unproductive use for the oxidation of iron.

The Recovery of Valuable Metals from Ocean Polymetallic Nodules Using Solid-State Metalized Reduction Technology

Ocean polymetallic nodules are oxide ores rich in Ni, Co, Cu, and Mn, which are valuable metals found in deep-sea mineral resources. Such non-ferrous metals do not exist in isolation, and producing concentrates using conventional mineral separation techniques is challenging without pre-treatment. We propose an effective, environmentally-friendly recovery technology combined with solid-state metalized reduction treatment and magnetic separation to recycle these metals from ocean polymetallic nodules. We conducted single-factor tests to investigate the effects of additives, anthracite dosage, duration, and reduction temperature on metal recovery and to obtain optimal operating parameters. We found that valuable metals in ocean polymetallic nodules may be selectively reduced to a metallic state. Only a fraction of Mn was reduced to metal. The reduced metals were recovered to concentrates using magnetic separation. More than 80% of these metals were concentrated to magnetic concentrates with mass ratios of 10–15%. The recovery rates of Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, and Fe in concentrates were optimum at 86.48%, 86.74%, 83.91%, 5.63%, and 91.46%, respectively, when using CaF2 4%, anthracite 7%, SiO2 dosage 5%, and FeS 6% at 1100 °C for 2.5 h. This approach to non-ferrous metal extraction using conventional hydrometallurgical processes could be a step toward practical industrial-scale techniques for the recovery of metals from polymetallic nodules.

Dioxins and furans’ behavior in the process of zinc and lead removing from EAF dust

The use of galvanized scrap as a charge material for electric steel-smelting production leads to formation of metallurgical dust suitable for extraction of non-ferrous metals. Chlorine and organic compounds content in metallurgical charge can lead to dioxins and furans formation in the process of electric smelting with their subsequent sedimentation on EAF dust. In the previous study we determined dioxins and furans content in dust at the level of 474 ng/kg of EAF dust. The methodology for conducting an experiment in a muffle furnace at temperatures of 300, 600, 900 and 1150 °Cwas developed for the study of dioxins and furans’ behavior during dust heating. Investigation of EAF dust chemical composition before and after the experiment made it possible to establish that desorption of dioxins and furans occurs during heating in the temperature range of 300 – 900 °C. In parallel with dioxins and furans’ desorption some chemical compounds evaporate indirectly and it is determined by calculation of changes in the content of C, Na, Cl, K, Pb, Zn in the sample. In the studied temperature range, the content of C, Na, Cl decreases to zero; K content is reduced by 81 %; Pb content is reduced by 83.5 %. Reduction of Zn content does not exceed 5 %. Change in content of the remaining components is insignificant. The obtained data confirm the predominant presence of chlorine in inorganic compounds in forms of NaCl and KCl, along with a slight presence in forms of ZnCl, PbCl, and PbCl2 . The study revealed the need of consideration of dioxins and furans’ presence during development of technologies aimed at metallurgical dust processing. It is proposed to perform high-temperature processing of dust (>850 °С) with the subsequent irrigation of exhaust gases with lime milk. The most rational ways to decrease dioxins and furans’ content in EAF dust are conducting afterburning of exhaust gases, followed by rapid cooling in order to avoid secondary synthesis of ecotoxicants or reducing the amount of chlorine-containing and conventional materials during pretreatment of metals.

Study of the Behavior of Dioxins and Furans in the Zinc and Lead Removal Process from EAF Dust

The use of galvanized scrap as a charge material in electric steelmaking results in metallurgical dust formation suitable for nonferrous metal extraction. The chlorine and organic compounds content in metal charge can lead to dioxins and furans formation during electric smelting with their subsequent sedimentation on EAF dust. In a previous study, the authors found dioxins and furans content in dust at 474 ng per kg of EAF dust. To study the behavior of dioxins and furans during dust heating, a procedure was developed for conducting an experiment in a muffle furnace at temperatures of 300, 600, 900, and 1150°С. A study of the chemical EAF dust composition before and after the experiment has shown that, upon heating, the dioxins and furans desorption runs in the temperature range 300–900°C. In parallel with dioxin and furans desorption, the evaporation of certain chemical compounds occurs and indirectly causes a dioxins in the C, Na, Cl, K, Pb, Zn content in the samples. In the studied temperature range, the content of C, Na, Cl decreases to zero; K content is reduced by 81%; Pb—by 83.5%. The zinc reduction does not exceed 5%. The data obtained confirm the predominant presence of chlorine in inorganic compounds in the form of NaCl and KCl, along with an insignificant presence in the form of ZnCl, PbCl and PbCl2. The study shows the need to take into account with the presence of dioxins and furans when creating procedures aimed at EAF dust processing. High-temperature dust treatment (>850°С) followed by irrigation of exhaust gases with lime milk is recommended. Thus, exhaust gases afterburning followed by rapid cooling to avoid secondary ecotoxicant synthesis or reducing the amount of chlorine-containing and organic substances during preliminary metal charge preparation techniques may be considered as the most efficient approaches to reduce dioxins and furans emission.

Two-Stage Agitation Leaching of Old Flotation Tailings

The goal of the present work was to develop hydrometallurgical approaches based on acid leaching for selective extraction of base metals from the sample of old flotation tailings as well as obtaining solution, which can be used for leaching of substandard copper-zinc concentrate. Old flotation tailings contained 23.2% of iron, 0.36% of copper, and 0.23% of zinc. Copper-zinc concentrate contained 23.8% of iron, 16% of copper, and 5.3% of zinc. Agitation leaching of old flotation tailings with distilled water and sulfuric acid solutions (of 0.5 to 10% H2SO4) for 3 h at pulp density of 20% made it possible to extract of 26 to 34% and of 58 to 70% of copper and zinc, respectively. Concentrations of copper and zinc in the pregnant solutions were of 0.19 to 0.25 g/L and of 0.27 to 0.32 g/L, respectively. The increase in H2SO4 concentration up to 10% did not lead to significant increase in base metals extraction but led to significant increase in iron ions concentration in the pregnant solutions. Pregnant solution obtained during the leaching with water contained less than 1 g/L of iron ions, while that obtained during the leaching with 10% sulfuric acid contained about 9 g/L of iron ions. Therefore, two-stage acid leaching with water and 10% sulfuric acid was proposed for selective extraction of non-ferrous metals in the first stage and obtaining of ferric iron solution in the second stage. Two-stage leaching at pulp density of 40% with water made it possible to extract 31 and 64% of copper and zinc, respectively. It was shown, that second stage did not allow to increase non-ferrous metals extraction but made it possible to obtain solution containing 11g/L of ferric iron. This pregnant solution was used for oxidative leaching of copper-zinc concentrate. Leaching at 80°C made it possible to extract 13 and 48% of copper and zinc, respectively.

Dioxins and furans in zinc-containing metallurgical dust: behavior and formation processes

The use of galvanized scrap as a charge material for electric steel-smelting production leads to the formation of metallurgical dust suitable for the extraction of non-ferrous metals. The issues related to the behavior of chlorine and its compounds in zinc and lead containing EAF-dust is not sufficiently studied. Current research exhibits the danger of chlorine and its compounds in charge and, consequently, in emissions of EAF. Chlorine and its compounds are considered to be the main components associated with the formation of highly toxic organic substances – dioxins and furans (D&F). D&F enter the environment not only in gaseous form, but also in the form of compounds adsorbed on the surface of dust particles. According to various data, D&F concentration is 5-500 ng / kg of dust and depends on the technological parameters of melting. Analysis of the formation processes of D&F in EAF and their behavior in the captured dust is given. It was found that at the studied chlorine content of 1.3% in EAF-dust from the charge materials, 99.9% of chlorine form relatively safe compounds, mainly chlorides, and a small amount goes to the formation of D&F. The amount of D&F adsorbed on the surface of captured dust particles was 474 ng / kg of dust. As strong toxicants, D&F increase the hazard category of dust from the 4th to the 3rd and above that must be considered at dust usage. In addition, the transport of D&F in the environment is due to solid particles that absorb poisons on their surface. Therefore, EAF dust, with D&F adsorbed on its surface, can provoke their entry into organisms. The ways of reducing D&F emission in the production of EAF-steel and the resource-saving and environmentally safe technologies of dust processing are considered. In particular, the possibility of using lime milk for the off-gases irrigation in the EAF gas flue was analyzed and it was shown that it allows to reduce the D&F content to acceptable limits. The efficiency of the proposed activities was evaluated.

Use of Modified Sorbents Based on Activated Carbon BAU-A for the Extraction of Nonferrous Metals from Aqueous Solutions

The sorption of some nonferrous metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb) from aqueous solutions by granular sorbents based on activated carbon BAU-A has been studied. The surface modification of BAU-A has been conducted by exposing it to a nitrating atmosphere (NOx–air or HNO3 (vapors)–air) at a temperature of 90–110°C for 4 h and impregnating it with 10 wt % of triethanolamine (TEA), tetraethylenediamine (TEDA), or carbamide (CH4N2O). It has been found that modification of BAU-A leads to a decrease in the sorption capacity of this material with respect to Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ and an increase with respect to Pb2+.

Mechanism of Na2SO4 Promoting Nickel Extraction from Sulfide Concentrates by Sulfation Roasting–Water Leaching

As a more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient route, the sulfation roasting–water leaching technique has been developed for highly effective extraction of non-ferrous metals from nickel sulfide concentrate in the presence of a Na2SO4 additive. The effects of several important roasting parameters—the roasting temperature, the addition of Na2SO4, the holding time, and the heating rate in particular—have been investigated. The results suggest that about 90 pct Ni, 92 pct Co, 95 pct Cu, and < 1 pct Fe can be leached from the calcine roasted under the optimum conditions. Furthermore, the behavior and mechanism of the Na2SO4 additive in the roasting process have been well addressed by detailed characterization of the roasted product and leaching residue using quantitative phase analysis (QPA) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. The Na2SO4 additive was observed to play a noticeable role in promoting the sulfation degree of valuable metals by forming liquid phases [Na2Me(SO4)2] at the outermost layer, which can create a suitable dynamic environment for sulfation. Thus, addition of Na2SO4 might be conducive to an alternative metallurgical process involving complex sulfide ores.

Biotechnology in the management and resource recovery from metal bearing solid wastes: Recent advances

Solid metalliferous wastes (sludges, dusts, residues, slags, red mud and tailing wastes) originating from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical industries are a serious environmental threat, when waste management practices are not properly followed. Metalliferous wastes generated by metallurgical industries are promising resources for biotechnological extraction of metals. These wastes still contain significant amounts of valuable non-ferrous metals, sometimes precious metals and also rare earth elements. Elemental composition and mineralogy of the metallurgical wastes is dependent on the nature of mining site and composition of primary ores mined. Most of the metalliferous wastes are oxidized in nature and contain less/no reduced sulfidic minerals (which can be quite well processed by biohydrometallurgy). However, application of biohydrometallurgy is more challenging while extracting metals from metallurgical wastes that contain oxide minerals. In this review, origin, elemental composition and mineralogy of the metallurgical solid wastes are presented. Various bio-hydrometallurgical processes that can be considered for the extraction of non-ferrous metals from metal bearing solid wastes are reviewed.

ЭКСТРАКЦИЯ ЦВЕТНЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ И ЖЕЛЕЗА ИЗ СУЛЬФАТНЫХ РАСТВОРОВ

ЭКСТРАКЦИЯ ЦВЕТНЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ И ЖЕЛЕЗА ИЗ СУЛЬФАТНЫХ РАСТВОРОВ

Technology of integrated treatment of mine water with accompanying extraction of non-ferrous metals

Technology of integrated treatment of mine water with accompanying extraction of non-ferrous metals