Extraction Of Curcumin Research Articles

On the health effects of curcumin and its derivatives

AbstractTurmeric (Curcuma longa) is an herbaceous plant that contains a phytochemical which is bright yellow and is known as curcumin. Turmeric, a member of Zingiberaceae family, has extensive application worldwide due to its beneficial medicinal attributes and is extensively used as a medicinal plant. Most people use turmeric as a spice, and it is a chief source of polyphenol curcumin. Curcuma longa has therapeutic properties, and since the initial extraction of curcumin from this plant, it has gained prodigious consideration from scientists in the medical field. The biological properties of curcumin, also known as 1,7‐bis (4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,6‐heptadiene‐3,5‐dione, or diferuloylmethane, include anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, anti‐cancer, anti‐asthmatic, anti‐arthritic, neuroprotective, anti‐diabetic, anti‐obesity, wound‐healing, hepatoprotective, skin curative, reproductive role, etc. This work has reviewed many clinical trials and their findings about these activities. The focus of this review manuscript is concentrated on the presently existing clinical and animal studies, which exposed the possible anti‐retroviral activities of curcumin and its by‐products.

Extraction of curcumin from turmeric rhizome utilized by a surfactant-free microemulsion based on deep eutectic solvent

This study aimed to develop a surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME) which based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES), intended to prospect its extraction effect of curcuminoids. A menthol and n-octanoic acid (ME-OA 1:2) hydrophobic DES is used as oil phase to SFME which have low viscosity, higher stability and better solubility for extracting curcuminoids. The hydrophobic DES was successfully formed which was demonstrated by 1HNMR and FT-IR. The ternary phase diagram and the microstructure of microemulsions was determined via visual titration, light scattering experiment and electrical conductivity. SFME consisting of ME-OA/Ethanol/H2O (1/7/2 mass ratio) had been constructed to investigate its ability to extract curcuminoids from turmeric rhizome utilizing HPLC. And the it was tested the extracted curcuminoids as a function of extraction time by UV–vis spectra. Using the single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal extraction conditions by ultrasound-assisted SFME were identified as follows: liquid/solid ratio of 12 g/g, extraction time of 63 min, and ultrasonic time (300 W) of 45 min. The total extraction amounts of curcuminoids could reach 61.39 mg/g powder under the best conditions, and the main factor to influence the final extraction effect was extraction time. The molecular dynamic simulation was performed to investigate the interaction between SFME and curcuminoids. Compared with the single component solvent system of ethanol, acetone, ME-OA and water, curcuminoids were stronger interaction energy with solvent molecules and higher hydrogen bond number in SFME. SFME formed the O/W structure of encapsulation solubilization for curcuminoids, in order to promote the dissolving of curcuminoids.

Green extraction and application of yellow natural curcumin colorant from Curcuma aromatica rhizomes for silk dyeing

Green products such as plant tints are becoming more and more well-known worldwide due to their superior biological and ayurvedic properties. In this work, colorant from Amba Haldi (Curcuma aromatica) was isolated using microwave (MW), and bio-mordants were added to produce colorfast shades. Response surface methodology was used to develop a central composite design (CCD), which maximizes coloring variables statistically. The findings from 32 series of experiments show that excellent color depth (K/S = 12.595) was established onto MW-treated silk fabric (RS = 4 min) by employing 65 mL of radiated aqueous extract (RE = 4 min) of 5 pH cutting-edge the existence of 1.5 g/100 mL used sodium chloride at 75 °C for 45 min. It was discovered that acacia (keekar) extract (1%), pomegranate extract (2%), and pistachio extract (1.5%) were present before coloring by the use of bio-mordants. On the other hand, upon dyeing, acacia extract (1.5%), pomegranate extract (1.5%), and pistachio extract (2%) have all shown extremely strong colorfast colors. Comparatively, before dyeing, salts of Al3+ (1.5%), Fe2+ (2%), and TA (1.5%) gave good results; after dyeing, salts of Al3+ (1%) and Fe2+ (1.5%) and TA (2%) gave good results. When applied to silk fabric, MW radiation has increased the production of dyes recovered from rhizomes. Additionally, the right amount of chemical and biological mordants have been added, resulting in color fastness ratings ranging from outstanding to good. Therefore, the natural color extracted from Amba Haldi can be a sustainable option for the dyeing of silk fabric in the textile dyeing and finishing industries.

Curcuma Longa: Nutraceutical Use and Association With Nanotechnology.

Curcumin is a natural product found in the rhizome of Curcuma longa (L.) and other Curcuma spp. As a lipophilic molecule, it has greater affinity for polar, non-polar, alkaline, or extremely acidic organic solvents. Several studies indicate that curcumin has several benefits for human health, for example, against degenerative diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases. To obtain a quality product with nutraceutical properties, it is necessary to know its physicochemical characteristics and preserve it from cultivation until ingestion by the human. However, its low solubility leads to low absorption; in this context, nanotechnological systems can contribute to increase curcumin bioavailability. This review aims to highlight important issues in all stages that curcumin goes through: from aspects related to its extraction to its association with nanotechnology. Although curcumin extraction process is already well established, it is possible to observe more and more research focused on increasing yield and being more environmentally friendly. Further, curcumin's low absorption is notable due to its physicochemical characteristics, mainly due to its low aqueous solubility. However, its association with nanotechnology shows to be promising and an increasingly growing trend because the use of this "Indian solid gold" is the hope of many patients.

Effect of (multi pin) atmospheric cold plasma treatment on curcumin extraction and investigating phytochemicals, antioxidants, physical and morphological properties of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder

This investigation was focused on the impact of cold plasma (CP) on the extraction of curcumin and bioactive compounds of turmeric powder (TP). TP was treated with CP at different applied voltages (10, 20, and 30 kV), with various exposure times (10, 20, and 30 min). The curcumin content was highest at 30 kV for 10 min with a yield of 46.49 mg/g of TP. Total phenols significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced from 163.91 to 360.78 mg GAE/g DW accompanied by a remarkable 16% increment in total flavonoids, paralleled by a 26% increment in antioxidants as of control. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra justified the extraction of curcuminoids. Moreover, micrographs displayed cell lysis in the treated powder. CP has exhibited a positive effect on surface colour parameters and thermal properties of TP. Overall, CP technology can be tailored for better curcumin extraction and the enhancement of phytochemicals.

Investigation of different solvents for selective, safe and rapid extraction of curcumin from various food and herbal supplement products: Multivariate strategy and assessment of green profile

In the paper, different extraction solvents including magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), deep eutectic solvents, SUPRAS and surfactant were investigated for the fast, reliable and simple extraction of curcumin in the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method prior to UV–Vis spectrophotometric analysis. As a result of preliminary studies, the [Co(C8IM)42+]2[Cl−] MIL was selected as the extraction solvent for the extraction of curcumin from various matrix samples. Optimization of essential factors in the DLLME method was carried out with central composite design (CCD). Effective dispersion of the [Co(C8IM)42+]2[Cl−] MIL in the sample solution was achieved by orbital shaking (OS). After the CCD modelling, the OS-MIL-DLLME method provided linearity in the range of 0.5–225 ng mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.15 ng mL−1 for the model solution. The OS-MIL-DLLME method showed a matrix effect of 7.6 % with an enrichment factor of 135. Validation parameters of the OS-MIL-DLLME method such as selectivity, robustness, intraday/interday precision and recovery test were investigated in detail. The green analytical scale of the method was determined using the analytical greenness calculator tool. The OS-MIL-DLLME method was applied to the foods and herbal supplement products together with the reference method, and quantitative recoveries and statistically reliable results were obtained.

The Nanotech Potential of Curcumin in Pharmaceuticals: An Overview.

It is safe to use Curcumin as a cosmetic and therapeutic ingredient in pharmaceutical products. For the uses mentioned above and for fundamental research, it is essential to obtain pure Curcumin from plant sources. There is a requirement for effective extraction and purification techniques that adhere to green chemistry standards for efficiency improvement, process safety, and environmental friendliness. Several outstanding studies have looked into the extraction and purification of Curcumin. This review thoroughly covers the currently available curcumin extraction, synthesis, and transformation techniques. Additionally, Curcumin's poor solubility and low absorption in the human body have limited its potential for pharmaceutical use. However, recent developments in novel curcumin formulations utilizing nanotechnology delivery methods have provided new approaches to transport and maximize the human body's curcumin absorption efficiency. In this review, we explore the various curcumin nanoformulations and the potential medicinal uses of nano curcumin. Additionally, we review the necessary future research directions to recommend Curcumin as an excellent therapeutic candidate.

Исследование эффективности использования желатин-танниновых гидрогелей для доставки биологически-активных веществ на примере куркумина

Wound healing is a complex process that requires a comprehensive approach to treatment. Hydrogel materials modified with bioactive substances (BAS) are currently under active development. Such materials represent an alternative to conventional dressings. The inclusion of BAS in their composition opens the way to providing the required properties (antiseptic, antioxidant, etc.). Curcumin is one of a number of polyflavonoids that are being intensively studied for such use. Objective: in the current work, the method of obtaining gelatin-tannin hydrogels with BAS (curcumin), as well as the efficiency of isolation of the injected substance in vitro and the characteristics of its binding to the polymer matrix are considered. Materials and methods. The object of the study is gelatin-tannin hydrogels with curcumin. The structure of the materials was studied by IR spectroscopy, the sorption parameters were determined gravimetrically, the release of curcumin was studied by visible spectroscopy and analyzed using conventional pharmacokinetic models. Results. In the course of the work, hydrogel materials based on gelatin and tannin with a curcumin content from 0.1 to 1.0% were synthesized. It was found that the incorporation of curcumin into the polymer mesh was successful and curcumin is not released from hydrogels when swelling in distilled water. The introduction of curcumin into the formulation reduced the sorption capacity of hydrogels in distilled water from 15 g/g to 7-9 g/g. The Higuchi model (R2&gt;0.95) was determined to be the most optimal model describing the process of curcumin extraction from materials. Using the description of the release kinetics, it was determined that the maximum release (22%) was achieved with a minimum curcumin content in the hydrogel (0.1 wt.%) and the minimum release speed. Conclusion. A method for the synthesis of gelatin-tannin hydrogels with curcumin has been developed. The structure of materials, sorption capacity, and the ability to release BAS have been studied. Further prospects for the inclusion of other BAS of a hydrophobic nature in the composition of hydrogels are shown.

Extraction of Curcumin and Its Effect on Human Health

Curcumin is a non-toxic, stable phenolic substance, which is mainly utilized as a common natural food coloring agent in daily life. Currently, curcumin is extracted by various methods and processes, such as antisolvent supercritical method, liquid-liquid microextraction, ultrasound-assisted ionic Soxhlet extraction, and so on. In addition, curcumin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, can treat metabolic and neurological disorders, and has a regulatory effect on intestinal flora. In particular, curcumin has antioxidant capacity mainly related to the structure of the β-diketone of the curcumin molecule and increases the performance of several antioxidant enzymes, which in turn reduces lipid peroxidation, decreases liver damage, and prevents the onset of carcinogenic processes. Curcumin modulates and interacts with a variety of molecular targets, and these mechanisms of action are essential for neuroprotection. Curcumin has the ability to increase levels of plasma insulin and activity of hepatic glucokinase, reduce the actions of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which in turn decreases glycosylated hemoglobin levels and blood glucose and increases glucose tolerance in vivo. By increasing the diversity of intestinal flora, curcumin is capable of changing the ratio of pathogenic and probiotic bacteria in the intestinal tract, protecting human intestinal health.

Optimization of curcumin extraction from Curcuma domestica Vahl. rhizome with microwave-assisted extraction technique in inhibiting nitric oxide production and cell viability

Curcumin is a yellow dye derived from the turmeric plant (Curcuma domestica Vahl.). In turmeric rhizome, there are active compounds that are often used as traditional medicine in the form of curcuminoids. The microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) technique is an extraction technique that utilizes microwave radiation to heat the solvent quickly and efficiently and is also very suitable for extracting compounds that are not resistant to heat. This research was conducted to determine the level of curcumin from C. domestica Vahl. Extract with MAE using virgin coconut oil (VCO) as solvent. Extraction of curcumin was carried out using C. domestica Vahl powder with various weights (1 g, 1.5 g, 2 g, and 2.5 g) and VCO as solvent (mL), with an extraction time of 10 mins and power of 270 W. Curcumin from the extract was measured using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the method has a limit of detection (LOD), which is 3.57±0.01 µg/mL, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11.91±0.04 ppm, and good linearity with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9993. The curcumin level was determined with HPLC from each various weight (1.27±0.03 mg/g); 1.5 g (1.20±0.02 mg/ g); 2 g (3.45±0.02 mg/g) and 2.5 g (3.44±0.01 mg/g) respectively. The results showed that the optimum weight for curcumin extraction with MAE is 2 g with 20 mL of VCO with 10 mins extraction time and power (270 W). The best results were shown at a 1.56 µg/mL concentration and had the highest % of living cells, cell viability testing showed that curcumin was not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells. The nitric oxide (NO) production results show that cells stimulated with LPS had higher nitrite levels at 31.25 g/mL and lower nitrite levels at 62.5 µg/mL; 125 µg/mL; 250 µg/mL, implying that curcumin MAE extract can inhibit NO production, whereas extract-stimulated cells showed a decrease in nitrite levels.

Novel reusable and switchable deep eutectic solvent for extraction and determination of curcumin in water and food samples

For the first time, a fast and easy extraction method based on a unique reusable and switchable deep eutectic solvent (made of octylamine, succinic acid, and water as precursors) was presented and utilized for the microextraction and determination of curcumin as a model analyte. The main factors used to induce a phase transition in the as-prepared deep eutectic solvent were solutions of NaOH and HCl. Among the standout characteristics of the suggested deep eutectic solvent are the removal of toxic organic solvents like THF, the lack of a need for centrifugation, and the ability to be reused in subsequent extractions. The influence of effective parameters (i.e., proportions of deep eutectic solvent structure components, volume of prepared deep eutectic solvent, volume and concertation of NaOH, volume of HCl, and salt effect) on the extraction procedure were investigated. The calibration curve also was linear in the range of 35–500 μg L−1 with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9976. Limit of detection (S/N = 3) 10.0 μg L−1, the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 35.0 μg L−1, the relative standard deviations (RSDs %) composed of intra-day RSD (4.7) and inter-day RSD (6.4), preconcentration factor of 40.0, enrichment factor of 38.68, and relative recovery of 92.6%–100.3 % were achieved. The reusable and switchable deep eutectic solvent based-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique was proficiently employed to expedite easy and fast extraction of curcumin from water and food samples.

Extraction of Natural Pigment Curcumin from Curcuma Longa: Spectral, DFT, Third-order Nonlinear Optical and Optical Limiting Study.

Herein, we report the extraction of natural pigment curcumin from curcuma longa and their linear and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics. The characterization techniques viz., UV-Visible absorption, FT-IR, Micro Raman and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrum (GC-MS) are used to study the spectral characteristics of curcumin.Third-order NLO features of curcumin are studied using Z‒scan technique with a semiconductor diode laser working at 405nm wavelength. The natural pigment exhibits negative nonlinear index of refraction resulting from self-defocusing and positive coefficient of absorption is the consequence of reverse saturable absorption (RSA). The order of nonlinear index of refraction (n2) and nonlinear coefficient of absorption (β) is measured to be 10-7 cm2/W and 10-2cm/W, respectively. Third-order NLO susceptibility (χ(3)) and second-order hyperpolarizability (γ) of curcumin is measured to be 2.73 × 10‒7 esu and 1.67 × 10‒31 esu, respectively. A low optical limiting (OL) threshold of 0.71 mW is observed in the extracted pigment. The experimental results are supplemented by quantum mechanical calculations of the NLO parameters. The overall result finding is that curcumin extracted from curcuma longa has the potential to be novel optical candidates for photonics and optoelectronics applications.

Effect of Microwave Boiling and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on Curcumin from the Turmeric Rhizomes

The present work is proposed to study the effect of microwave boiling on the curcumin content of turmeric. Fresh rhizomes are subjected to different boiling methods i.e., pressure cooking, water boiling, and microwave boiling. Dried turmeric powder is used for the extraction of curcumin with the use of different solvents. Among the solvents used, ethanol to water ratio (70:30) has the highest extraction yields. Further, the curcumin extraction yields were studied using ultrasound technology at different time intervals. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for 25 min treatment at 250 W was observed to have the highest yield. The rhizomes that are pressure cooked and tray dried at 90 °C followed by the ultrasound-assisted extraction have resulted in maximum curcumin content. The experimental curcumin value is compared with the calculated value obtained from Peleg’s model. Ultrasound can be used as a green technology to have enhanced extraction yields of bioactive compounds.

Aqueous Extraction of Fine Curcumin for synthesizing Drug Delivery Vehicle of Montmorillonite/ Curcumin

The nutraceutical efficacy of phytochemical curcumin has been utilized in many therapeutic foods and drugs, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor and anticancer activities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop green and scalable methods of isolating the natural products from the Curcuma longa plant. This study presents an environmentally friendly method of aqueous extraction to obtain fine curcumin powder with high purity (84.6 % quantified by HPLC). The fine curcumin combines with montmorillonite clay to synthesize an improved drug delivery vehicle. Synthetically, equilibrium adsorption of curcumin on montmorillonite results in a curcumin-loaded montmorillonite structure. The montmorillonite/ curcumin drug delivery vehicle shows good properties of aqueous dispersibility and curcumin stabilization in the environment of neutral water and natural/ ultraviolet lights. The innovative formulation of montmorillonite/curcumin helps to upgrade the bioavailability and stability of bioactive curcumin in nutraceutical delivery applications.

Improved Bioavailablity of Curcumin by Derivatisation with Isoleucine in Plasma and Reproductive Tissues of Female Rats is Mainly Due to Altered Affinity for P-gp Transporter

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the bioavailability of curcumin conjugated with isoleucine. Background: Curcumin has various health beneficiary properties; however, it is poorly bioavailable because of its insolubility in water, poor absorption and quick systemic elimination. Hence, any approach that could improve bioavailability is necessary. Objective: The objective of the present study is to examine whether the bioavailability and biodistribution of curcumin is improved upon derivatisation with isoleucine than that of native curcumin. Methods: About 0.1 g/kg bw of curcumin and its isoleucine-derivative were administered to fasting rats. Then the blood and tissue samples were collected at different time intervals (0, 1800, 3600, 7200, 14400, 28800, 43200, 86400, and 172800 seconds) and processed for the extraction of curcumin and its derivative with methanol. The processed samples were subjected to HPLC analysis and compared with the standard curcumin and its derivative. The results were analysed using the software, PKSolver, for determining the bioavailability and biodistribution. Further, the docking studies were carried out to better understand the results obtained. Results: We found that isoleucine-curcumin conjugates have better bioavailable in plasma, ovary and uterus in the experimental rats. The curcumin and its isoleucine-derivative was detected to be maximum at 14400 seconds. However, the concentration of isoleucine-derivative of curcumin was significantly high at Tmax compared to native curcumin. Further, curcumin and its derivative were found in the reproductive organs only at 28800 seconds, 43200 seconds and 86400 seconds. The binding energy of isoleucine-derivative of curcumin with p-glycoprotein transporter was found to be more compared to the native form. This may be the reason for the increased bioavailability of isoleucine-derivative of curcumin. Conclusion: The isoleucine-curcumin conjugate has better bioavailability compared to curcumin both in plasma and reproductive organs.

Radiation Synthesis of Edible Coating Films of Nanocurcumin Based on Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol to Extend the Shelf Life of Sweet Orange "Valencia"

AbstractEdible coating CMCS/PVA/Cur and films were prepared using γ-irradiation to extend the shelf-life of sweet orange "Valencia" fruits. Water-soluble CMCS was synthesized by carboxymethylation of chitosan. Extraction of curcumin from turmeric powder and conversion to Cur-NPs of 76–108 nm average size was achieved. CMCS/PVA/Cur membranes were prepared via the casting method and gamma-irradiation technique. The chemical properties were studied by FTIR and XRD as well as studying the effect of irradiation dose on gel content, water swelling, and mechanical properties. FTIR and XRD results confirm the interaction between functional groups of Cur-NPs with CMCS/PVA polymer chains. Results indicated that the membrane possessed good tensile strength and gel content of 97.4% and the swelling was significantly decreased with increasing the irradiation dose. Fruits were dipped in CMCS/PVA/Cur coatings at different concentrations of Cur-NPs (0, 2.5, 5, and 10%) and stored at room temperature of 65–70% RH for about 70 days. The efficiency of coatings was assessed by decay (%), weight loss (%), pH, vitamin C content, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and TSS/TA ratio. Quality characteristics of coated fruits were better than uncoated fruits especially the coating solution of 2.5% Cur-NPs provides accepted freshness and quality. No decay was noticed for the coated fruits till 56 days, whereas the control exhibited decay of 36%. The prepared coating solutions possessed good antimicrobial activity and cytocompatibility characteristics and showed normal viability even at all concentrations. Results demonstrated a promising packaging material to extend the shelf life and freshness of orange fruits.

Development of a fluorescent PMMA-based polymer material through in-situ incorporation of curcuma extract

In the present work, the in situ incorporation of curcumin was carried out in a polymer matrix through bulk polymerization to improve its photostability. It was found that extraction of curcumin from turmeric extract by the precursor monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) can be performed immediately before the polymerization in order to reduce the degradation of the fluorescent species by the initiator system, although the obtained results also showed that incorporation of the turmeric extract into monomer can retard the polymerization kinetics. Despite that, the fluorescence properties of curcumin were preserved after incorporation in a solid polymeric matrix, which also enhanced the fluorophore photostability, avoiding the rapid degradation of the fluorophore observed when it is dispersed in solvents. Furthermore, it was also observed that addition of acrylic acid (AA) as a comonomer enhanced the photochemical stability of the turmeric extract incorporated into the polymer matrix and promoted the bathochromic effect, when compared to the spectroscopic behavior of the extract obtained from MMA, both in solution and solid state. It was possible to optimize the synthesis condition with help of a standard factorial experimental design, allowing the simultaneous attainment of high monomer conversion and fluorescence properties of the obtained material.

EFFICIENT EXTRACTION OF CURCUMIN FROM TURMERIC WITH PHARMACEUTICAL SOLVENTS AND OPTIMIZATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

The aim of the study was to find out a novel, effective, safe, and eco-friendly method for the extraction of curcumin from turmeric. A pharmaceutically safe solvent isopropyl alcohol was selected based on preliminary screening. Three methods, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and maceration were explored, and optimization of each method was performed by RSM with Box-Behnken design. Yield (mg/g) ranged from 1.35-12.53, 1.43-5.59, and 0.23-7.06 (mg/g) in MAE, UAE, and maceration, respectively. For MAE, optimum conditions were 30 mL/g solvent-to-solid ratio (SSR), 240 W microwave power, and 40 s extraction time. The optimum UAE conditions were 40 °C, 10 min and 50 mL/g SSR. The optimum conditions for maceration were 60 °C, 90 min and 10 mL/g SSR. Based on the results, MAE was the most robust technique for extraction of curcumin from turmeric and the protocol may be developed for industrial application.

Ethanol-free extraction of curcumin and antioxidant activity of components from wet Curcuma longa L. by liquefied dimethyl ether

As a solvent, ethanol can extract a wide range of polar substances, but its consumption is sometimes avoided for religious and cultural reasons. In this study, liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) was used to extract curcumin and antioxidants from highly moist, untreated turmeric. Higher amounts of curcumin (7.94 mg/g dry weight (DW)) were extracted using liquified DME compared with ethanol (6.77 mg/g DW). Almost all the water and 5.10 mg/g DW of lipids were extracted from raw turmeric using liquefied DME, corresponding to 56 % the amount extracted using ethanol. In addition, microscopic and spectroscopic analyses revealed that liquefied DME neither destroyed cell walls nor extracted cellulose. However, liquefied DME had a slightly lower extraction capacity for total phenolic compounds than ethanol and slightly lower antioxidant effect. DME extracts an equivalent amount of curcumin as ethanol and only slightly fewer antioxidants while simultaneously avoiding sun-drying degradation and prolonged freeze-drying.

Extraction of Curcumin by Ultrasonic Waves from Turmeric Rhizome as a Scaffold in 4D Prosthesis

Extraction of Curcumin by Ultrasonic Waves from Turmeric Rhizome as a Scaffold in 4D Prosthesis