Dye Extraction Research Articles

Investigation of herbal dyes from Symplocos racemosa (Lodh) leaves and optimization of procedure for dyeing using synthetic mordants

The present study deals with the soaked and woven wool fabrics that were dyed with natural dyes extracted from the leaves of Symplocos racemosa (Lodh). The optimization was carried out with different conditions like concentration of dye material, time for extraction of dye, dyeing time and concentration of mordants. Out of the three methods of mordanting, the best shades for lodh leaf dye were obtained using post-mordanting with ferrous sulphate and stannous chloride and simultaneous mordanting with copper sulphate and potassium dichromate. Poor results were observed in the case of pre-mordanting. The colour fastness analysis indicated the light-coloured samples were affected more rapidly as compared to the dark ones. In this study, the lodh leaf dyed samples exhibited fairly good to excellent fastness to light in the case of ferrous sulphate and stannous chloride while good to good in both copper sulphate and potassium dichromate respectively and the results of washing fastness analysis revealed that lodh leaf dyed samples had good to excellent fastness to washing.

Supramolecular host-guest interaction triggered dye extraction from metal-organic framework for dual-mode ATP sensing from serum

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) universally exists in all living organisms and holds a paramount role as a fundamental energy molecule in daily life. The abnormal concentration of ATP is closely related to many diseases, making the highly efficient detection of ATP very urgent. In this study, a dual-mode sensing system was developed to detect ATP sensitively and selectively via both DPV and fluorescence (FL) techniques, based on the strong interaction of ATP and Zn (II) nodes of zeolitic imidazolate framework-90 (ZIF-90). The disassembly of ZIF-90 further induced the subsequent release of pre-loaded rhodamine B (RhB). Benefitting from the robust host-guest recognition of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) towards RhB, an enzyme-free and highly specific DPV detection strategy was established with the linear detecting range of 10.0–1.0 × 108 pM and the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.13 pM. Meanwhile, the FL sensing mode based on RhB exhibits comparable sensing performance with the linearity range of 10.0–1.0 × 107 pM and the LOD of 0.29 pM. Furthermore, the enzyme-free ATP sensing system exhibit outstanding long-term storage stability. The two-mode sensing platform was successfully applied to detect the ATP in human serum samples with the yielded result highly agree with the results of commercial ELISA kits. This dual-mode sensing platform is inspiring and paves the road for developing high-performance biosensor, demonstrating enormous potential for vitro diagnosis and practice clinic.

Reversible dye extraction from aqueous matrices using ammonium salt-based deep eutectic solvents

Recovery of dyes present in liquid solutions was achieved with efficiencies higher than 99 %, using deep eutectic solvents composed of tetrabutylammonium chloride and decanoic acid. The method produces a totally decolorized water. Both the reuse of the clean water and of the extracted dye is plausible via this treatment, as the colorant can be recovered from the organic phase after the liquid–liquid extraction. The solvent is physically and chemically characterized, in a wide arrange of temperatures, and its behavior in liquid–liquid equilibria with water was also studied. The process works for a broad range of dye concentrations, and with a very low consumption of solvent (optimized volumetric ratio between organic and aqueous phases was 1/16). Optimized processing times set the duration of the treatment at 20 min, including the recovery of the dye from the extracted phase. The capabilities of the solvent were tested against synthetic effluents composed by industrial dyes and auxiliary agents that typically appear on dyeing processes, maintaining efficiencies above 99 %. The deep eutectic solvents also work equally well for extracting mixtures of dyes.

N-halamine modified poly(amidoxime) nanofibrous antibacterial adsorbents for the extraction of copper ions and dyes from aqueous medium

Wastewater with contaminants such as heavy ions, organic dyes, and bacteria is extremely damaging to the environment and human life. In this study, N-halamine modified poly(amidoxime) nanofibrous membranes (PAO-Cl) were prepared using amidoxime-modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN), followed by chlorination. The amidoxime conditions of PAN were investigated, and the micromorphologies of each sample were examined. The durability, water release properties, antibacterial activities, and adsorption properties of the Cu2+ ions and methyl orange(MO) were investigated. The results demonstrated that PAO and PAO-Cl exhibited an adsorption capacity toward Cu2+ ions and MO, respectively. Chlorination of PAO resulted in the loss of Cu2+ ion adsorption properties of PAO-Cl. Nevertheless, PAO-Cl presented a higher MO adsorption capacity than poly(amidoxime) nanofibrous membranes (PAO). When the pH value less than 4, the adsorption properties of PAO-Cl was significantly enhanced, and the adsorption process was optimal, as described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir models. For PAO-Cl, the chemical structure changes and adsorption mechanism toward MO were thoroughly studied. After 5 min of contact time, the chlorinated sample displayed excellent antimicrobial capacities against 100 % of S. aureus (6.2 log) and E. coli O157:H7 (6.0 log), making it a promising candidate for use in water disinfection fields.

Wood Colouring with Natural Dye Extracts. New Research and Perspectives

The aims of the present research were to test new types of natural dye extracts for wood as a possible alternative to synthetic dyes and to evaluate the colour changes after a period of one year of exposure to natural light, in indoor conditions. Three types of extracts using raw materials: nutshell from Juglans regia L. (E1), onion peels (E2), and dry plant of Chelidonium majus L. (E3) were employed. Spruce wood (Picea abies L. Karst) samples with dimensions of (120x80x5) mm were used. The dye aqueous solutions with a concentration of 5% (E1, E3) and 2.5% (E2) were obtained by solid-liquid extraction at 100°C for three hours. The extracts E1, E2, E3 were modified by the addition of mordant ferrous sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 3% and coded EM1, EM2, EM3 respectively. The wood was coloured by dipping procedure at 60° C for 30 min. Three replicates were employed for each type of dye solution. After conditioning, two replicates together with the uncoloured samples (M) were further exposed indoors, and one coloured sample remained unexposed, as a control. Colour measurements in the CIELab system were performed before and after each period of exposure (30, 60, and 365 days), and the colour differences ΔL, Δa, Δb, and ΔE were calculated. Generally, all the samples dyed with natural extracts had fewer colour differences compared with the uncoloured wood. The lower value for colour change was registered for the E2 extract, followed by the E3, and E1 extract, respectively. According to the exposure time, the colour differences values ΔE range correspond to a medium colour up to different colours in visual perception. For mordant dye extracts EM1, EM2, and EM3 the results indicated a different colour in visual perception. The ΔE values registered were even higher than the uncoloured samples (M). The results were in accordance with similar research in the field. The present study opens new research opportunities in wood finishing and new colouring perspectives with eco-friendly dyes.

Ecofriendly process optimization of natural dye extraction from clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) using response surface methodology and artificial neural network modeling

Process optimization through statistical and machine learning techniques has been used as the recent growing interest for the researchers. Current study has been undertaken to optimize the dyeing behavior of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) for cotton under microwave treatment. Response surface methodology and artificial neural network modeling with simplest structure was performed to observe the significance of selected color parameters. The results reveal that if extract and fabric is simulated for optimal MW time then high yield is obtained. For shade development, dyeing of irradiated cotton at 70 °C for 50 min with irradiated extract of 7 pH, using 3 g/100 mL salt has given color fast shades. ISO standard reveal that using selected dyeing conditions with carefully chosen chemical and bio-mordants has possessed good to excellent ratings. Microwave treatment should be used to get effective yield of colorant from clove for cotton dyeing. Additionally the utilization of ecofriendly mordants to make dyeing process greener should be included. It is recommended that artificial neural network model has better predicative capacity for process optimization as compared to response surface methodology.

Smartphone-based procedure to determine content of single synthetic dyes in food using the Arata-Possetto extraction method

The use of additives, including dyes, is common in the preparation of food products. The analytical control of artificial food dye content is relevant since some, such as azo dyes, may produce cancer and attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Consequently, the maximum permitted concentration of azo dyes in food is regulated by current legislation. Therefore, it is of interest to find simple and fast procedures for the control of these compounds. The aim of this study is to determine the concentration of azo dyes in food samples by the Arata-Possetto method – based on the extraction of azo dyes employing natural wool –, followed by the analysis of an image captured by a smartphone camera. After experimentally determining the optimal extraction conditions, the calibration curves for standard solutions of different food dyes and the color of the dyed wool were obtained. Results from dyed wool image processing were compared with the absorbance spectra of the solutions before extraction as measured by a diode array spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometric and the image processing procedures were employed to obtain the calibration curves for different food dyes, which were subsequently employed to analyze food samples. Statistical treatment shows that the results of both methods are comparable.

Dyeing of some Egyptian cotton varieties using agricultural wastes (peanut outer skin)

Purpose Peanut skins are an agro-waste product with no commercial value. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate peanut skin as a natural dyestuff and to determine if this natural dye could be used in the dyeing of some Egyptian cotton cultivars. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consists of several steps; dye extraction procedure from peanut skin through aqueous extraction, then dyeing optimized using simultaneous mordanting using alum. Finally, dyed cotton has been subjected to different textile laboratory tests, for example, color measurements and mechanical properties. Color-fastness was determined on Egyptian cotton fabric. The peanut skin as a source of natural dye and the dyed cotton sample were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Findings It was found that the natural dye extracted from peanut skin has an affinity for cotton samples and showed high dyeability with a unique color shade, good color strength and very good fastness. Originality/value The novelty of this paper is the extraction of color from the peanut's outer skin which is discarded as waste such as agro-waste of the agricultural process which can be used as a natural dye in the textile industry and applied to dyeing some Egyptian cotton fibers from different genotypes.

THE EFFECT OF SURFACTANT ON PRE-MORDANTING AND pH OF DYEING PROCESS WITH NATURAL DYES

The dyeing process with natural dyes has disadvantages, including poor color fastness. A mordanting process is required to overcome these disadvantages. Conventional mordanting processes often use metal salts. This research will substitute the mordanting process using surfactants as mordant substances. The pH of the process influences the application of dyeing with natural dyes. This study aims to determine the effect of the pre-mordant process using surfactants and the pH of the dyeing process on the color characteristics of cotton and silk fabrics dyed with Cocos nucifera L dye extract. The surfactants used were cationic and non-ionic polymeric surfactants. This study was conducted in phases. The first phase involved the extraction of coconut fiber, and the second phase involved pre-mordanting the fiber with surfactants. The third stage is the dyeing process, which has variations in pH 3, 7, and 9. The evaluation results show that cationic surfactants have the potential to be used as a mordant and provide an increased anti-bacterial effect on processed fabrics. The optimal use of cationic surfactants was obtained using a concentration of 9 g/L and pH 7 for the cotton dyeing process. The optimum concentration was obtained at 9 g/L for the silk dyeing process, and the dyeing pH was 3.

Optimization and Kinetics Extraction of Natural Dyes from Henna Leaves (Lawsonia inermis L.) with Ultrasonic Assistance

The Lawson dye contained in the leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. has a red-orange color, which can be used as a fabric dye. The solvent is ethanol because it can attract flavonoid compounds bound to Lawson. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method is employed to enhance the extraction process by breaking down cell walls, thereby facilitating a more rapid extraction of the desired solute. This study investigated the effects of material-to-solvent ratio, ethanol concentration, and extraction time. The research results were analyzed using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer to determine the yield of Lawson extract. The Face-Centered Composite Design (FCCCD) method was applied to this study to obtain optimal analysis results and extraction conditions. The independent variables in this study were the ratio of ingredients to solvent (0.02-0.06 g/g), ethanol concentration (20-60%), and extraction time (5-15 minutes). The optimal extraction conditions were obtained at a ratio of 0.02 g/g, an ethanol concentration of 60%, and an extraction time of 15 minutes, with a predicted model yield of 15.417%. The actual yield under these conditions was found to be 15.4934%. Furthermore, the extraction kinetics model was analyzed to study and predict the optimal Lawson extraction results. Extraction kinetics calculations were carried out using first-order and second-order based on the Lagergren equation. The most suitable extraction kinetic model is second-order with a determinant coefficient value, or the value of R2 is 1, which indicates that the order kinetic model equation represents the actual conditions.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of vegetable dyes and mordants from wool dyed with Curcuma longa and Reseda luteola

With the increasing demand to reduce the use of synthetic dyes, driven by environmental and health concerns, natural dyes are emerging as a promising alternative. Their environmental friendliness and sustainability are consistent with the global move towards greener practices in various industries, including textiles. However, the widespread adoption of natural dyes has also exposed their vulnerability to adulteration and fraudulent practices. As demand for natural dyes continues to grow, addressing these challenges is essential to ensuring the integrity and authenticity of naturally dyed fibers. This paper aims to establish a mild extraction method for the dye, mordant and wool in naturally dyed fabrics. Wool dyed with a mixture of Reseda luteola and Curcuma longa, was subjected to extraction using various additives, including HCl, acetic acid, NaOH, citric acid, formic acid and EDTA. In this study, two extraction techniques - heating and ultrasound extraction - were compared. The effect of the geometry of the extraction reactor was first studied, then the optimized conditions were applied to different solutions and reagents. Characterization of the wool fabric was carried out using SEM and FTIR, while HPLC and LC/MS were applied to identify dye markers. In addition, ICP analysis was used to characterize the metallic mordant involved in the dyeing process. The results demonstrated that ultrasound allowed an efficient extraction of dyes from wool under mild conditions. This study highlights the potential of ultrasound as a valuable tool for non-destructive extraction in the analysis of dyed wool, providing a thorough characterization of dye, mordant and fiber components. The studied technique contributes significantly to the field of textile analysis, enabling accurate identification of naturally dyed fibers.

A technical adaptation? Shell dye extraction on the eve of the roman conquest in Gaul (Port-Blanc, Hoedic island, France)

A technical adaptation? Shell dye extraction on the eve of the roman conquest in Gaul (Port-Blanc, Hoedic island, France)

Magnetic solid-phase extraction of Fast Green dye based on magnetic nanoparticles (GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4) prepared by photo-irradiation method

The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of (GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4) were synthesized, characterized, and then utilized to prepare magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE), introducing a new method for the determination of Fast Green dye coupled with UV–visible spectrophotometry. The results demonstrated that Fast Green dye was adsorbed on GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4 MNPs and was released using 1 mL of 0.01 N NaOH. Under optimal conditions, the linear range was 0.5–6 mg/L and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2648. The high values of the preconcentration factor (25) and enhancement factor (10.5789) indicate that the MSPE process has concentrated the Fast Green dye by 25 times and made it 10.5789 times more sensitive. This highlights the successful extraction and concentration of Fast Green dye into a small volume of 1 mL of 0.01 N NaOH through the MSPE process. Furthermore, the GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4 MNPs sorbent exhibited reusability for up to five cycles. The application of greenness assessment tools (AES, GAPI, and AGREE) confirmed that MSPE can be considered a green chemistry method.

USE OF FOOD DYES: PROBLEM, SOLUTION AND SOURCE OF PERSPECTIVE

For consumers, the colour presents an indicator that characterizes the quality of the food. As a result of the processes of caramelization of carbohydrates and products of the Maillard reaction, brown compounds are formed with a negative impact on the external appearance of food, which has led to the massive use of synthetic dyes, stable from a technological point of view. The objectives of the European Union foresee the transition to the exclusive use of natural dyes, because synthetic dyes significantly affect the health of the population. Compounds with "azo" type chromophore groups (amaranth, tartrazine) present carcinogenic dangers, being banned in several European countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the problem of synthetic dyes and their substitution in food, obtaining, stabilizing and using natural dyes for the food industry. The study highlighted that safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) presents a promising source of yellow and red dyes, necessary for use in the food industry, but insufficient information was found regarding the technological properties of safflower petals, the methods of simultaneous extraction of yellow and red dyes and the peculiarities of the use of dyes in the finished product.

A Review of Advances on Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (NDSSCs)

Currently, the situation of the economy is drastically affecting the growth and development of some growing nations with regard to the energy sector. Most developing countries still depend majorly on fossil fuels. Considering the environmental nuisance arising from the dangerous emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and climate concerns, there is urgent need to seek other alternative energy sources to meet up with the global energy consumption demands as the human population is steadily on the increase. Energy from the sun is one of the most alternative sources that can be assessed freely as well as help in mitigating global climate change. Recent advances on dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) using natural dyes is a welcome advancement for replacing high cost ruthenium dye. The application of natural dye for DSSC is due to their abundance in nature, low cost, simple and safe extraction from various natural resources without requiring complex synthetic procedures. Dye enhances the performance of a DSSC by providing the source of photo excited electrons. Recently, there has been research on areas that supports the exploration of different photoactive natural dyes. In this paper, we reviewed some natural dyes, energy conversion efficiencies of NDSSCs, methods of dye extraction, characterization and various fabrication techniques for improved DSSC performance from various researched articles. It was observed that there were variations in the recorded DSSCs performances and this can be attributed to steps employed by the researchers in the methods of dye extraction and DSSC fabrication.

Effect of natural dye combination and pH extraction on the performance of dye-sensitized photovoltaics solar cell

Dyes are significant components in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) performance because they act as photosensitizers. Natural dye-based DSSC system fabrication innovations continue to be produced in an effort to improve DSSC performance efficiency. In this study, a DSSC system was developed using double components of natural dyes as natural photosensitizers to enhance DSSC efficiency. This method of making natural dye-based DSSC uses a combination of dye extracts from two different dye sources that have the potential as natural photosensitizers in DSSC. The research aims to investigate the impact of the combined use of two natural dyes and pH variations on DSSC performance. DSSC performance measurements encompass the short-circuit current (Isc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and DSSC efficiency parameters. The obtained results indicate efficiency values for dyes (a) sappan wood/ethanol and turmeric/methanol; (b) turmeric/methanol and beetroot/ethanol; and (c) beetroot/ethanol and turmeric/distilled water. At neutral pH, the efficiency values are 2.09%, 2.10%, and 2.19%, respectively. Meanwhile, at acidic pH of 2.59%; 2.39%; and 2.71%. Notably, the dye efficiency values at acidic pH surpass those found at neutral pH conditions. The highest efficiency is observed in the combination of dye (c) beetroot/ethanol and turmeric/distilled water with efficiency reaching 2.71% at acidic pH.

Evaluation of dyeing properties of Eclipta Alba L. on protein yarn and their chemical analysis

Dyes are colored substances used to color fibers, leather, paper or foodstuffs etc. Due to the benign nature of dye extracted from natural sources, more importance is given on this area. Natural dyes also protect us from harmful UV rays of the sun and also provide superior quality sensory feelings in contrast to the carcinogenic effect of synthetic dyes. In this study, natural dyes present in the Eclipta alba L(Hassk) were extracted using conventional techniques under different operating conditions. Potential of the chemicals obtained from the extracts of Eclipta alba. L. was evaluated by coloring pure yarn of silk and wool. Various metal salts were used as mordants to set extracted dye on the fabrics and yarns. The result showed a variation of attractive and earthly green hue on silk and wool. The phyto chemical analysis of the extract reveals that three chemical compounds wedelolactone, apigenin and luteolin are mainly responsible for different shades of bluish green colour extract of the Eclipta alba plant. Spectrochemical analysis was done to identify the compounds present in the dye extract.

Selective extraction of anionic and cationic dyes using tailored hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents

In this work, eight kinds of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs), including four types of ionic and four types of non-ionic DESs, were prepared and applied in vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) technology. To explore the extraction ability of the hydrophobic DESs-based vortex-assisted LLME, four types of dyes were selected as analytes, involving anionic tartrazine (TA), amaranth (AM) and cationic phenosafranine (PF), methylene blue (MB). It turned out that the ionic and non-ionic hydrophobic DESs showed selective extraction on anionic and cationic dyes, respectively. In particular, the extraction efficiency of TA could reach 99.3 % when trioctylmethylammonium chloride-thymol ([TMAC][Thy]) was utilized as extraction agent. The partitioning efficiency of PF was up to 99.9 % by using decanoic acid-thymol ([DecA][Thy]) as extraction agent. The limits of detection (LODs) of TA and PF were 0.06 and 0.14 μg mL−1, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQs) obtained for TA and PF were 0.20 and 0.47 μg mL−1, respectively. Besides, FT-IR and 1H NMR were utilized to investigate the extraction mechanism. The results demonstrated that the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic force were the main driving forces in the extraction process. Furthermore, through separating various anionic and cationic dyes, the selective extraction ability of [TMAC][Thy] and [DecA][Thy] were successfully verified. Hence, the feasible operation, high extraction efficiency and excellent selectivity make the developed hydrophobic DESs-based vortex-assisted LLME attractive in dyes separation.

Plant colorants for natural hair coloration: Dyeing optimization and photostability assessment

There is a growing interest in using naturally-occurring plant colorants as alternative to the toxic synthetic colors for hair coloration. However, poor color reproducibility and color fastness on the human hair remain a constant problem for natural hair dyeing. This study presents a systematic investigation into the dyeing performances of dye extracts of four hair dye plants (henna, walnut husks, sappanwood and Chinese gallnuts) for hair coloration with the focus on their photostability on the dyed human hair and the underlying mechanisms. First, the optimal dyeing conditions for each of the four plant colorants were obtained on yak hairs by assessing the effects of different dyeing variables (i.e. metallic mordants, mordant concentrations, mordanting methods and pHs) on color strength and CIE coordinates. Then, the plant colorants with ferrous mordant as the most influential metallic mordant to produce dark colors were investigated in terms of dyeability and photostability on human bleached hairs and natural gray hairs. The results demonstrated that the photosensitivity of naturally dyed human hairs is related to the nature of both hair dye colorant and the dyeing substrate. ESR measurement and fluoresce probing of hydroxyl radicals in hair fibers revealed that dyeing human hairs with natural plant colorants can inhibit, to varying extents, the photogeneration of oxidative radicals in human hairs, which may in turn provide the dyed human hairs with certain photo-protecting effects.

Equilibrium Isotherm Analyses and Kinetic Studies of Bioadsorption of Methylene Blue Dye onto Dried Olive Leaves

Background: Olive leaves were collected, dried, ground, and then used as a low-cost, environmentally friendly recycled adsorbent. The ability of dried olive leaves to extract Methylene Blue, as an industrial pollutant in contaminated water, was tested. Method: In this study, the dried olive leaves (DOL) were used as bioadsorbents to extract Methylene Blue (MB) dye from water. Batch experiments were conducted to address the effect of drying temperature of DOL within the range of (75 C - 200 C) on MB dye extraction. The amount of MB dye absorbed was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: Based on the results, increasing the drying temperature of the olive leaves improved the percentage of MB removal. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms for MB onto DOL bio-adsorbents were fitted and analyzed by four well-defined Temkin, Sips, Freundlich, and Langmuir systems. In all systems, the isothermal adsorption showed good regression R2 values. Moreover, the MB adsorption onto DOL was detected versus the drying temperature, and it was found that the adsorption was enhanced at elevated drying temperatures. Maximum removal capacities of the MB by DOL were 53.0, 66.0, 93.0, and 136.0 mg/g at 75 C, 100 C, 150 C, and 200 C, respectively starting with 250 mg/L MB solution. Moreover, the adsorption kinetic MB/DOL system was investigated by applying pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion systems. Conclusion: It was found that the pseudo-second-order kinetic system was the best model for the adsorption kinetics description of MB onto DOL bio-adsorbents