Extraction Of Natural Pigments Research Articles

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and encapsulation of betalain from prickly pear: Process optimization, in-vitro digestive stability, and development of functional gummies

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and encapsulation of betalain from prickly pear: Process optimization, in-vitro digestive stability, and development of functional gummies

Enzymatic extraction of anthocyanins from the pomace of aronia (Aronia melanocarpa).

Efficient extraction of natural pigments is a key focus in enhancing the utilization of by-products for applications in the food industry. In this study, an enzymatic extraction method using Pectinex Ultra SP-L, Pectinex XXL, Novoshape, and Celluclast was used to investigate natural pigment production from the pomace of aronia, a commercially important plant. The method's performance was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection by measuring total and individual anthocyanin levels. Pectinex XXL (0.5%) yielded the highest total anthocyanin extraction (2082.41±85.69mg/100g) in the single enzyme treatment, followed by Pectinex Ultra SP-L (0.05%), Celluclast (0.01%), and Novoshape (0.1%). Combining Pectinex XXL (0.25%) with Celluclast (0.01%) increased the extraction ratio of total anthocyanins (2 323.04±61.32mg/100g) by ∼50.7% compared with that obtained using the solvent extraction method. This study demonstrated an effective enzymatic extraction method for application in the food industry.

Milling Processing, Morphology, and Optical Characterization of Powders from Natural Pigments as a Potential Sensitizing Material for Optical Sensors and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) and optical fiber-based-sensors sensitized with organic dyes play a fundamental role in modern technology, particularly in the family of photovoltaic power generation devices and measurement of chemical variables. DSSC is low-cost, highly efficient, and easy to manufacture. Therefore, they are a suitable option for many engineering applications. This paper deals with natural pigment extraction (spirulina, carrots (beta-carotene), and beetroot) at different milling and temperature conditions. Nanoparticles were fabricated using an SPEX mill and a planetary ball mill. The particle size distribution, absorbance (UV-Vis), and powder morphology were obtained using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Herein, the optical characterization of modified TiO2 powder at different temperatures and milling conditions is performed. Results indicate that each natural dye is sensitive to operational temperature. In addition, the absorbance of the pigments is affected by milling conditions and particle size distribution. During SEM characterization, rounded particles were observed in the starting materials with average sizes of more than 15 microns in diameter until they were reduced to nanometer ranges close to 100 using SPEX milling. The observed absorption spectra range from 400nm to 642 nm for spirulina. Moreover, the experimental results show that the intensity of the absorption peaks is affected by the temperature, which indicates a degradation of the dye. Therefore, different combinations of natural dyes will be feasible to improve the wide range of light absorption of the visible spectra and stability of DSSCs and optical fiber-based sensors.

Influence of various solvents in extraction of natural pigments from Annona atemoya and Physalis peruviana as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells

Herein, we investigate the effect of various solvents on the extraction of natural dyes from two different fruit skins, namely Annona atemoya (Atemoya) and Physalis peruviana (Physalis), as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The functional groups of the extracted dye pigmentation were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to verify the presence of anthocyanin radicals. To fabricate the DSSCs, semiconducting TiO2 nanoparticles were deposited on FTO glass as a photoanode (using the spin-coating method), and platinum was also deposited on FTO glass as a photocathode (using the drop-casting method). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to verify the surface roughness and morphologies of the TiO2 photoanode and Pt photocathode. The photoelectric performance results of the fabricated DSSCs were examined and revealed the influence of various solvents on the extraction of Annona atemoya and Physalis peruviana dyes. The extraction of Annona atemoya and Physalis peruviana dyes in methanol solvent showed higher energy conversion efficiency of 2.02 % and 0.31 %, respectively, compared to other solvent extractions. In general, this work demonstrates that constructing solar cells from natural dyes at a reduced cost is a viable and sustainable alternative to traditional silicon cells.

PELATIHAN ECOPRINT SEBAGAI BENTUK PEMANFAATAN BAHAN ALAMI KEPADA IBU-IBU PKK DESA MABUAN

Ecoprint Training is a non-formal educational program that aims to introduce natural printing techniques using organic materials from the environment. The training is designed to enable participants to develop their artistic skills while appreciating the biodiversity and abundance of natural resources that surround us. Training materials include an in-depth understanding of the types of plants, leaves, and other natural materials that can be used in the ecoprint process. Participants will learn about material preparation techniques, such as natural pigment extraction and fabric preparation. In addition, they will be given practical guidance in applying designs and creating unique motifs through natural printing techniques. During the training, there will be hands-on practice sessions where participants will practice the techniques they learned under the guidance of expert instructors. Participants will also be given the opportunity to experiment with combinations of natural materials and printing methods to create unique and personalized results. The purpose of this training is to enable participants to produce original and aesthetically pleasing ecoprint artworks. In addition, the program also aims to raise awareness of the importance of nature conservation and promote the use of natural materials as an environmentally friendly alternative. Through Ecoprint Training, it is expected that participants will acquire adequate knowledge and skills to continue the practice of natural printing independently. In addition, it is also expected that participants will bring home the spirit to maintain and preserve natural beauty and apply ecoprint principles in their daily lives.

Solubility and Stability of Carotenoids in Ammonium- and Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids: Effect of Solvent Nature, Temperature and Water.

Ionic liquids (ILs) have arisen as alternatives to organic solvents and been used in natural pigment extraction in recent decades. However, the solubility and stability of carotenoids in phosphonium- and ammonium-based ILs are insufficiently explored. In this work, the physicochemical properties of the ILs, and the dissolution behavior and storage stability of three carotenoids (astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lutein) in the IL aqueous solution were investigated. The results showed that the solubility of the carotenoids in the acidic IL solution is higher than that in the alkaline IL solution, and the optimal pH is about 6. The solubility of astaxanthin (40 mg/100 g), β-carotene (105 mg/100 g), and lutein (5250 mg/100 g) was the highest in tributyloctylphosphonium chloride ([P4448]Cl) due to the van der Waals forces with [P4448]+ and hydrogen bonding with Cl-. A high temperature was beneficial to improve the solubility, but it can reduce the storage stability. Water has no significant effect on the carotenoid stability, but a high water content decreases the carotenoid solubility. A IL water content of 10-20%, an extraction temperature of 338.15 K, and a storage temperature of less than 298.15 K are beneficial for reducing the IL viscosity, improving carotenoid solubility, and maintaining good stability. Moreover, a linear correlation was found between the color parameters and carotenoid contents. This study provides some guidance for screening suitable solvents for carotenoid extraction and storage.

Insight into Green Extraction for Roselle as a Source of Natural Red Pigments: A Review.

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a source of anthocyanins as red pigments that is extensively farmed in tropical and subtropical regions, including Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Thailand, Egypt, Mexico, and West India. The roselle plant contains a variety of nutrients, including anthocyanins, organic acids, pectin, etc. Due to the toxicity and combustibility of the solvents, traditional extraction methods for these compounds are restricted. Obtaining pure extracts is typically a lengthy procedure requiring many processes. Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction as a green technology is rapidly improving and extending its application domains. The advantages of this method are zero waste production, quicker extraction times, and reduced solvent consumption. The ScCO2 extraction of natural pigments has great promise in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and textiles, among other uses. The ScCO2 technique for natural pigments may also be advantageous in a variety of other contexts. Due to their minimal environmental risk, the high-quality red pigments of roselle rich in anthocyanins extracted using ScCO2 extraction have a high sustainability potential. Therefore, the objective of this review is to increase knowledge related to the natural colorant of roselle as a substitute for chemically manufactured colorants using ScCO2 as a green method. This article covers ScCO2 extraction, particularly as it relates to the optimization of pigments that promote health. This article focuses on the high extraction efficiency of ScCO2 extraction. Natural colorants extracted via ScCO2 are regarded as safe compounds, especially for human consumption, such as novel functional food additives and textile and pharmaceutical colors.

Application of ultrasound technology for extraction of color pigments from plant sources and their potential bio‐functional properties: A review

AbstractNatural colorants/pigments are nowadays gaining popularity due to increased consumer awareness and severe health problems caused by the use of synthetic pigments. The efficient extraction of natural pigments from different plant sources leads to their effective application as substitutes for synthetic pigments in the food processing sector. In the present review, authors discussed the mechanistic approach of a novel ultrasonication technique in the extraction of natural color pigments having potential bio‐functional characteristics leading to numerous health benefits. The recent advancements in the ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) of plant pigments including anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, and chlorophyll were explored. The most significant observations were that the extraction efficiency improved due to the phenomenon of cavitation, low installation and maintenance costs, and reduced energy requirement. Further, the optimum extraction conditions, stability, and bio‐accessibility of the pigment compound significantly impact the process parameters. Moreover, recent progress in enhancing the performance of the UAE technique was addressed.Practical applicationsUltrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) is an effective way to improve the recovery of natural pigments from plants. Ultrasound treatment is a novel green extraction technology that offers a wide range of benefits. The present review conveys a better understanding of UAE mechanisms and optimum conditions of extracted pigments from different plant sources for their effective use as a natural colorant in food applications on an industrial scale.

Extraction of Natural Pigment from Ocimum tenuiflorum Using Different Polar Solvents and Their Nonlinear Optical Characteristics.

Herein, we report the extraction, characterization, linear and third-order nonlinear optical (TONLO) features of the natural pigment from Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves using different polar solvents. The polar solvents such as, ethanol, acetone, methanol and dimethyl sulfonate (DMSO) were used to extract the natural pigment from Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves. The effect of solvent on linear and TONLO properties of the natural pigment was studied and multi- parameter scale known as Kamlet-Abboud-Taft was used to analyse the solvent characteristics on solute molecule. The functional groups of the extracted natural pigments were examined via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. TONLO characteristics of the natural pigment was scrutinised by a continuous wave (CW) diode laser working at 650nm wavelength. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) and nonlinear coefficient of absorption (β) of the natural pigment was ascribed to the behavior of self-defocusing, saturable absorption (SA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA). The TONLO susceptibility (χ(3)) of the natural pigment in polar solvents was found to be the order of 10-6 esu. The natural pigment extracted from Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves is a potential material for applications in nonlinear optical.

Extraction of natural pigments from red sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) husk by ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction: A comparative study through response surface analysis

AbstractSorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is an important source of bioactive compounds, such as the phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds in sorghum grain are concentrated in its hull; however, its hull is usually being discarded as a waste. In this study, ultrasonication power intensity (916, 1018, and 1120 W/cm2), sonication time (20, 25, and 30 min), and particle size (100, 300 and 500 μm) for ultrasound assisted extraction and, microwave power (50, 60 and 70 W), microwave time (90, 105, and 120 s), and particle size (100, 300, and 500 μm) for microwave assisted extraction were investigated and optimized using Box–Behnken design. For ultrasound assisted extraction, optimized condition was found as 1078 W/cm2 power intensity, 23.6 min sonication time and 100 μm particle size, and corresponding values of responses were 8.55 mg LE/g dw total anthocyanin content, 779.0 mg GAE/g dw total phenolic content, 172.0 mg CE/g dw total flavonoid content, 70.0 and 73.4% antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods, respectively and 11.1 redness (a*). For microwave assisted extraction, optimized condition was found as 63 W power, 101 s time and 100 μm particle size, and the responses were 10.5 mg LE/g dw total anthocyanin content, 606.0 mg GAE/g dw total phenolic content, 195.0 mg CE/g dw total flavonoid content, 79.5 and 82.2% antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods, respectively and 13.6 redness (a*). For validation of model at optimum conditions, predicted values were insignificantly (p > .05) differ than actual values for all the responses for both ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction.Practical ApplicationsSorghum consists of a rare class of natural pigments (3‐deoxyanthocyanidins) in its husk. These natural pigments have antioxidant, anti‐proliferative activity, and thus, can be utilized as natural food colorant in food industry. Extraction and isolation of these natural pigments from sorghum husk are prerequisites for their application in food industry. In order to obtain an efficient extraction of sorghum anthocyanins, resulting in minimal degradation and high antioxidant capacity, the choice of the extraction method is important. This research provides information about standardization of novel extraction techniques (ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction) for effective utilization of sorghum husk for extraction of natural pigments, which can be utilized for application in various food products.

Pulsed electric field assisted extraction of natural food pigments and colorings from plant matrices.

Coloring compounds are widely applied to manufacturing foods and beverages. The worldwide food market is replacing artificial colorants with natural alternatives, given the increased consumer demand for natural products. However, these substitutes are still an issue due to their high production cost and low chemical and physical stability. Furthermore, natural pigments are highly sensitive to processes applied in conventional extraction techniques, such as thermal, mechanical, and chemical stresses. In this regard, pulsed electric field (PEF) technology has emerged as a promising non-thermal alternative for recovering and producing natural colorings from food matrices. Its action mechanism on cell structures through the electroporation effect is a smart alternative to overcoming the challenging issues associated with producing natural colorants. In this scenario, this review provides an overview of the PEF assisted extraction of natural pigments and colorants, such as anthocyanins (red-blue-purple), betalains (red), carotenoids (yellow-orange-red), and chlorophylls (green) from plant sources. Moreover, the potential and limitations of this emerging technology to integrate the extraction process of natural colorants were discussed.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Natural Pigments From Food Processing By-Products: A Review.

Ultrasound is an emerging technology, which has been highly explored in the food area to improve processes and products. When ultrasound is applied to a product with solid or fluid characteristics, the passage of acoustic waves and acoustic cavitation generates different mechanisms responsible for modifications in the original matrix of the sample. These effects of ultrasound can also be used to take advantage of by-products, for example by extracting compounds of interest, including natural pigments. Natural pigments or colorants are being highly demanded by different industries not only for color purposes but also due to their healthy properties, the greater demands in regulations and new consumer preferences. This review presents an updated critical analysis of the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to obtain natural pigments from food processing by-products. Initially, the ultrasound effects and mechanisms that improve the extraction of natural pigments in a fluid medium, as well as the factors that influence the extraction and the energy consumption of UAE are analyzed and described. Subsequently, the UAE application to obtain pigments belonging to the groups of carotenoids, chlorophyll, anthocyanins and betalains is evaluated. These sections detail the processing conditions, positive and negative effects, as well as possible applications of the extracted pigments. This review presents relevant information that may be useful to expand and explore new applications of ultrasound technology as well as promote the revaluation of by-products to obtain pigments that can be used in food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries.

Eggplant Fruit (Solanum melongena L.) and Bio-Residues as a Source of Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds, and Food Colorants, Using Innovative Food Technologies

Consumers are very concerned with following a healthy diet, along with some precautions that may influence environmental impact. Solanum melongena L. is one of the most consumed vegetables due to its excellent nutritional value and antioxidant action. Associated with its high consumption, considerable amounts of agro-food wastes are produced. This work targets the valorization of this matrix, through the use of its bio-residues to study the obtention of coloring pigments, applying innovative technologies. Its nutritional value, chemical composition, and bioactive potential were evaluated, and the ultrasound-assisted extraction to obtain coloring pigments of high industrial interest was optimized. Considering the results, low contents of fat and carbohydrates and energy value were evident, as well as the presence of compounds of interest (free sugars, organic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenolic acids). In addition, the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential was detected. Response surface methodology was performed to optimize the extraction of natural pigments, showing a concentration of 11.9 mg/g of anthocyanins/g of extract, applying optimal conditions of time, solvent, and solid/liquid ratio of 0.5 min, 68.2% (v/v) and 5 g/L, respectively. S. melongena proved to be a good source of bioactive compounds and natural pigments, which can generate great interest in the food industry.

Optimization of Natural Colour Extraction from Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) which comes from family of Cactaceae is one of the tropical fruit in Malaysia. The peels of red dragon fruit are the possible sources of betacyanin, which responsible for the red-violet color even though the peel always regarded as a waste. The objective of this study is to assess the stability of natural pigment extract from dragon fruits peels by using simple water extraction method and assessed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometer. The extracted natural pigments then were introduced to several optimization conditions such as extraction time (1 – 6 hours), temperature (25 – 100 °C) and a range of pH (2 – 12). This study was also investigated the stability of natural pigment towards light. Results analysis of dragon fruit peels extracted shown that the optimum conditions were 4 hours of extraction time, 25 °C and pH 5. Sample extraction of natural pigment that has been optimized was more stable compare to control when exposed to light. In addition, the natural pigment extracted from dragon fruit peel was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. In conclusion, the natural pigment extracted by using solvent extraction method from dragon fruit peels has ability to be used as natural colorant.

POTENTIAL EVALUATION OF YELLOW COTTON (COCHLOSPERMUM REGIUM) PIGMENTS FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS APPLICATION

Recently, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have concerned significant attention attributable to their material preparation process, architectural and environmental compatibility, also low cost and effective photoelectric conversion efficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to use potential plant materials for DSSC. This research presents the extraction of natural pigments from yellow cotton flowers (Cochlospermum regium). In addition, the natural pigments were revealed that outstanding advantages, including a wide absorption range (visible light), easy extraction method, safe, innocuous pigments, inexpensive, complete biodegradation and ecofriendly. Methanol was used as a solvent extraction for the yellow cotton flower. The chlorophylls and carotenoid pigments extractions were estimated by a UV-visible spectrometer. The chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoid yield were 0.719±0.061 µg/ml, 1.484±0.107 µg/ml and 7.743±0.141 µg/ml, respectively. Thus, this study results suggested that yellow cotton flowers containing reasonable amounts appealable in the DSSC production.

Selection of Maceration Solvent for Natural Pigment Extraction from Red Fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam)

Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) is rich with red-orange natural pigments, such as β-carotene. In this work, the solvent selection was investigated to extract the β-carotene from the red fruit via a simple maceration technique. Three types of solvents were used in the maceration, which were distilled water, ethanol, and acetone. The obtained extracts were characterized using spectrophotometer ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and spectrofluorometer. The different solvents gave different spectroscopic information, suggesting that the solvent selection influenced the type of the extracted compounds. Among the examined solvents, acetone was found to be the most effective one to extract the β-carotene. The presence of the β-carotene pigment in acetone extract was confirmed by the appearance of the absorption peak at 476 nm on its UV-visible spectrum, while from its FTIR spectrum, the C-H sp3 functional group of β-carotene was found at 2924 and 2854 cm-1. In addition, the emission peak of β-carotene was found at 394 and 561 nm. This study confirmed that acetone performed as a better maceration solvent for β-carotene as compared to the distilled water and ethanol, which would be strongly related to the non-polar property of the acetone.

Enhanced extraction of natural pigments from Curcuma longa L. using natural deep eutectic solvents

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) formed by organic acids and sugars were tested for their effectiveness in extracting the natural pigments called curcuminoids. Under optimum conditions (50 °C temperature, 0.1/10 g/mL solid/liquid ratio, and 30-minute extraction time), higher extraction yields were obtained when the solvent with 1:1 citric-acid-to-glucose ratio and 15% water (CGH) was used, as compared with conventional extraction solvents. Moreover, we studied the target curcuminoids antioxidant activities and stabilities in different solvents. Lastly, we demonstrated that solid phase extraction was an effective approach to recycle the natural pigments in the extracts. These results indicate that the proposed method is an excellent alternative for the extraction of natural pigments because it is environmentally friendly and can promote sustainability.

Natural pigment extraction optimization from coffee exocarp and its use as a natural dye in French meringue

This study aimed to optimize the pigment extraction process for coffee exocarp and to evaluate its coloring effect on French meringue. The anthocyanins were determined with the differential pH method and the process was optimized with the response surface methodology. The solvent concentration (SC) and solid solvent ratio (SSR) had a significant effect on the anthocyanin content and surface color of the coffee cherry extracts. The optimal extraction conditions 60% SC and 25% SSR resulted in the highest concentration of anthocyanins (0.145 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside/g of coffee fresh exocarp). For the French meringue, the 3% extract concentration had the smallest total color difference (ΔE), as compared to the control, evidencing the potential of coffee exocarp dyes in place of synthetic dyes in the manufacture of French meringue.

Production of Tri-Color Printer Ink by Natural Pigment Extraction

Production of Tri-Color Printer Ink by Natural Pigment Extraction

Optimisation of the recovery of carotenoids from tomato processing wastes: application on textile dyeing and assessment of its antioxidant activity

The present study has been focused on the extraction of natural pigments from tomato industry waste. At first, different solvents and solvents mixture were compared to determine which one is the best for extracting carotenoids compounds from tomato by-products. A mixture of hexane and acetone gave the highest carotenoids extraction yield among the others examined. The extraction conditions were optimised using a five-level–five-factor central composite design. Under optimal conditions, solvent solid ratio 90, hexane percentage in the solvent mixture 60, extraction duration 50, number of extractions 4 and extraction temperature 35 °C, the yield of carotenoids was 80.7 μg/g. The coloured extract of tomato by-products was applied on textile fabrics to investigate the dyeing characteristics and antioxidant activities. The results indicate that extract can be applied on textile fabrics (wool, silk and polyamide) to produce coloured clothing with acceptable antioxidant properties.