Extraction Of Bisphenol Research Articles

Sponge-nested polymer monoliths: Versatile materials for the solid-phase extraction of bisphenols.

Polymer monoliths are promising materials for sample preparation due to their high porosity, pH stability, and simple preparation. The use of melamine formaldehyde foams has been reported as an effective support to prepare highly robust silica and polymer monoliths. Herein, divinylbenzene monoliths based on a 50:50 (%, w/w) crosslinker/porogen ratio have been nested within a melamine-formaldehyde sponge, resulting in monoliths with a surface area higher than 400 m2 /g. The extraction performance of these monoliths was evaluated for the extraction of endocrine-disrupting bisphenols from aqueous solutions. We evaluated for the first time the versatility of sponge-nested polymer monoliths by comparing three different extraction modes (vortex mixing, magnetic stirring, and orbital shaking). Vortex mixing showed a comparable recovery of bisphenols (39%-81%) in a shorter extraction time (30min, instead of 2h). In addition, the robustness of the sponge-nested polymer monoliths was demonstrated for the first time by reshaping a larger monolithic cube (0.125 cm3 ) into four smaller pieces (4×0.03125 cm3 ) leading to a 16%-21% increase in extraction efficiency. This effect was attributed to an increase in the effective contact area with the sample, obtaining a higher analyte extraction capacity.

Βisphenol a and its analogues migrated from contact materials into food and beverages: An updated review in sample preparation approaches.

Bisphenols are used as monomers in the production of plastic materials, and they are likely to be detected in food contact materials. Due to their migration from these plastic packaging materials into food and beverages, the organoleptic properties of the products are changing and plenty of harmful effects on human health are caused, especially if consumers are exposed to higher levels of bisphenols than those established by legislation. However, because of their trace-level presence, their determination into food and beverage matrices is rather difficult. For this reason, sensitive, simple, rapid, and green methods are required to extract and preconcentrate the analytes of interest. Effective and representative tests are required as well, to evaluate the migration of bisphenols from plastic materials under realistic usage conditions. This review provides a detailed background of Bisphenol A chemistry and legislation. Furthermore, it refers to bisphenol's A migration test procedures and the recent advances of the last decade in extraction of bisphenols from various matrices by using different sample preparation techniques prior to their chromatographic determination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Simultaneous Removal and Extraction of Bisphenol A and 4-tert-butylphenol From Water Samples Using Magnetic Chitosan Particles

Magnetic chitosan (MC) was used as an ecofriendly and potential adsorbent for the removal of bisphenol-A and 4-tert-butylphenol from water samples. The magnetic chitosan was synthesized and characterized for functional groups, surface morphology, elemental composition, and crystallinity using spectroscopic techniques. Factors influencing the uptake such as pH, mass of adsorbent, bisphenol-A and 4-tert-butylphenol concentration, contact time, and temperature were examined thoroughly using aqueous solutions. Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated, and the results revealed that the adsorption of bisphenol-A and 4-tert-butylphenol followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption processes were exothermic and spontaneous. The method was found feasible for the removal and extraction of bisphenol-A and 4-tert-butylphenol in environmental water samples. The recovery of bisphenol A and 4-tert-butylphenol in tap water ranged from 95.6% to 96.8% and 95.4% to 101.2% and in river water from 87.6% to 95.9% and 92.8% to 98.2%, respectively. The results indicate that magnetic chitosan is a potential adsorbent for easy, effective removal and extraction of bisphenol-A and 4-tert-butylphenol from environmental water samples, and the adsorbent material is chemically benign and environment friendly.

Recent Advances in Miniaturized Microextraction Techniques for the Determination of Bisphenols in Environmental Samples: An Overview of the Last Two Decades

Background: Bisphenols are major industrial chemicals that have raised public concern due to their endocrine disrupting properties and toxicity. Sample preparation is the most critical step for the determination of bisphenols, especially if the analyst has to deal with environmental samples which are complex matrices and the co-extraction and co-elution of other relevant compounds results in the enhancement or suppression of the analyte signal. The need for the precise determination of bisphenols has signaled the development of effective microextraction techniques according to the Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) guidelines. Objective: The objective of this review is to gather and discuss all the recent advances in the development of microextraction techniques such as solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME), magnetic solid phase microextraction (MSPE), liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), that have been successfully applied in the extraction of bisphenols from environmental matrices. Conclusion: The analytical performance of the proposed techniques is critically discussed, highlighting the potential and the limitations of each method.

Deep eutectic solvents on extraction of bisphenol A from water matrices: COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents prediction and experimental validation

AbstractDensities of pure distilled water, tetra butyl ammonium bromide glycerol{[TBAB][Gly]}, and different concentration of aqueous bisphenol A (aq. BPA) (i.e., 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) were measured at different temperatures from 293.15–343.15 K. Further, densities of the pseudo binary mixtures of aq. BPA and {[TBAB][Gly]} over the entire mole fraction were measured at different temperatures from 293.15–343.15 K. From these measured density data, the solution thermodynamic properties of the pseudo binary mixtures of aq. BPA and {[TBAB][Gly]} were calculated, and the excess molar volume data were correlated using the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Furthermore, the σ‐profiles and σ‐potentials of all the studied species were generated and analyzied in terms of H‐bond donor and/or acceptor at atom and molecular levels. Finally, based on the results of aq. BPA with {[TBAB][Gly]}, tetra butyl ammonium bromide decanoic acid {[TBAB][DA]} and tetra butyl ammonium bromide oleic acid {[TBAB][OA]} based deep eutectic solvents were used for the removal of BPA from the aqueous stream at 298.15 K and 1 atm. This process was characterized in terms of distribution coefficient (D), extraction efficiency (η), and also thermodynamic feasibility of the process at different temperatures.

Rapid and Simple Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of Bisphenol A from Bottled Water, Baby Bottle, and Urine Samples Using Green Magnetic Hydroxyapatite/β-Cyclodextrin Polymer Nanocomposite

Rapid and Simple Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of Bisphenol A from Bottled Water, Baby Bottle, and Urine Samples Using Green Magnetic Hydroxyapatite/β-Cyclodextrin Polymer Nanocomposite

Extraction of bisphenol A in honey samples using aqueous biphasic systems coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography

AbstractAn aqueous biphasic system based on cholinium propanoate and phosphate solution was developed for the fast extraction and determination of bisphenol A in honey samples. The phase diagrams of the aqueous biphasic systems with cholinium propanoate (ionic liquid) and phosphate solutions were investigated, and the biphasic regions of the aqueous biphasic systems decreased with the increase of pH values of the phosphate solutions. The aqueous biphasic system was applied for the analyte extraction. After extraction, the analyte was separated on a C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm i. d., 5 μm) using acetonitrile and ammonium acetate as the mobile phase. The parameters, such as the conductivity and viscosity of the ionic liquid solutions, pH values of the phosphate solutions, and extraction efficiency were optimized to achieve the excellent extraction performance. Good linearity was shown for the analyte over the tested concentration range (0.01–10.0 mg/kg) with correlation coefficient higher than 0.991. Three spiked levels (0.01, 0.05, 0.10 mg/kg) were applied for determination of the recoveries of the analyte in honey samples in the range of 78–112% with relative standard deviations of 5.5–10.2%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for the analyte were 0.003 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The developed method was applied for the determination of the analyte in real samples with high sensitivity.

Extraction of bisphenol F three isomers from water with 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid

The extraction for three isomers of bisphenol F (BPF) was studied in a hydrophobic ionic liquid/water biphasic extraction system. The influences of some factors, such as ionic liquid structure, phase ratio, temperature, pH value, and NaCl concentration on the extraction of BPF three isomers were investigated, and excellent efficiency with more than 99.0 % extraction efficiency was obtained using 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Omim][BF4]) as an extractant. The extraction mechanism of the hydrogen bonds interaction between [Omim][BF4] and BPF three isomers were proven by 1H‐NMR spectrum and the density functional theory (DFT). From the 1H‐NMR spectrum, the immediate disappearance of the BPF isomer hydroxyl protons upon addition of [Omim][BF4] was found, which indicated the existence of hydrogen bond interaction between BPF isomer and [Omim][BF4]. Through the computer simulation, the hydrogen bonds strength decreased in the order of 2,2′‐BPF > 2,4′‐BPF > 4,4′‐BPF, which is consistent with the descending order of distribution coefficients obtained through the experiments. These results are promising for the liquid‐liquid extraction and enrichment of phenols in related industrial processes.

Molecularly imprinted polymer membranes for solid-phase extraction of bisphenol A

Molecularly imprinted polymer membranes for solid-phase extraction of bisphenol A

Water-compatible temperature and magnetic dual-responsive molecularly imprinted polymers for recognition and extraction of bisphenol A

Versatile molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely applied to various sample matrices, however, molecular recognition in aqueous media is still difficult. Stimuli-responsive MIPs have received increasing attentions due to their unique feature that the molecular recognition is regulated by specific external stimuli. Herein, water-compatible temperature and magnetic dual-responsive MIPs (WC-TMMIPs) with hydrophilic brushes were prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer precipitation polymerization for reversible and selective recognition and extraction of bisphenol A (BPA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) as characterization methods were used to examine the successful synthesis of polymers, and the resultant WC-TMMIPs showed excellent thermosensitivity and simple rapid magnetic separation. Controlled adsorption and release of BPA by temperature regulation were investigated systematically, and the maximum adsorption and removal efficiency toward BPA in aqueous solutions were attained at 35°C and 45°C, respectively, as well as a good recoverability was exhibited with the precision less than 5% through five adsorption–desorption cycles. Phenolic structural analogs were tested and good recognition specificity for BPA was displayed. Accordingly, the WC-TMMIPs were employed as adsorbents for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) and packed SPE of BPA from seawater samples. Using the two modes followed by HPLC-UV determination, excellent linearity was attained in the range of 0.1–14.5μM and 1.3–125nM, with low detection limits of 0.02μM and 0.18nM, respectively. Satisfactory recoveries for spiked seawater samples were achieved ranging from 86.3–103.5% and 96.2–104.3% with RSD within 2.12–4.33%. The intelligent WC-TMMIPs combining water-compatibility, molecular recognition, magnetic separation, and temperature regulation proved potentially applicable for selective identification, controlled adsorption/release and high-efficiency enrichment/removal of trace targets in complicated aqueous media.

Double-functionalised magnetic nanoparticles for efficient extraction of bisphenol A from river water

Environmental context Conventional pre-treatment methods are usually ineffective for the extraction of bisphenol A (BPA) from environmental water samples. We report that a novel magnetic nanoparticle with double-functionalisation is an excellent solid-phase adsorbent for extracting BPA from river water samples. This study provides a simple but efficient approach for extraction of low-concentration pollutants from water samples. Abstract In this study, double functionalised magnetic nanoparticles (DFMNPs) for extraction of bisphenol A (BPA) in an aqueous phase were designed and prepared. In the preparation of DFMNPs, amide and pyridine groups were simultaneously introduced into the surface of magnetic nanoparticles. A new dispersed solid-phase extraction (DSPE) method adopting DFMNPs as the adsorbents was developed for separating and enriching BPA from river water samples. This DSPE method showed fast magnetic response, high binding efficiency to target BPA, and short experimental time. The recovery of BPA in spiked river water was 94.4% with the DSPE method, which was much higher than those with traditional solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods. The high performance of DFMNPs on extraction of BPA from river water was attributed to the synergistic function of the amide and pyridine groups. The hydrophilic amide groups caused DFMNPs to disperse well in water, whereas the alkaline pyridine groups bound BPA effectively by ionic bonds. Our DSPE was particularly superior to conventional SPE in the pre-treatment of large-volume water samples as the time taken could be remarkably reduced.

Selective Solid‐phase Extraction of Bisphenol A Using a Novel Stir Bar Based on Molecularly Imprinted Monolithic Material

AbstractIn this paper, a novel monolithic stir bar based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was firstly developed by filling modified neodymium magnet (Nd2Fe14B) powders into a glass tube (60 × 4 mm), followed by the imprinted grafting with bisphenol A (BPA) as the template molecule by thermal polymerization. It has been successfully used for the stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and its extraction performance illustrated that the MIP‐encapsulated stir bar had stronger affinity to the template molecule, compared with the stir bar based on the non‐imprinted molecularly polymer (NIP). Under the optimal extraction conditions, a simple method based on the coupling of MIP‐SBSE with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the selective determination of the model mixtures of BPA, 4‐phenylphenol (PP) and phenol (P) in bottled water. The recoveries of BPA, PP and P were in the range of 88.5‐96.1%, 78.2‐89.7%, 81.3‐89.5% at three spiked levels, respectively, demonstrating that higher extraction and the specific absorption occurred between the template molecule and the prepared MIP stir bar.

MATRIX SOLID PHASE DISPERSION FOR THE EXTRACTION OF BISPHENOL-A FROM HUMAN BREAST MILK PRIOR TO HPLC ANALYSIS

Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion was applied to the effective and quantitative extraction of Bisphenol A (4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol) from human breast milk. A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was further developed and validated. The mobile phase consisted of CH3CN-H2O (70:30, v/v) and was delivered isocratically. The analytical column was Hichrom Kromasil 100-5C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) and was operated at ambient temperature. UV detection was performed at 230 nm. Sample preparation was achieved with matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) using the sorbent of Lichrolut cartridges with high recoveries (95.5%). The detection limit of the method was 5.3 µg/kg. Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was used as internal standard. Validation of the method was performed in terms of accuracy and precision: within-day assay (n = 6) and between-day assay (n = 3 × 3) and was found to be satisfactory, with high accuracy and precision results. The developed method was comparatively applied to the analysis of commercial cow milk samples with success.

Performance study of hollow fiber supported liquid membrane system for the separation of bisphenol A from aqueous solutions

In this work, extraction of bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions by hollow fiber supported liquid membrane is studied. The study had focused on the effects of various parameters, viz., hydrodynamic conditions, type of diluent, feed- and stripping- phase concentrations. Response surface method was adopted to determine the interactive effect of feed and stripping phase concentrations on BPA transport. At optimum conditions, 96% BPA extraction is achieved from aqueous solutions within 9.0h cycle-time. A mass transfer model was developed, and the aqueous and membrane resistances were evaluated to be 5.78×102scm−1 and 5.85×104scm−1, respectively.

Surface imprinted superparamagnetic nanoparticles for rapid and efficient extraction of bisphenol A from water samples

Surface imprinted superparamagnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@MIP) for bisphenol A (BPA) have been prepared by a rapid and simple UV irradiation initiated suspension polymerization method. The obtained nanoparticles show high binding affinity for BPA and enable rapid and efficient extraction of BPA from water samples. By combination with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, the method allows sensitive and reliable quantification of BPA in tap water with a detection limit as low as 0.1 ng/L for a sample volume of 100 mL. The polymerization method may be further extended to the preparation of surface imprinted magnetic nanoparticles for other analytes of interest.

Extraction performance of bisphenol A from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membrane using response surface methodology

In this work, the extraction of bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The organic membrane phase of the ELM consisted of a solvent (kerosene) and a surfactant (OP-4). The internal phase was sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with varying concentrations. Optimum conditions for stable emulsion were found out experimentally. The effects of the important operating variables on the BPA extraction were investigated and the values of these variables were optimized using the Central Composition Design (CCD) of RSM. These variables are the concentration of surfactant OP-4 in organic membrane phase, the treatment ratio (volume ratio of external phase to ELM phase, Rwe), the concentration of NaOH in internal phase and the volume ratio of organic membrane phase to internal phase (Roi). The 3D response surfaces of BPA extraction efficiency were obtained. The result shows that, under the optimum conditions, the observed BPA extraction efficiency of 97.52% can be achieved. Heat-induced demulsification was successfully conducted and the recycled membrane phase was proved to be effective.

Comparison of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes, Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes and C18 as Adsorbents for the Solid Phase Extraction of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol F in Canned Food

Three solid phase extraction sorbents including single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and C18 silica sorbents were evaluated for determining bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol F (BPF) in canned food. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up by the above-mentioned sorbents, respectively, then determined by GC-MS. The results showed that SWCNTs were more effective than the other sorbents for extraction of BPA and BPF in canned food. Therefore, SWCNTs was employed to determine BPA and BPF in real samples. BPA was found in analyzed samples within the concentration range from 0.7 to 5.1 μg kg−1.

Cloud Point Extraction of Bisphenol A from Water Utilizing Cationic Surfactant Aliquat 336

Abstract In this study, cloud-point extraction (CPE) using a cationic surfactant, tricaprylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336), was carried out to separate and concentrate bisphenol-A (BPA) from aqueous media. Cloud-point phase separation of Aliquat 336 at room temperature (25 °C) was induced by the addition of Na2SO4. The parameters influencing the extraction efficiency, such as concentrations of Aliquat 336 and Na2SO4, cosolvent (methanol), pH value and extraction time were evaluated. The results showed that the extraction efficiency was practically constant in the studied range of Aliquat 336, cosolvent (methanol), pH, and dissolved organic matters. Under the operational CPE conditions, distribution constant, KD, of the distribution of BPA between the surfactant-rich and aqueous phases of the CPE system was estimated to be approximately 104. Coupled to liquid chromatography with UV detection, the CPE method offered a detection limit of 0.34 μg l−1 in distilled water and recovery of BPA ranged from 90% to 108.6% with a sample volume of 50 ml in the three matrices studied. The high extraction efficiency might be due to the combination of ion pair, hydrophobic effects, and cation-π interaction, based on the micellars' size distribution and Zeta potential analysis.

Extraction of bisphenol A from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membrane

In this work, the extraction of bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disrupting compound, from aqueous solutions by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was studied. Liquid membrane consists of a diluent (hexane) and a surfactant (Span 80). 0.05N sodium hydroxide solution was used as internal aqueous phase. Effects of experimental conditions that affect the stability such as surfactant concentration, emulsification time, internal phase concentration and volume ratio of internal phase to membrane phase was investigated. The important variables governing the permeation of BPA were examined. These variables are sulfuric acid concentration in external phase, acid type in external phase, internal phase concentration, type of internal phase, surfactant concentration, stirring speed, volume ratio of internal phase to membrane phase, treatment ratio, BPA concentration, diluent type and presence of salt. This study also investigated the effect of NaOH concentration in the internal phase on the stripping of BPA. The results showed that by appropriate selection of the extraction and stability conditions, it was possible to extract nearly all of BPA molecules from the feed solution even in the presence of high concentration of salt. Under optimum conditions, very good stripping efficiency (98%) can be achieved.

Determination of Bisphenol A in Water Using a Packed Needle Extraction Device

A fiber-packed needle extraction device was used as a novel method for the extraction of bisphenol A from water samples. A bundle of filaments having a coating of polydimethylsiloxane was packed longitudinally into the needle. Good extraction efficiency was obtained even for an extraction time of 10 min, when the water sample was pumped through the needle with a syringe pump. The needle could be used repeatedly. The preparation procedure, included a derivatization process. Under optimum conditions, use of the fiber-packed needle showed a higher extraction efficiency than conventional sample preparation methods such as liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction.