Extraction Of Mineral Acids Research Articles

Iron and aluminum lakes of Gallo blue E as nuclear and metachromatic mucin stains.

Gallo blue E, C. I. No. 51040, Mordant Violet 54, furnishes a blue black nuclear stain when applied to tissue sections in the form of its moderately stable iron lakes. This coloring combined well with such counterstains as orange G and eosin B. The Van Gieson stain tends to decolorize mucins, cartilage, and mast cells previously stained with this dye. Its aluminum lake solutions tend to gel in a few minutes to 24 hours depending on the solvent used and the amount of Al3+ present. Aluminum lake solutions give a moderately good blue to dark blue nuclear stain and a brilliant purplish red to dark purple stain to a variety of epithelial and connective tissue mucins. Acid dye counterstains are poorly tolerated. With either lake, nuclear staining is abolished by deoxyribonuclease digestion or relatively short mineral acid extraction of DNA.

On the extraction of mineral acids and uranium from alcoholic and acetonic solutions with tri-N-butyl phosphate

The extraction of hydrochloric, nitric, and sulphuric acids with TBP was studied as a function of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone concentration in the aqueous phase. Extraction increases in the order: methanol<ethanol<acetone<isopropanol. Uranium extraction with TBP was studied also as a function of the concentration of alcohols and acetone from hydrochloric as well as nitric acid media. Extraction of uranium from both acids increases with the increase of acetone concentration and the decrease of alcohol concentration. The dependence of the extraction of acids and uranium on the concentration of TBP was also studied.

Di( n-octyl)arsenic acid (DOAA) as a reagent for liquid-liquid extraction—I : Extraction of mineral acids

Solutions of dioctylarsinic acid (DOAA), ( n-C 8H 17) 2AsOOH, in chloroform have been equilibrated with aqueous solutions of perchloric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, sulfuric and hydriodic acids. The loading experiments with perchloric acid indicate that 0·1 M DOAA, after equilibration with HClO 4 of initial concentration 5 M–9 M, forms a dimeric specie (DOAA·HClO 4) 2. Except for sulfuric and hydriodic acids, the loading curves for the other mineral acids are similar to the curve for HClO 4 with well defined plateaus at equimolar ratios of [ H +] 0 [ DOAA] 0 in the range of initial aqueous acid concentration from about 3 M–7 M. Reagent dependence studies showed that the mineral acids formed 2:1 adducts with DOAA at 0·1 M aqueous acid concentrations. Sulfuric acid was not extracted at this concentration, but formed a mixture of 2:1 and 2:1 adducts between 0·5 M and 1·0 M aqueous acid. Hydriodic acid reacted with DOAA. Water was coextracted with all mineral acids and the concentration of water in the organic phase decreased at aqueous acid concentrations greater than 6 M.

Tris( n-octyl)arsine oxide (tocaso) as a reagent for liquid-liquid extraction—1 extraction of mineral acids

Solutions of tris( n-octyl)arsine oxide (TOCASO), ( n-C 8H 17) 3AsO, in benzene have been equilibrated with aqueous solutions of perchloric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic and nitric acids. In the perchloric acid system, the co-extraction of water was noted and the adduct was of the type TOCASO·H 3O +ClO 4 −. Hydrochloric acid formed a 2:1 adduct with TOCASO at aqueous acid concentrations ≧ 1 M. The hydrochloric acid adduct was presumably of the type TOCASOH +HCl 2 −. Hydrobromic and hydriodic acid formed 1:1 adducts at initial aqueous acid concentrations of 0·1 to 2·0M. The co-extraction of 1 mole of water with each mole of acid was observed under these conditions. At acid concentrations ≧4·0M and ≧7·0 M the adducts, TOCASOH +HBr 2 − and TOCASOH +HI 2− were formed without co-extraction of water. Nitric acid formed a 1:1 adduct at initial acid concentrations of 0·1 to 1·0 M with co-extraction of water. As the nitric acid concentration was increased the ratio of acid to reagent increased while the ratio of water to acid decreased concurrently.

Bis-(disubstitutedphosphinyl)-alkanes—IV: Extraction of mineral acids, uranium (VI), and some lanthanides

Comparative partition data are presented for the solvent extraction of mineral acids, uranium (VI), and some lanthanide elements by dis-(di-n-hexylphosphinyl)-alkanes, [( C 6 H 13) 2 P(O)(CH 2) n P(O)(C 6H 13) 2, n=1,2,3,4] , as a function of the aqueous concentration of nitric, hydrochloric, and perchloric acids. Extractions from nitric and hydrochloric acids followed quite similar patterns when comparing partition data from the same acid media among the four compounds. However, large increases were noted in the distribution ratios obtained for extractions from perchloric acid with bidentate ligands having methylene carbon bridge lengths, n ≤ 2. Loading studies, differences in extraction, and visible spectra of the uranium (VI) perchlorate adducts of HDPM ( n = 1) and HDPE ( n = 2) were interpreted as possibly indicating the formation of disolvated complexes containing two chelate rings.

Organic Phase Species in the Extraction of Mineral Acids by Methyldioctylamine in Chloroform

Organic Phase Species in the Extraction of Mineral Acids by Methyldioctylamine in Chloroform

Solvent extraction of mineral acids. IV. Solute‐solvent interaction in the system perchloric acid‐water‐tri‐N‐butyl phosphate

AbstractThe distribution of perchloric acid between water and pure tributyl phosphate (TBP) was examined as a function of increasing acid concentration in the initial aqueous solution. The solvent extracts were investigated by determinations of increase in volume and measurements of viscosity, density and conductivity. The water content of the tributyl phosphate layers has also been determined. The data conform with the assumption of several consecutive interactions between mineral acids and the highly basic tributyl phosphate extractant. A discussion of the nature of the species existing in, or extracted into, the tributyl phosphate phase is given and it is suggested that there are four main species involved: [(TBP)4,HClO4,(H2O)8]; [(TBP)2,HClO4,(H2O)5]; [(TBP)4,(HClO4)3,(H2O)10] and [TBP,HClO4,(H2O)2·5]. The mechanism of multistage extraction is suggested.

The extraction of mineral acids by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP)

The physical chemistry of the extraction of HCl, HNO 2, H 2SO 4, HClO 4 and HF from aqueous solution by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) has been studied. Electrical conductivity and viscosity measurements show that HClO 4 is a strong electrolyte in TBP, but that the other acids only ionize to a limited extent; the ionization constants of HCl, HNO 2 and H 2SO 4 (first dissociation) are all equal to about 9 × 10 −5. The partition results are in accord with these conclusions, and indicate also the formation of HCl·TBP, HNO 3·TBP, H 2SO 4·TBP, and HClO 4·TBP; perchloric acid appears moreover to yield higher solvates in addition to the mono-solvate. The water content of the TBP phase increases with acid concentration in all cases except that of HNO 3, and this may help to explain certain differences in viscosity and conductivity which appear at high acidities.