Extraction Of Germanium Research Articles

Geochemical peculiarities of germanium, arsenic, mercury, beryllium, fluorine and total sulfur in the C8h coal seam of the Dniprovska mine field

In the article, the authors establish and analyze the relationship between the contents of germanium, toxic elements and the total sulfur content of the coal seam of the Dniprovska Mine field. In the process of the research, in order to achieve the purpose set in the work, correlation and regression analysis was carried out using methods that are implemented in one of the most popular professional mining and geological information systems for 3D modeling of deposits, statistical processing of mining and geological data and construction of actual mine workings and planning of mining operations – Micromine, and their analysis in geological concepts was performed. It is proved that the distribution of germanium, toxic elements and total sulfur content in the coal seam с8н of the Dniprovska Mine field differ from the Gauss-Laplace and lognormal distributions. It is established that analyzes of graphs of polynomial pair regression models of the relationship between the normalized concentrations of germanium and the contents of toxic elements make it possible to identify different areas of their concentrations, which differ significantly in their nature. It is substantiated that the minimum contents of arsenic, germanium and total sulfur in the coal seam с8н of the Dniprovska Mine were jointly accumulated at the syngenetic stage of its formation. A decrease in the concentrations of germanium with an increase in the content of fluorine, mercury, arsenic, and total sulfur is associated with epigenetic processes, which in this particular case lead to the outcrop of germanium. The synchronous increase in the contents of germanium and beryllium in the area of their low and abnormally low concentrations is due to the compatible accumulation of these elements at the syngenetic stage of formation of the coal seam, and their increase in the area of maximum contents is caused by the manifestation of the empirical regularity of the “Zilbermints law”. It was established that there is a very low correlation between the concentrations of germanium and toxic elements and total sulfur, therefore, the extraction of germanium from the coal seam will not be accompanied by their significant accumulation during technological processes. It is proven that for a more realistic assessment of the central tendency of the content of germanium, toxic elements and total sulfur, it is necessary to use the median values instead of the median values. The influence of syngenetic and epigenetic processes on the nature of the relationship between germanium concentrations, toxic elements and total sulfur content in the coal seam с8н of the Dniprovska Mine was revealed.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗВ’ЯЗКУ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЙ ГЕРМАНІЮ ІЗ ВМІСТОМ ТОКСИЧНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ Й СІРКИ ЗАГАЛЬНОЇ У ВУГІЛЬНОМУ ПЛАСТІ С5В ШАХТИ «ТЕРНІВСЬКА»

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to establish and analyze the relationship between germanium concentrations, toxic elements and the content of total sulfur in the coal seam c5в of the «Ternivska» mine field of the Pavlohrad-Petropavlivka area of Donbas. Methodology. The factual basis of the work was the results of germanium, beryllium, fluorine, mercury, arsenic and total sulfur analyzes in the coal seam c5в. The content of Ge, Be, and F was determined by quantitative emission spectral analysis, Hg and As by atomic absorption analysis. Using the STATISTICA 13.3 and IBM SPSS Statistics 22 programs, the values of the main descriptive statistical indicators were calculated. Correlation and regression analysis was carried out using the methods implemented in Micromine program and their analysis was carried out in geological concepts. Results. It is substantiated that the minimum contents of at least As, Hg, Ge and total sulfur in the coal seam c5в of the "Ternivska" mine were jointly accumulated at the syngenetic stage of its formation. The simultaneous increase in the content of Ge and Be in the area of their low and abnormally low concentrations is caused by the joint accumulation of these elements at the syngenetic stage of coal seam formation and their increase in the area of maximum contents is caused by the manifestation of the empirical regularity of the «Zilbermints law». It is proved that the distribution of the values of Ge content, toxic elements and total sulfur in the coal seam c5в of the «Ternivska» mine differ from the Gaussian-Laplace and lognormal distributions, in all cases the polymodality of the distribution is fixed and the kernel of the distribution density is shifted to the left. Scientific novelty of the results of the conducted research consists in establishing the non-compliance of the samples of all considered elements with the normal or lognormal distribution law, while in all cases the polymodality of the distribution of indicators is recorded, which is confirmed by analytical calculations of the correspondence of the empirical distributions of the studied parameters of the Gaussian distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Uilk criteria, Lilliefors and Pearson's chi-squared agreement. It is proved that the forms of finding of the investigated elements in coal with their concentrations around Clark and in coal with increased contents differ significantly. The influence of syngenetic and epigenetic processes on the nature of the relationship between Ge concentrations, toxic elements and the content of total sulfur in the coal seam c5в of the «Ternivska» mine was revealed. Practical significance of the results of the work consists in establishing the presence of a very low correlation between the concentrations of Ge and toxic elements and total sulfur, therefore, the extraction of germanium from the coal seam will not be accompanied by their significant accumulation during technological processes. It has been proven that for a more realistic assessment of the central tendency of the content of Ge and toxic elements and total sulfur, instead of the values of the arithmetic mean, it is necessary to use the median values. Key words: germanium, beryllium, mercury, arsenic, total sulfur, coal seam, frequency histograms, regression analysis, correlation analysis, polymodality of distribution.

КОМПЛЕКСНЕ ОСВОЄННЯ СУПУТНІХ КОРИСНИХ КОПАЛИН І КОМПОНЕНТІВ ВУГІЛЛЯ ЛЮБЕЛЬСЬКОГО РОДОВИЩА ЛЬВІВСЬКО-ВОЛИНСЬКОГО БАСЕЙНУ

The potential of coal deposits is determined not only by the establishment of coal bearing capacity, but also by a number of criteria determined by the complex extraction of associated minerals and coal components. One of the main reserves of replenishment of the mining mine fund of the Lviv-Volyn coal basin (LVB) is the South-Western coal-bearing area. The Lyubelya coal deposit is located in the south-western part of the Lviv-Volyn basin within the Kariv syncline. The Lyubelya deposit is the most submerged part of the LVB with the most complete stratigraphic section. The coal-bearing stratum is gas-bearing and germanium-bearing. Integrated use of the raw material base of LVB with the use of certain technologies of preliminary gas extraction will help to increase the profitability of the coal mining complex and prevent accidents. The deposit has significant reserves of high-quality coal that can be used for coking, which will be a significant contribution to the development of the Ukraine's energy base. Coal of grades Zh, KZh and K is widespread at the Lyubelya deposit. Coking coal makes up almost half of the field's reserves. The total explored coal reserves are 522884 thousand tons. Significant degassing of the coal seam in combination with high technological qualities of coal is the reason for the increased interest in the Lyubelya deposit. In its southern part, gas is almost absent in the fields of the Lyubelya mines No. 1 and 2, within the depths of the main working layers. But coal seams v6 , п06, п7 , п71 , п7в, п8 , п9 lie in the methane gas zone in the fields of Lyubelya mines No. 1–4 and are characterized by high natural gas content – from 9.60 to 30.70 m 3/t s.b. Methane gas zone is immersed in the direction of the bottom of the Kariv syncline. When designing coal mining in the deep horizons of the Lyubelya field, it is necessary to take into account their gas potential and the possibility of degassing of coal seams. Сoal gas can be considered as a stand-alone mineral that can be extracted in sufficient quantities and economically feasible. Coal from the Lyubelya deposit may also be suitable as a raw material for the extraction of germanium. Thus, the estimated reserves of germanium in terms of actual content in the coal of the Lyubelya No. 3 section in category C2 amounted to 248.41 tons. The Lyubelya deposit of LVB has significant reserves of high-quality coal that can be used for coking, which will be a significant contribution to the development of the Ukraine's energy base. When designing cost-effective technological schemes of coal mining, it is necessary to take into account the whole set of indicators for the development of related minerals and coal components.

A novel solvent extraction system to recover germanium from H2SO4 leaching liquor of secondary zinc oxide: Extraction behavior and mechanism

Owning to the lack of commercial independent germanium deposit and the ever-growing germanium demand of high-tech field, the recovery of germanium from various resources shows strategic significance. In this study, a novel solvent extraction system based on primary amine (N1923) and hydroxycitric acid (HCA) was developed to recover germanium from leaching liquors of secondary zinc oxide and some typical resources. The results indicated that the solvent system showed high extraction efficiency and germanium selectivity; equilibrium pH and the dosage of HCA were the key parameters for germanium recovery, the germanium extraction capacity of an organic phase with 0.24 mol/L N1923 was 7.97 g/L; germanium could be separated from zinc, arsenic, iron, and cadmium at an equilibrium pH of 1.0, and the separation factors of germanium to those elements were up to 1778, 232, 67074, and 14706, respectively; the system was also with well separation performance of germanium from typical germanium containing leachates of copper cake and coal fly ash. Stoichiometry analysis and FT-IR, NMR, and ESI-MS spectra demonstrated that the extraction of germanium followed a coordination anion extraction mechanism, the germanium extraction complexes was RNH3⋅GeO2C6H4O7. 0.5 mol/L NaOH can be selected for the stripping of germanium.2

About relationship between germanium concentration and the content of toxic elements and total sulfur in the coal seam c8h of the Dniprovska mine

Purpose. To establish and analyze the relationship between the concentrations of germanium and toxic elements and the sulfur content of the general coal seam с8нof the Dniprovska mine. Methodology. The factual basis of the work was the results of 370 analyzes of germanium, beryllium, fluorine, mercury and arsenic and total sulfur in the central certified laboratories of production geological exploration organizations of Ukraine from the material of reservoir samples obtained by production and research enterprises and organizations. Ge content was determined by quantitative emission spectral analysis. The quality of the results of the analyzes (correctness and reproducibility) was evaluated as the significance of the mean systematic error, which was tested using the Student's criterion, and the significance of the mean random error, which was tested using the Fisher criterion. At the initial stage of primary geochemical information processing, the values of the main descriptive statistical indicators were calculated using the STATISTICA 13.3 and IBM SPSS Statistics 22 programs, the frequency histograms of Ge content and reservoir thickness were constructed, and the characteristics of the distribution of these parameters were established. To achieve the goal set in the work, in the research process, correlation and regression analysis was carried out using the methods implemented in the most popular professional statistical software platforms "STATISTICA" and "SPSS" and their analysis was performed in geological terms. Findigs. In the work, the regularities of the relationship between the concentration of germanium and the content of toxic elements and total sulfur in the coal seam с8нof the Dniprovska mine are established. Inherent to the considered impurity elements, the general diverse form of their presence in coal allows us to treat the regularities established with the help of correlation and regression analysis as a kind of trend of dependencies between them, which was realized in the specific geological conditions of the с8нseam of the Dniprovska mine. Scientific novelty. It consists in establishing the non-compliance of the samples of all considered elements with the normal or lognormal distribution law, while in all cases the polymodality of the distribution of indicators is recorded, which is confirmed by analytical calculations of the correspondence of the empirical distributions of the studied parameters of the Gaussian distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Lilliefors criteria and Pearson's хі-square agreement. Practical significance. It consists in the fact that for a more realistic assessment of the central tendency of the content of Ge and toxic elements and total sulfur, it is necessary to use the median values instead of the values of the arithmetic mean. It was established that there is a very low correlation between the concentrations of germanium and toxic elements and total sulfur, therefore, the extraction of germanium from the coal seam will not be accompanied by their significant accumulation during technological processes.

Gallium and germanium extraction and potential recovery from metallurgical slags

Metallurgical slags enriched in Ga (144–156 mg/kg) and Ge (285–441 mg/kg) were investigated as potential sources of these technologically critical elements. Conventional mineralogical techniques (SEM/EDS, EPMA) were coupled with automated mineralogy using a Tescan Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA) to quantitatively determine the partitioning of Ga and Ge in the slags. Both elements are primarily bound in the slag glass (90.5–95.4% of Ga and 95.9–96.7% of Ge). Extraction experiments conducted in 0.5 M H2SO4, 1 M HNO3, and 1 M HCl were used to simulate the hydrometallurgical recovery in view of the potential recovery of Ga and Ge. The leaching of Ga and Ge (and other valuable metals: Zn, Pb) was investigated as a function of time (2–12 h), temperature (25 and 70 °C), and particle size (original granulated slag and ultrafine-milled slag). Compared to other treatments, the highest Ga and Ge extractability was found in 0.5 M H2SO4. No significant effect of the particle size, temperature, and time was observed on the Ga and Ge leaching. The optimum conditions for the extraction were: sulfuric acid treatment, original granulated slag (to limit the additional cost of crushing/milling), 25 °C, and at least 6 h of extraction. Despite the high extractabilities of Ga and Ge, more tests are needed to validate the economic feasibility of their full-scale recovery, especially due to the highly fluctuating prices of these elements on the global market.

Strategies for Recycling of Primary and Secondary Resources for Germanium Extraction

Strategies for Recycling of Primary and Secondary Resources for Germanium Extraction

Catechol-Functionalized Chitosan Synthesis and Selective Extraction of Germanium (IV) from Acidic Solutions

Catechol-Functionalized Chitosan Synthesis and Selective Extraction of Germanium (IV) from Acidic Solutions

Utilization Prospects of Carbon Concentrate – a Product of Aluminium Smelting Carbon Dust Processing

The possibilities of utilization of technogenic products of aluminum production: coal foam and carbon concentrate (СС) are considered. It is proposed to utilize CC in order to extract valuable components. The regularities of the utilization process of CC by the combustion method have been studied. It was found that the content of germanium in ash is determined by the temperature and the oxygen partial pressure in the system. Gallium is concentrated in ash in an amount of 0.8 wt.% during the combustion in a fluidized bed at a temperature of 1200 °C, the germanium extraction into sublimates reaches 90 %. The results of the leaching of gallium from the ash residue in acidic and basic media are presented; the maximum gallium extraction was 90 and 94 %, respectively.

Recovery of a critical metal from electronic wastes: Germanium extraction with organic acid

Germanium is recognized as a critical and rare element, since it lacks primary resources and is extracted as by-product of zinc and copper refining. This element has high-tech applications in optics and electronics industries. Therefore, recycling of germanium from spent resources is an important task to create a sustainable approach for solving the concerns about unavailability of the element for future. In this study, extraction of germanium from semiconductor diodes, was investigated for the first time, using acetic acid as a comparatively green reagent. The characterizations results showed that sample contains 5092 ppm germanium. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the main phases of germanium in sample are Ge and GeO2. The effects of acetic acid concentration, stirring speed, and temperature were studied on germanium leaching kinetics. The obtained results showed that more than 70% of germanium was extracted from diode samples by using 2.5 M of acetic acid at 90 °C, after 240 min processing. The kinetic modeling indicated that germanium dissolution followed three phases. Diffusion control, and interfacial transfer and diffusion across the product layer were the limiting-rate step in germanium leaching in all phases. The leaching rate coefficients were very high for the first and third phases, while they were very low for the second phase. XRD interpretation and theoretical background discussed on solution chemistry are consistent with the results of leaching process. The SEM was employed to validate the results of kinetic modeling.

Extraction Behavior of Germanium in Kelex 100 and LIX 63 Systems

AbstractIn this study, 7‐(4‐ethyl‐1‐methyloctyl)‐8‐quinolinol (HL, Kelex 100) and 5,8‐diethyl‐7‐hydroxydodecane‐6‐oxime (LIX 63, HA) were employed to recover Ge(IV) from sulfuric acid solutions in the presence of singly charged inorganic anions. Under comparable conditions, the germanium extraction efficiency was in the order Cl−<NO3−<I−<<CNS−. In the presence of thiocyanate ion, the germanium complexes extracted by Kelex 100 and LIX 63 were [GeL3]+[CNS]− and Ge(OH)2A(CNS) respectively. An increase in the pH values was shown to lead to a decrease in the extraction of Ge(IV) with HL from sulfate‐thiocyanate solutions. At pH values of ≥5.9, the degree of germanium recovery is <2.0 % which makes stripping with alkaline aqueous solutions possible. When adding bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl)acid (HR, CYANEX 301) to the HL and HA mixture, a significant synergistic effect takes place. The composition of the extracted complex with Kelex 100 was found to be [GeL3]+[R−]. The use of extraction systems based on both Kelex 100 and LIX 63, and on their mixture with CYANEX 301 in the presence of thiocyanate ion is of undoubted practical interest for hydrometallurgical processes to recover germanium..

Recovery of germanium and indium from leaching solution of germanium dross using solvent extraction with TOA, TBP and D2EHPA

Germanium and indium are considered by many economies as critical raw materials. Therefore, investigation on possible methods of selective extraction of these elements from natural sources is getting increasing attention. The paper presents the results of solvent extraction tests of real sulphate solution obtained by leaching of dross and containing 5.15 g/dm3 Ge, 1.52 g/dm3 In and 5.81 g/dm3 Zn. In the first stage initial solution was doped with tartaric acid (citric and ascorbic acid were also tested) and germanium was extracted with trioctylamine(TOA)-tributyl phosphate (TBP) system. It was found that addition of complexing agent was necessary to achieve germanium extraction with TOA. Then, germanium was stripped with sodium hydroxide solution. Germanium extraction yield was >99%, while its stripping yield was 66–69%. Moreover, indium and zinc extraction yields were < 1%, therefore the operation was very selective. Additionally, it was found that stripping may be performed only if NaOH concentration was in the range between 10 and 20%. The reason was precipitation of germanium from aqueous phase at low NaOH (<10%) concentrations and formation of third phase and emulsion at higher NaOH levels (>20%). In the second stage, indium was recovered from the raffinate obtained after germanium extraction. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA/D2EHPA) was used as an extractant and hydrochloric acid as a strippant. Indium extraction and stripping yields were > 98%, while zinc extraction yield was <1% allowing selective separation of In form Zn. It was found that solvent extraction using investigated system (3-stage germanium extraction, 3-stage germanium stripping, 2-stage indium extraction and 2-stage indium stripping) may be applied for selective recovery of germanium and indium.

Aluminum Smelting Carbon Dust as a Potential Raw Material for Gallium and Germanium Extraction

Gallium and germanium are highly important elements used in different high-tech areas, and new secondary raw materials for its extraction are the subject of a thorough search. In this study, germanium is found in the wastes from the Hall-Heroult process for the first time. The mechanism of gallium and germanium circulation in the aluminum reduction cell is discussed. Four types of materials, namely carbon dust, flotation tailings, carbon concentrate, and ash, were examined. It was found that a temperature of 900 °C is sufficient for the complete combustion of the carbon concentrate. The gallium concentration in the ash may reach up to 4.0 kg/ton. The germanium extraction to sublimates reaches up to 90%. Carbon concentrate being the processing product of carbon dust from an aluminum reduction cell is a promising secondary raw material for germanium and gallium extraction.

To Seek Self-reliance and Self-strengthening in Semiconductor Materials: Exploration Process of Germanium Extraction in Jiangsu Province during the Period of 12-Year Program

In 1956, the framers of the "Long-term Program for Developing Sciences and Technology from 1956 to 1967" proposed resolving raw materials of germanium-related issues as one of the core concerns for the development of the semiconductor technology. From end-1950s to early-1960s, germanium extraction was at-tempted in different places across China. After the germanium-containing hematite was discovered in Lishui, Ji-angsu province, a unique set of techniques and equipment plans were developed under the leadership of the Sci-ence and Technology Commission of Jiangsu Province, i.e., the predecessor of Jiangsu Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Province’s Metallurgical Industry Bureau. This article goes through the explorative process regarding the germanium extraction breakthrough in Jiangsu for the development of the semiconductor technology, and holds that explorations were an unignorable part of the planned science and technology era.

Features of Waste Chemical Processing Germanium Concentrates

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; In order to increase the extraction of germanium in the technology of production of germanium concentrates, as well as finding ways to eliminate the accumulation of toxic waste using modern techniques and equipment, the physical and chemical properties of waste chemical processing of germanium concentrates (OHGC) of two domestic enterprises were experimentally studied. The main components of OHGC are: sulphate hemihydrate CaSO4·0.5H2O and hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2 calcium. The moisture content of the sludge amounted to 30–50 %. The content of germanium in the cakes of both companies is in the range of 0.20 and 0.27 %, respectively, indicating the feasibility of recovery in the Ge. At the same time, the samples of cakes differ significantly in the content of impurities, which depends on the types of raw materials in the preparation of concentrates. Granulometric composition of cakes is characterized by high dispersion. With an average diameter of 12 μm, all particle sizes are in the range of 0.5-15 μm. The distribution of particle sizes is shifted in interval of 0–15 μm, and the area of the particles less than 3 μm is not more than 10 %. The high dispersion of the cake is reflected in the specific surface area, which is 23.7 m2/g. Thermographic study found that the heating of the sample cake is accompanied by two endothermic effects of dehydration at 110 and 145–168 ∘C calcium sulfate and hypochloride semihydrate with corresponding weight loss of 13.1 and 12.9 %. The presence of toxic impurities (arsenic, zinc and lead), as well as chlorine, presents significant challenges for the development of disposal technology with the extraction of germanium. Assuming that the undiscovered part of the germanium in the concentrate is compounds or solid solutions with silicon dioxide, an effective technology should include their reagent high temperature treatment.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: waste, germanium concentrate, chemical processing, waste, physical and chemical properties&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Germanium Extraction from Sulfuric Acid Solutions in the Presence of Thiocyanate Ion

The extraction of Ge (IV) from sulfuric acid solutions in the presence of thiocyanate ion with various extractants (caprylic, poly(2-ethylhexyl)phosphonitrile, bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic acids, trialkylmethylammonium thiocyanate, etc.) has been studied. In all cases, the thiocyanate ion increases germanium extraction as compared to the extraction from sulfuric acid solutions. During the germanium extraction with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid (Cyanex 301, HR), a significant increase in the germanium extraction is due to the formation of a cationic intracomplex compound of the composition [Ge(OH)3-nRn]+[HSO4], where n = 1-3. Due to the large synergistic effect for the extraction of Ge, it is possible to use an extractant with a concentration of 0.1-0.15 mol/l. Trialkylmethylammonium thiocyanate (TAMAR), also shows a high efficiency of germanium extraction from sulfate thiocyanate solutions. For 5-6 stages of extraction with a 0.5 M solution of ТАМАР, the extraction of Ge was 99.5 %. The composition of the extracted complex supposedly corresponds to (R4N)2[Ge(CNS)6]. The use of extraction systems based on Cyanex 301 and ТАМАR in the presence of thiocyanate ion significantly reduces the concentration of extractants and is of undoubted practical interest for hydrometallurgical processes for the germanium extraction

Recovery of pure germanium oxide from Zener diodes using a recyclable ionic liquid Cyphos IL 104

A novel process is developed for the recovery of germanium from the leach liquor of Zener diodes using solvent extraction. Extraction is carried out using a phosphonium ionic liquid, Cyphos IL 104, as an extractant. Preliminary investigations carried out on Ge(IV) extraction using Cyphos IL 104 include influence of various parameters like temperature, equilibration time, and concentration of extractant, chloride ion, and acid on the distribution of Ge(IV). NMR spectrum of Ge(IV)-extractant complex was analyzed to support the proposed extracting species of germanium. Quantitative extraction of germanium is achieved from 7 mol/L HCl onwards using 0.1 mol/L Cyphos IL 104. Optimum conditions for quantitative extraction of Ge from leach liquor of Zener diodes were developed. McCabe-Thiele plots were constructed for the extraction and stripping of Ge(IV) from leach liquor to determine the number of stages required at a particular aqueous/organic phase ratio. Separation of germanium from copper, mercury and iron has been achieved by selective stripping of these metal ions. Germanium is recovered as germanium oxide from the strip solution using NaOH as a precipitating agent. The synthesized germanium oxide is characterized by XRD, FE-SEM and EDX techniques.

Study on the improvement of the zinc pressure leaching process

The first two-stage zinc pressure leaching plant with 100 kt-Zn/a capacity in China was put into production in 2009, to recover zinc, rare metals, germanium and gallium. However, the total extraction of zinc is limited to just 93% in initial production. To improve the co-recovery of metals, pressure leaching tests were carried out on the first-stage leach residue from the initial flowsheet. The effects of Fe(III) concentration, oxygen partial pressure, reaction time, sulfuric acid dosage, and particle size of the residues were investigated. The results showed that particle size and acid dosage greatly affected the zinc, iron, gallium, and germanium extraction. The particles of size above 74 μm are the main obstacles to improve extraction. Grinding can effectively improve the recovery of the main metals. The zinc extraction can reach 96.7% after grinding the coarse particles (> 74 μm) prior to leaching. The extraction of other metals are 84.7%, 81.7% and 81.4% for iron, gallium, and germanium, respectively. The total recovery of the two-stage leaching is 98.2%, 90.0%, 86.3% and 87.8% for zinc, iron, gallium, and germanium, respectively.

从含锗物料中提锗的研究进展

从含锗物料中提锗的研究进展

Germanium Production Technology Based on the Conversion of Germanium-Bearing Lignites

Systematic studies on the extraction of germanium compounds from low-grade coals—lignites—on gasification and combustion and theoretical and experimental studies of the behavior of germanium contained in lignite under various processing conditions have been carried out. Optimal conditions for germanium extraction and the manufacture of commercial products are proposed.