Coconut Oil Extraction Research Articles

Manufacturing natural soap-base (Multiclean) with the addition of wuluh starfruit extraction (Averrhoa)

Starfruit extract is used as a base for making natural soap that is more environmentally friendly and beneficial for health. The aim of this study is to identify the optimal conditions for adding starfruit extract to natural soap production, which involves citric acid and surfactant components. The method involves maceration and extraction of starfruit to obtain citric acid by immersing it in 80% ethanol. The soap is produced using a hot process at temperatures between 70-80°C with three formulas: F1 (200:200:10), F2 (225:175:15), and F3 (250:150:20), representing different ratios of virgin coconut oil (VCO), olive oil, and starfruit extract, respectively. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used as an alkali at a concentration of 30%. After the soap is made, MES (a plant-based surfactant), sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) as a preservative, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as a cleanser are added. Testing of the three soap formulas showed they all meet Indonesian National Standards (SNI). Among 20 respondents, F1 was rated the highest in terms of color, scent, and softness. It had 83% foam stability, 0.85% moisture content, a pH of 8, and 0.001% free alkali content. These results suggest that consumer preference is influenced by the starfruit extract content.

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using a miniaturized multiloop splitter-based non-cryogenic artificial trapping (M-SNAT) modulation device for analysis of cannabis samples

Multiloop splitter-based non-cryogenic artificial trapping (M-SNAT) modulation technique was developed, miniaturized and applied in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) for analysis of cannabis samples. The approach employed deactivated fuse silica (DFS) columns configured into multiple loop splitter system halving the perimeters of the progressively upstream loops. This splitter device was located between the first (1D) semi-nonpolar column outlet and a microfluidic Deans switch (DS). Each splitter loop splits a peak into two subpeaks having the same area with different void times. Three loops were then applied resulting in the number of the split subpeaks (nsplit) of 8 for each peak, and retention time differences between any two adjacent subpeaks (∆tR,split) were the same. By applying periodic heartcut event (H/C) within every artificial modulation period (PAM) of nsplit×∆tR,split, comprehensive split-and-trapped modulation profiles of analytes could be selectively transferred onto the second (2D) polar column (30 m) without cryogen consumption. This artificial modulation system was applied for analysis of cannabis samples with enhanced 2D peak capacity (2nc∼15). The established method was applied to analyse cannabis extracts using vegetable oils with or without frying process. This reveals 454 different peaks with 76, 92, 35 and 70 specific components specifically observed by using olive oil extraction (OE), fried OE, coconut oil extraction (CE) and fried CE, respectively.

E-LANGIS: A Microcontroller-Based Coconut Oil Extracting Machine

The primary objective of this study is to conceptualize and implement a Microcontroller-Based Coconut Oil extraction machine tailored specifically for the Bongabong Coconut Farmers’ Cooperative (BOCOFAMCO). By automating the extraction process, this innova tive machine not only enhances productivity but also contributes to elevating the overall quality of coconut oil produced. A key feature of this project is the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, enabling coconut farmers to have real-time monitoring and control of all parameters governing the extraction process. This real-time oversight empowers farmers with invaluable insights, facilitating informed decision-making and optimization of extraction operations. To ensure seamless development and deployment, the project adopts the Rapid Application Development Cycle, a structured approach encompassing analysis, requirement specifications, building, testing, and implementation phases. This methodology ensures the efficient and systematic progression of the project, ultimately culminating in the successful realization of its objectives. In terms of hardware components, the project leverages cutting-edge technology including Servo motors, temperature sensors, conveyors, ESP32, and relay modules. These components form the backbone of the extraction machine, facilitating precise control and reliable operation. To enable seamless communication between the extraction machine and mobile applications, a microcontroller and Wi-Fi module are employed, establishing a robust link that enables remote monitoring and control. Findings show that the project was tested to be functional, user-friendly, efficient, and usable based on ISO 25010 and IEEE standards.

A study of the immunomodulatory effects of coconut oil extract in broilers experimentally infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus.

This study aims to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of coconut oil extract (COE) in broilers experimentally infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV). A total of 150 broiler birds (day-old) were equally divided into five study groups i.e., negative control, positive control, COE-1, COE-2, and COE-3. On day 10, broilers of groups COE-1, COE-2, and COE-3 were supplemented with 1, 2, and 3 mL of COE respectively per liter of drinking water for 15 days. On day 13, 0.1 mL/bird (10-5.25 ELD50) of vNDV was inoculated in broilers of positive control, COE-1, COE-2, and COE-3 groups intramuscularly. During this study, growth performance, morbidity, and mortality rates of each study group were recorded. The antibody titer against NDV was determined on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. The levels of immunoglobulins (IgY and IgM) were also determined on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days post-sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) inoculation. On day 33, avian tuberculin was injected between the 1st and 2nd toes of the left side (intradermally) to measure lymphoproliferative responses. On day 35, the phagocytic activity in the blood was assessed through a carbon clearance assay by injecting carbon black ink into the right-wing vein. The visceral organs having gross lesions were also collected for histopathology. The COE significantly improved the growth performance, and lowered the morbidity and mortality rates of broilers. There was a significant rise in antibody titers against NDV and levels of IgY and IgM antibodies against SRBC in COE-supplemented broilers. The lymphoproliferative response and phagocytic activity were also enhanced. Among COEsupplemented groups, the broilers of the COE-3 group showed a significant increase in growth performance and boosted immune defense. Coconut oil extract has the potential to boost the growth performance and immune status of broilers. It can be used effectively as a feed additive and alternative to antibiotics to prevent the spread of infectious poultry pathogens.

Standardisation of Centrifugation Method for Virgin Coconut Oil Production and Comparison of Quality Parameters of the Recovered Oil

Virgin coconut oil is a finest edible oil having immense health benefits. Several methods are adopted for the extraction of virgin coconut oil. This experiment aims to provide a cost-effective and efficient method for small-scale production of high-quality virgin coconut oil. The objective of this study was standardisation of centrifugation method for virgin coconut oil production. Mature coconuts from West Coast Tall variety were collected and coconut milk was taken out by using coconut gratings with equal quantity of water and coconut water and two fold of water. The coconut milk was then chilled for 10 hours at 5-70C, followed by centrifugation at different revolutions per minute (rpm) and time. The colour, odour, taste, moisture content, free fatty acid content and total phenolic content of the resulting virgin coconut oil were assessed. The study revealed that the optimal conditions for maximum virgin coconut oil yield (28.087 percent) involve extracting coconut milk from coconut gratings with equal quantity of coconut water followed by chilling for 10 hours at 5-7ᵒC, centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 15 minutes and subsequently drying at 50°C.

Formulation of Microemulsion-based Gel Containing Mango Seed Kernel Extract for Application in Anti-inflammation

Published research showed that mango seeds have good anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. The purpose of this study is to develop a microemulsion formula containing mango seed extract for application in the treatment of inflammatory acne. Isopropyl myristate and coconut oil were selected as the fixed oil phase components. Phase diagrams for the microemulsion regions were constructed using PEG 40 hydrogenated castor oil as surfactant and PEG 400 as co-solvent. Microemulsions were prepared by titration and mixed with mango seed extract. Microemulsions and the physical and chemical stability of the microemulsion were evaluated for droplet size and PDi index using dynamic light scattering techniques. The microemulsion was gelled and evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effect by comparing it with an acne cream on the market. The selected microemulsion formula has a ratio of isopropyl myristate oil to coconut oil of 1:2, Smix/Co is PEG 40 hydrogenated castor oil to PEG 400 with a ratio of 3:1, and a high loading efficiency of 5% mango seed. The average particle size of the microemulsion reached 22.74 nm. The selected microemulsion showed good stability, with almost no change in particle size when stored at room temperature after 30 days. The microemulsion was gelled with 7% carbopol, and the permeability of polyphenols from the microemulsion gel within 6 hours was observed to be about 59.61%. The microemulsion gel inhibited the denaturation of bovine serum albumin, indicating that the microemulsion containing coconut oil and mango extract may help in treating inflammatory acne. Microemulsion gel containing mango seed kernel has been successfully studied, has anti-inflammatory activity equivalent to a modern control drug, and is promising as a natural preparation that can provide anti-inflammatory protection on acne skin. However, further clinical studies need to be conducted before use.

Formulation and Stability of Microemulsion Preparations From Secang Wood Extract (Caesalpinia Sappan L) and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)

Research has been conducted to make microemulsion preparations from virgin coconut oil (VCO) and secang wood extract. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of secang wood extract with ethanol solvent, determine the Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value of a mixture of three surfactants that can form the most stable microemulsion preparations, and determine the most optimal variation in the concentration of secang wood extract in secang microemulsion formulations.This study began with the manufacture of secang wood ethanol extract from secang wood powder and 96% ethanol, then tested for flavonoid levels. Furthermore, VCO microemulsions in a mixture of water with secang extract are made with variations in HLB values, namely 12, 13, 14, and 15. Microemulsions with HLB variations were tested for stability through organoleptical observations and turbidity values by storage treatment at room temperature, heating, and centrifugation. Microemulsions were also tested for free fatty acid (FFA) levels. After that, the preparation of microemulsions with the most stable HLB is carried out with variations in the concentration of secang wood extract in the formulation. Microemulsions with extract variations were tested for stability through organoleptical observation and turbidity values after 24 hours, heating, and centrifugation. Microemulsions with optimal concentrations of secang wood extract were tested for antioxidant activity. The secang extract produced from the extraction was reddish-brown in color and had total flavonoids equivalent to 230.6 mg QE/g samples. The most stable microemulsion from this study is a microemulsion with an HLB value of 15 with a ratio of water:extract:VCO:surfactant which is 65:2,5:2,5:30. The microemulsion features transparent red, 1 phase, and smells like Tween 80 with turbidity value below 1% during storage, heating, and centrifugation with microemulsion FFA value of 0.53%. Based on variations in the concentration of secang wood extract, the higher the concentration of the extract, the more unstable the microemulsion produced. The 3% secang extract microemulsion is the most optimal microemulsion with antioxidant activity (IC50) of 1.4573±0.2694 mg/mL.

Extraction, phytonutrients, the nutraceutical, and mineral analysis of coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil

Coconut oil is edible oil which is derived from the kernels, meat, and milk of the coconut palm fruit. This study aimed at evaluating the physicochemical properties, mineral elements, phytochemical content of coconut oil and determines the susceptibility pattern of coconut oil against bacteria. The results revealed the average values of the coconut oil contains for alkaloid, tannin, saponins, flavonoid, phenol, steroid, terpenoid, and glycoside were 38.230 mg/100g, 28.124 mg/100g, 16.185 mg/100g, 29.745 mg/100g, 79.167 mg/100g, 0.915 mg/100g, 1.251 mg/100g, and 0.506 mg/100g respectively; which are considered to be responsible for the many benefits attributed to coconut consumption. The mineral elements such sodium (75.350 ppm), calcium (105.400 ppm), potassium (502.55 ppm), magnesium (24.502 ppm), phosphorus (20.372 ppm), and copper, zinc, iron and manganese were present in moderate amounts of 0.442 ppm, 0.393 ppm, 0.772 ppm, 0.629 ppm respectively. The physicochemical analysis reveal the pH level to be neutral, while other parameters such as nitrate, phosphate and ammonia were not detected. The assay of antibacterial activity of standard bacteria organisms showed that Staphylococcus aureus had the highest susceptibility to coconut oil while Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the least. The utilization of coconut oil should be promoted as a functional food in Nigeria and the use of coconut seed flesh in our diets should be encouraged for health supporting functions.

Test of the Effectiveness of Giving Salmon DNA Serum with Virgin Coconut Oil Extract on the Growth of Skin Tissue from Cut Scars on the Skin of Female Wistar Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

Various treatments can cure pockmarks. First, you have to know the cause of the pockmarks and the strength of the pockmarked skin, making it easier to choose the treatment, one of which is dermapen, which uses plasma from platelets. Test and compare the effectiveness of the derma pen action using platelet plasma with the derma pen action on the pockmarked skin surface of female Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus). This research is a laboratory experiment to compare the effectiveness of the dermapen action using plasma from platelets with the dermapen action on the pockmarked skin surface of female Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) using a post-test with control group design or control samples based on treatment groups to analyze the dermapen action using plasma from platelets with dermapenic action on the surface of rat skin pockmarks. The results showed that the dermapen treatment group with plasma from platelets at a dose of 10% was more effective in healing cut wounds in white mice than the dermapen treatment group using plasma from platelets at doses of 2.5% and 5%. This is because, at a concentration of 10%, blood plasma metabolite compounds from platelets that are applied to wounds already affect the wound. The effect only inhibits microorganisms at small doses, making it less effective in healing wounds. It is recommended that the minimum dose be 10% so that the metabolite compounds in the plasma from platelets have a healing effect on wounds.

Unlocking a nutritional treasure: health benefits and sustainable applications of spent coconut meal

This paper investigates the previously overlooked potential of spent coconut meal, a byproduct resulting from the extraction of virgin coconut oil with a residual oil content of 25–54%.

Family 3 CBM improves the biochemical properties, substrate hydrolysis and coconut oil extraction by hemicellulolytic and holocellulolytic chimeras

To understand the influence of family 3 Carbohydrate Binding Module (hereafter CBM3), single (GH5 cellulase; CelB, CelBΔCBM), bi-chimeric [GH26 endo-mannanase (ManB-1601) and GH11 endo-xylanase (XynB); ManB-XynB [1], ManB-XynB-CBM] and tri-chimeric [ManB-XynB-CelB [1], ManB-XynB-CelBΔCBM] enzyme variants (fused or deleted of CBM) were produced and purified to homogeneity. CBM3 did not alter the pH and temperature optima of bi- and tri-chimeric enzymes but improved the pH and temperature stability of ManB in CBM variants of bi-/tri-chimeric enzymes. Truncation of CBM in CelB shifted the pH optimum and increased the melting temperature (Tm 65 ℃). CBM3 improved both substrate affinity (Km) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of fused enzymes in tri-chimera and CelB but only Km for bi-chimera. Far-UV CD of CelB and bi- and tri-chimeric enzymes suggested that CBM3 improved the α-helical content and compactness in the native state but did not prevent disintegration of secondary structural contents at acidic pH. Steady-state fluorescence studies suggested that under acidic conditions CBM3 prevented the exposure of hydrophobic patches in bi-chimeric protein but could not avert the opening up of chimeric enzyme structure. Aqueous enzyme assisted treatment of mature coconut kernel using single, bi- and tri-chimeric enzymes led to cracks, peeling and fracturing of the matrix and improved the oil yield by up to 22%.

Optimization of Carotenoid Extraction from Yellow Passion Fruit Pomace Using Ultrasound-assisted Extraction and Coconut Oil as a Solvent

Passion fruit pomace, a by-product of passion fruit juice processing, is a source of carotenoids that can be utilized for food products as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum condition of carotenoid extraction process from passion fruit pomace using ultrasonic waves with coconut oil as a solvent, to determine the physicochemical properties of carotene-enriched coconut oil and the physicochemical properties of carotene-enriched coconut oil blended with sesame oil. The variables studied were extraction time (X1) and extraction temperature (X2). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the design of Central Composite Face-centered Design (CCF) is used to obtain a mathematical model that corresponds to the relationship between total carotenoid and the variables that influence it. After that, coconut oil will be evaluated on its quality including total carotenoids and antioxidant activity, compared to extraction with conventional methods (maceration). Sesame oil was blended with the carotene-enriched coconut oil extract to improve its antioxidant stability. The results showed that the optimum condition of the yellow passion fruit pomace carotenoid extraction with ultrasound-assisted extraction was 30 minutes and at 35 °C. Characteristics of carotenoid-enriched coconut oil from ultrasound-assisted extraction had higher total carotenoid content (15.79 μg of carotenoids/g oil) compared to conventional extraction (9.47 μg of carotenoids/g oil) and had higher antioxidant activity (80%RSA). Characteristics of mixed oils between carotenoid-enriched coconut oil and sesame oil have higher peroxide, lower Oxidative Stability Index, and higher antioxidant activity.

Lipidomics insight on differences in lipid profiles and phytosterol compositions of coconut oils extracted by classical and green solvents

Searching for green and ecofriendly solvents to replace classical solvents for industrial scale extraction of coconut oil is of great interest. To explore these possibilities, this study performed comprehensive comparative analyses of lipid profiles and phytosterol compositions in coconut oils obtained by extraction with n-hexane, absolute ethyl alcohol, deep eutectic solvent/n-hexane, dimethyl carbonate (DME) and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) using a foodomics approach. Results indicated that CPME (64.23 g/100 g dry matter) and DME (65.64 g/100 g dry matter) showed comparable capacity for total lipid extraction of total lipids to classical solvents (63.5–65.66 g/100 g dry matter). Considering the phytosterol yield, CPME (644.26 mg/kg) exhibited higher selectivity than other solvents (535.64–622.13 mg/kg). No significant difference was observed in the fatty acid composition of coconut oil by the different solvents assayed. Additionally, total 468 lipid molecules were identified in the samples. For glycerolipid and sphingolipid, the five solvents showed comparable extraction capabilities. However, CPME exhibited higher extraction efficiency of polar lipids (glycerophospholipid and saccharolipid) than other solvents. Overall, these results may be a useful guide for the application of green solvents in industrial production of coconut oil.

Commercial Probiotic Drink and Sumbawa Horse Milk as Lactic Acid Bacteria Source for Virgin Coconut Oil Extraction

<p><strong>Virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be produced without heat, without any alteration, requires minimal investments and energy during production, and has been reported to have many health benefits. We produced VCO with the addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) sources with combined method of chilling-thawing and fermentation. The LAB sources used were Sumbawa horse milk (SKL) and commercial probiotic milk (SPK). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) using both LAB sources which were added to coconut milk, respectively 10 ml, 12.5 ml and 15 ml and compared with control or no treatment. LAB were also isolated from <em>blondo </em>and VCO using LAB specific medium, MRSA. The extracted VCO has the characteristics of clear color with a distinctive coconut smell and long shelf-life. Three LAB isolates were obtained, VCO1-3. VCO1 was found in all samples, with colony morphology of circular and entire margin, convex surface, small in size, and white in color. SKL10, SKL15 and SPK10 showed significant difference to the control, with VCO yield of 31.49-33.05 %, significantly higher than that of without LAB treatment. Both LAB sources of single (SPK) and mixed inoculums (SKL) showed higher yields, indicated their potential as starter for VCO extraction.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> - <em>Virgin Coconut Oil, VCO, Chilling-Thawing Extraction, Fermentation Extraction, Cold Pressed Oil, Lactic Acid Bacteria</em>.</p>

Wound healing potential of formulated ointment by using virgin coconut oil in combination with Ethanol extract of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. leaves

Wound healing is a complex process involving many cells consisting of four phases namely hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The usage of natural resources that have pharmacological features can hasten the wound's physiological healing procedure. The example of natural resources is virgin coconut oil (VCO) and ethanol extract of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. leaves (EEAL) which have the potential for wound healing. This study aimed to examine the combination of VCO and EEAL in an ointment formulation for wound healing in male Wistar rats. The ointment was divided into five formulas with different concentrations of VCO and EEAL and underwent stability and homogeneity evaluation. In vivo animal testing was divided into five groups according to the number of formulas. The wound healing activity was evaluated by using white male rats in the aspect of wound healing percentage and epithelial diameter from a histopathology study. The results showed that all formulas are stable and F3 by using the ratio of 3:1 (VCO: EEAL) has the best wound healing activity in the aspect of wound healing percentage and epithelial diameter compared to the other groups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the VCO and EEAL in ointment preparation have great potential for wound healing activity.

Extraction and Characterization of Coconut Oil in Cream Production

The use of coconut oil as a moisturiser in cream manufacture has been a recent topic of discussion. In this work, coconut oil was extracted from coconut seeds using the Soxhlet extraction method, and the resulting oil was then characterised and utilised to make cream. As a solvent, regular hexane was employed during the extraction procedure. The coconut seeds' poximate composition reveals that their moisture content ranges from 38 to 48 percent, along with ash (1 to 4 percent), lipids (18 to 20 percent), protein (6 to 7 percent), fibre (3 to 10 percent), and carbs (15 to 22 percent). According to the analysis's findings, coconut seed oil has a yield percentage of 20.11%, a pH of 5.03, a refractive index of 0.81, and a specific gravity of 0.97. 208.61 mg KOH/g of saponification value, Acid value of 4.207mgKOH, peroxide value of 33.20mgKOH/kg, and iodine value of 12.54gI/100g. Using the fundamental ingredients of moisturizer(s), emulsifier system, water, and preservative, body moisturising cream was created in the lab. The percentage yield, colour, specific gravity, and pH of the created cream were assessed and compared to commercial cream. Evaluation revealed that the manufactured cream met requirements and had acceptable moisturization. The body lotion made from coconut oil had a constant texture, showed little patch reactivity, and smelled well.
 Conclusion: Since coconut seed oil cream has superior quality than commercial body lotion, it can be utilised for cosmetic purposes.

Effect of defatted coconut flour on functional, nutritional, textural and sensory attributes of rice noodles

SummaryDefatted coconut flour (DCF) obtained after the coconut oil extraction was incorporated at different concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) in rice noodles to increase the fibre and protein content. The functional characteristics of the flour blends and nutritional composition, colour, cooking qualities, textural, antioxidant properties, shelf life and sensory qualities of the noodles were assessed. The incorporation of DCF significantly (P < 0.05) increased Water Solubility Index (WSI), water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC). In contrast, properties like bulk density, foaming capacity (FC), emulsion activity and viscosity decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Nutrition analysis revealed that DCF‐enriched formulations had significantly more crude fibre, protein, antioxidant, polyphenol, flavonoid and mineral content than the control sample. Furthermore, the incorporation of DCF significantly (P < 0.05) increased swelling volume (2.33 ± 0.06% to 5.65 ± 0.21%), water uptake ratio (108.91 ± 0.03% to 191.21 ± 0.04%), cooking loss (4.61 ± 0.04% to 7.83 ± 0.02%), cooking time (2.62 ± 0.05 to 4.14 ± 0.04 min) and noodle thickness (0.21 to 0.27 cm). When DCF was added to noodles, the ΔE values were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, but the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, resilience, gumminess, L*, hue and chroma were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. Higher sensory scores were observed when DCF was incorporated up to 10%. The shelf life of the optimised noodles (with 10% DCF) was also assessed. The optimised noodle samples have a shelf life of 351 days at 29 °C. In conclusion, noodles made with DCF had more protein and fibre than those made with rice flour.

Utilization of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine in coconut oil extraction

Utilization of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine in coconut oil extraction

Design Consideration and Performance Evaluation of a Coconut Oil Extracting Machine

Abstract: Extraction of virgin coconut oil from coconut kernel is a major influential step for their commercialization. There are many extraction processes among which cold and hot extraction are conventional extraction processes. This paper focused on the design, construction and testing of a coconut extractor using fresh-dry process based on the low pressure oil extraction method production of virgin coconut oil to reduce the settling time of oil. Additionally, tests carried out on the machine were the oil quality test, yield comparison with conventional oil extractors and user experience. The drying motor of 1500hp was used for grinding and a 12V Dc motor converted to an AC drive was used for conveying to the extraction chamber. A heating element of 3KW was incorporated in the extraction chamber which was properly lagged to avoid heat losses. Results obtained showed that it takes 800 seconds of heating time at 70oC to actually extract oil from dried coconut under different parameter such as drying temperature, extraction time and moisture content. The production efficiency of machine was calculated to 69.5% and the machine performance was certified good. Oil quality was recorded at 0.46% free fatty acid. The designed extractor yielded approximately 20.7% of oil against 14.1% as recorded from traditional methods. User experience was rated an average of 8.47 on a maximum scale of 10 with ratings obtained from experts (7.5) experienced users (8.7) and non- experienced users (9.2). The production machine is novel for easier, safer and more economical extraction of virgin coconut oil over the traditional and conventional methods.

Pembuatan Minyak Kelapa Murni (Virgin Coconut Oil) dengan Metode Fermentasi dan Optimasi Waktu Simpan dan Penjernihan Menggunakan Ekstrak Daun Lada dan Karbon Aktif

Coconut oil is a valuable part of the coconut fruit and is widely used as an industrial raw material or part of it is made into cooking oil. Oil extraction from coconut meat can be done in several ways. Extraction of coconut oil that is being developed at this time is the fermentation method using several enzymes or microbes, one of which can be used is yeast tempeh. This research aims to analyze the yield content and quality criteria of coconut oil made using the fermentation method and to analyze the effect of adding pepper leaf extract and activated carbon on the shelf life and clarification of coconut oil. From the results of experiments carried out in mixing tempeh yeast, the free fatty acid test, yield test, aroma test and density test were carried out. As for the test results, the determination of free fatty acids in this cooking oil study used the titration method with NaOH until the color changed to pink. For the redemption test, the highest oil concentration was 3 grams, while the tempeh yeast 4 grams and 5 grams decreased. Aroma test where in week 9 coconut oil without treatment experienced rancidity. This was caused by auto-oxidation which began to form radicals due to the presence of fat peroxidation factors. The density test is close to the SNI standard value, namely the lowest density of 0.9600 g/cm3 obtained from closed treatment with 0.5 ml of extract. This is because in this treatment very little cooking oil is contaminated with other substances.