Biosurfactant Extract Research Articles

Utilisation of oil-based waste for biosurfactant production

Chemical surfactants produced in large amounts globally have severe adverse effects on environment and human health due to their non-degradable and toxic nature. Eco-friendly biosurfactants with high stability, biodegradability, and low toxicity are the need of the hour. However, biosurfactants are less preferred due to high substrate cost and cumbersome extraction process. This study focused on repurposing of lipid-rich waste like coconut oil cake, rice husk and used cooking oil as a substrate for bacterial biosurfactant production. P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis were evaluated for production and P. aeruginosa was found to be an efficient biosurfactant producer. Among the substrates, coconut oil cake gave maximum yield of 19 mg/ml. The study also focussed on optimisation of biosurfactant extraction using organic solvents and precipitation methods. The yield obtained was maximum using chloroform and methanol (2:1) extraction method. The product obtained was characterised using standard methods and confirmed for its properties. It also exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against gram-positive species.

Characterization of extracellular and cell bound biosurfactants produced by Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus isolated from commercial corn steep liquor

The presence of biosurfactants produced by a Bacillus strain in corn steep liquor (CSL), a wastewater stream of the corn milling process, has been recently discovered. However, the species responsible for their production has not been identified at the moment. Therefore, in this work, the Bacillus strain isolated from CSL, with capacity to produce biosurfactants, was subjected to amplification and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA, being identified as Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus. This strain has been proved to be endospore forming and thermophile, what would explain its presence in the commercial CSL. It was observed that the strain under evaluation has the ability to produce both cell-bound and extracellular biosurfactant extracts, which were characterized in this work. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI) analysis of the biosurfactant extracts revealed that the extracellular biosurfactant produced by Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus is composed by a mixture of lipopeptides, containing C16 and C18 fatty acids and amino acids, including valine, phenylalanine, proline, cysteine, histidine, aspartic acid/asparagine, alanine, glycine, leucine/isoleucine, with biomarkers between 1025−458 m/z. Conversely, the cell-bound biosurfactant extract produced by Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus was composed by the cyclic decapeptide gramicidin S, with a characteristic peak at 571 m/z, and lipopeptides with characteristic peaks between 1034−705 m/z, containing alanine, glycine, cysteine, serine, proline, aspartic acid/asparagine, similarly to the amino acid sequence of the extracellular biosurfactant extract.

Purification and identification of surface active amphiphilic candidates produced by Geotrichum candidum MK880487 possessing antifungal property

The present study was held to optimize production, purify and identify biosurfactant from yeast strain Geotrichum candidum MK880487. Biosurfactant production was done on modified Hua medium and optimized in shake-flask method. Soybean oil (8%, v/v), KNO3 (0.75 g L−1) and yeast extract (0.3 g L−1) were the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, with C:N ratio of 200:1, pH 8 at 30 °C for 168 h. Production scale-up was achieved on 2.5 L bioreactor as batch method. The resulting crude biosurfactant extract with yield of 1.75 g L−1 was purified by reversed phase column preparative HPLC. The resulting most active fraction F47 significantly reduced water surface tension by 51.92%. Chemical characterization using TLC, GC-MS, FTIR and LC-MS/MS methods revealed the biosurfactant to contain mainly glycolipid structure existing as mixture of Icariside F2, Cardenolide Di-Hexopyranoside and Di Galactosyl Di Acyl Glycerol glycolipid that collectively showed potential antifungal activity toward Macrophomina phaseolina.

Fungistatic and Fungicidal Capacity of a Biosurfactant Extract Obtained from Corn Steep Water.

Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds that are produced by microorganisms, which in addition to their surfactant capacity, can possess interesting antimicrobial activities that are used in their incorporation into the agrifood industry. In this work, the preservative capacity of a novel biosurfactant extract obtained from a residual stream of the corn-milling industry was evaluated against two different fungi (Aspergillus brasiliensis and Candida albicans) under different biosurfactant concentrations (0.33–0.99 mg/mL), temperatures (4–40 °C), and incubation times (5–11 days). All the assays started with the same concentration of fungi (2 × 106 CFU/mL). The results showed that temperature played an important role in the bactericidal and fungistatic effects of this biosurfactant extract. It was observed that at a low biosurfactant concentration (0.33 mg/mL) and low or high temperatures in the range tested, this biosurfactant extract possessed an important fungicidal effect (complete inhibition) on A. brasiliensis, while at intermediate temperatures, it achieved a fungistatic effect (50% of inhibition). Regarding C. albicans, it was observed that this strain was more resistant than A. brasiliens, although it was possible to achieve growth inhibitions of 76.3% at temperatures of 40 °C after 8 days of incubation with a biosurfactant concentration of 0.99 mg/mL. This work supports the possible application of biosurfactants extracted from corn steep water as preservatives and antimicrobial agents against fungal contaminations on agrifood products.

Extraction, separation and characterization of lipopeptides and phospholipids from corn steep water

This is the first work about the fractionation, separation and identification of different bioactive compounds contained in a multifunctional biosurfactant extract, obtained from corn steep water through a liquid–liquid extraction with chloroform. In this extract, phospholipids (21%) were precipitated with acetone and identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/CID), detecting a characteristic signal at 758 m/z that corresponds with phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. In this extract, major biomarkers at 879 and 933 m/z and small signals between 1000 and 1500 m/z were also detected, corresponding with lipopeptides (25%) with different molecular weights. For determining the amino acids and fatty acids of these lipopeptides, the biosurfactant extract, obtained from corn steep water, was subjected to acid hydrolysis. Subsequent, the fatty acids contained in the hydrolysate were extracted with ether and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (CG-MS), discovering the presence of C16 and C18 fatty acids. Additionally, the hydrolyzed peptides, solubilized in the aqueous phase, were analized using ESI-MS/MS/CID, identifying glutamic acid/glutamine, aspartic acid/asparagine, glycine, alanine, arginine, proline and leucine/isoleucine. Free fatty acids (49.1%) were also quantified by titration with KOH. Remarkably, all the compounds identified in this multifunctional biosurfactant have high interest for obtaining more compatible formulations in different industries.

Study of biosurfactant extract from corn steep water as a potential ingredient in antiacne formulations

Background This is a novel work that includes the use of a biosurfactant extract obtained from corn milling industry (named BS-CSW), with antimicrobial activity, as ingredient in formulations to treat acne vulgaris. Methodology With this purpose, it was established an incomplete experimental design with 3 independent variables, based on the concentration of non-nano zinc oxide (ZnO) (0–2%), BS-CSW (0–5%) and salicylic acid (0–2%). Results This design allowed to obtain a theoretical model that calculates the inhibitory effect on Cutibacterium acnes (also named Propionibacterium acnes) for any formulation carried with the ingredients appointed before. It was observed a clear synergetic effect on the inhibition of C. acnes between ZnO and BS-CSW, in absence of salicylic acid. This fact allowed to reduce the concentration of ZnO, giving more ecofriendly and biocompatible formulations. Conclusions It was observed that the biosurfactant extract, in formulations with intermediate concentration of ZnO (1%), possess an inhibitory effect on C. acnes considerably higher than ZnO alone and similar to ZnO (1%) with salicylic acid (1%). This fact demonstrates the enormous potential of this bioactive extract in antiacne formulations.

Novel Multifunctional Biosurfactant Obtained from Corn as a Stabilizing Agent for Antidandruff Formulations Based on Zn Pyrithione Powder.

The cosmetic industry provides a wide variety of shampoos to treat dandruff, containing insoluble ingredients such as Zn pyrithione. However, the solubility of this active ingredient is quite limited in both water and oil media; thus, antidandruff formulations must include a large amount of chemically synthesized stabilizing ingredients to avoid their precipitation. In this work, the stabilization of Zn pyrithione in O/W emulsions using a biosurfactant (BS) extract and Tween 80 is studied. The study includes an incomplete factorial design based on the tea tree oil/water ratio and both surfactant and biosurfactant concentrations. The formulations are characterized in terms of particle size, stability after 30 days, and solubility of Zn pyrithione. The formulation that provided the most favorable results contains Tween 80 (5%) and BS extract (2.5%), with an O/W ratio of 0.01. This provides the smallest particle size (40.5 μm), good stability after 30 days (91.0%), and the highest solubility of Zn pyrithione (59%). The results obtained enable the use of the combination of BS extract and Tween 80 as bio/surfactants of antidandruff shampoo formulations, along with another antiseptic agent such as tea tree oil. Furthermore, this is the first work where a biosurfactant is considered to be a stabilizing agent in antidandruff formulations.

Potential application of a multifunctional biosurfactant extract obtained from corn as stabilizing agent of vitamin C in cosmetic formulations

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for human health, which can be found in the epidermis, playing an important role in the collagen production and protection of the skin. However, humans cannot produce this vitamin, being necessary to include it in health care products. Moreover, vitamin C is easily degradable making quite difficult to keep it as L-ascorbic acid form during long time. Thus, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries include dehydrated vitamin C in its formulations to prevent its degradation. Therefore, it must be rehydrated before use, leading to a tedious process.The aim of this work was to study the addition of a multifunctional biosurfactant extract (BS), obtained from corn wet-milling industry, to an aqueous solution of L-ascorbic acid (AA) in order to improve the stability of this vitamin.A Box-Behnken factorial design was established in order to predict the degradation of vitamin C, using as independent variables: the concentration of vitamin C, the concentration of BS and the storage time. This study allowed to obtain a theoretical equation that predicts the degradation of vitamin C in presence and absence of BS, which was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The experimental results showed that the presence of BS can inhibit the degradation of vitamin C in water up to 58% after 14 days in comparison with the same assays in absence of biosurfactant. This work opens the door to the use of this BS as stabilizing agent of formulations containing unstable active principles like vitamin C.

Bioconversion of agricultural waste hydrolysate from lignocellulolytic mold into biosurfactant by Achromobacter sp. BP(1)5

Abstract Rice straw and corn cobs have proven as a promising waste in the bioconversion of biomass into bioproducts. The lignocellulose content found in rice straw and corn cobs has the potential to be hydrolyzed into sugar and used as a carbon source for the growth of microorganisms. This study aims to utilize lignocellulose waste from rice straw and corn cobs for biosurfactant production by Achromobacter sp. BP(1)5. Rice straw and corn cobs were hydrolyzed using Penicillium citrinum H9 4% (v/v) for 6 days. Sugar content was analyzed using the Somogyi-Nelson method with UV–Visible spectrophotometer. Biosurfactants were produced in synthetic mineral water by adding hydrolysate sugar from rice straw and corn cobs for 7 days and evaluated through measurement of surface tension and emulsification activity. Achromobacter's biosurfactant crude extracts were characterized by critical micelle concentration (CMC) value and stability at the variation in pH, temperature, and salinity. Achromobacter sp. BP(1)5 was identified using 16S rRNA. The yields of sugar from rice straw and corn cobs hydrolysis sequentially were 2.260 and 7.880 g/L. The crude biosurfactant from hydrolysate sugar substrate of rice straw and corn cobs had same CMC value that was 6.0 g/L with emulsification activity on kerosene 27.22% and 36.84% respectively. Crude biosurfactant extracts from both substrates were stable on pH 4.0–10.0, temperature 30–70 °C and salinity 0–10% (w/v). This study showed that the agricultural wastes were a cheap material for biosurfactant production, thereby reducing obstacles for biosurfactant production.

Recovery of Biosurfactant Using Different Extraction Solvent by Rhizospheric Bacteria Isolated from Rice-husk and Poultry Waste Biochar Amended Soil

ABSTRACT Biochar is a stable solid material made from biomass via pyrolysis and can endure in soil for thousands of years. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of rhizospheric microorganisms in rice-husk and poultry waste biochar-amended soil for biosurfactant production. Rhizospheric microorganisms in biochar-amended soil were isolated and screened for biosurfactant production using different screening methods. Potential rhizospheric bacteria was used to produce biosurfactant using different recovery techniques and its hydrocarbon degrading efficiency was determined. A total of 41 rhizospheric bacteria were recovered from biochar-amended soil. Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp were the dominant isolates. Pseudomonas putida showed best biosurfactant potential isolates from the different screening results and was used to produce biosurfactant. Chloroform-methanol showed good recovery solvent for biosurfactant extraction. Chloroform/methanol (2:1) gave the highest quantity (3.15 ± 0.26) g/L of biosurfactant while ethyl acetate produced the least yield of biosurfactant (1.13 ± 0.82) g/L. Pseudomonas putida also showed the potential to degrade hydrocarbon over a period of 10 days. The results obtained revealed that potential isolates for biosurfactant production and efficient hydrocarbon degraders could be recovered from rice-husk and poultry waste biochar-amended soil.

Preliminary characterization and antimicrobial activity of crude biosurfactant extract from potential bacterial isolates

This research was done in order to extract and characterize biosurfactants produced by isolates obtained from used engine oil-contaminated soil. Biosurfactants from three isolates 2c, 2k and 2m were extracted to determine their stability over pH and temperature ranges. The functional group of the extract was analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and the antimicrobial activity of biosurfactants against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was studied. The biosurfactants demonstrated good stability as shown by oil displacement assay after being exposed to temperature from 27 °C to 70 °C and pH ranging from 4 to 12 for 24 h. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the extract of isolates 2k and 2m was discovered through the inhibition of Bacillus subtilis. The biosurfactants of isolates 2c and 2m were identified to possibly be from rhamnolipid group where they possessed O–H functional group within the range of 3550 to 3200 cm−1. Meanwhile, biosurfactants of isolate 2k was possibly a lipoptide biosurfactants as N–H functional group was observed at 3400 to 3300 cm−1. Thus, the three isolates chosen were shown to be the potential producer of rhamnolipid and lipopeptide type of biosurfactants and the extract did show good stability within the pH and temperature range tested.

A Multifunctional Biosurfactant Extract Obtained from Corn Steep Water as Bactericide for Agrifood Industry.

The increase of crop production along with stricter requirements on food security have augmented the demand of new and eco-friendly bactericides. Most of the bactericides used at the moment consist of persistent organic substances, representing a risk for environmental and human health. For instance, agriculture bactericides used for crop protection includes copper-based, dithiocarbamate and amide bactericides, which are not biodegradable, resulting in the necessity of further research about the production of new active principles that attack microorganisms without producing any harmful effect on human health or environment. The biosurfactant extract evaluated in this work as a bactericide, is obtained from corn steep water, a residual stream of corn wet milling industry, which is fermented spontaneously by probiotic lactic acid bacteria that possess the capacity to produce biosurfactants. In previous works, it has been demonstrated that this biosurfactant extract is able to promote the growth of Lactobacillus casei in drinkable yogurts, though its antimicrobial activity against pathogenic strains has not been evaluated at the moment. The results obtained in this work have proved that this biosurfactant extract is effective as bactericide against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, at concentrations of 1 mg/mL, opening the door to its use in agrifood formulations for reducing the use of chemical pesticides and preservatives.

Evaluation of a biosurfactant extract obtained from corn for dermal application

At present, there is an increasing demand to improve the sustainability of surface-active compounds in dermal formulations. Biosurfactants, which are derived from living cells, are considered to be more environmentally friendly than synthetic surfactants. Thus, the use of biosurfactants is a promising strategy for the formulation of more environmentally friendly and sustainable dermal products. In this work, a biosurfactant extract (BS) obtained from corn wet-milling industry was studied for its potential use in dermal formulations. The corn derived BS possesses good surface-active properties and was found to be a suitable co-stabilizer for nanoemulsions and nanocrystals for dermal application. It also possesses antioxidative and skin protective properties and was also able to increase the dermal penetration efficacy for lipophilic actives. In dermal formulations the BS can therefore be used as co-stabilizer with antioxidative and penetration enhancing properties at the same time.

Preservative and Irritant Capacity of Biosurfactants From Different Sources: A Comparative Study

One of the most important challenges for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries is solubilization and preservation of their active ingredients. Therefore, most of these formulations contain irritant chemical additives to improve their shelf-life and the solubility of hydrophobic ingredients. An interesting alternative to chemical surfactants and preservatives is the use of biosurfactants; thus, their surfactant properties and composition make them more biocompatible than their chemical counterparts. Moreover, some biosurfactants have shown antimicrobial activity in addition to their detergent capacity. In this work, the antimicrobial and irritant effect of 2 biosurfactant extracts was studied: one produced in a controlled fermentation process with Lactobacillus pentosus and the other produced from corn stream by spontaneous fermentation. The results showed a strong antimicrobial activity of the biosurfactant extract obtained from corn stream on pathogenic bacteria, in comparison with the L. pentosus biosurfactant extract. Moreover, both biosurfactants did not produce any irritant effect on the chorioallantoic membrane of hen's egg assay contrary to sodium dodecyl sulfate. This is the first study dealing with the application of biosurfactant extracts on sensitive biological membranes, and this is the first time that the preservative capacity of a biosurfactant extract obtained in spontaneous fermentation is being evaluated, achieving promising results.

Regeneration and reuse of bio-surfactant to produce colloidal gas aphrons for heavy metal ions removal using single and multistage cascade flotation

Bio-surfactants are commonly used in the treatment of wastewaters due to their favorable characteristics such as biodegradability and low toxicity. In this work, the bio-surfactants are extracted from low cost substrates like Ziziphus spina-christi (ZSC) plant leaves to reduce the cost of production. Thereafter, the bio-surfactant extracts were used for the preparation of colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) to remove heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+) from aqueous solutions.The molecules extracted from the leaves induced the foaming and detergent properties of the solution. Surface tension and electric conductivity techniques confirmed the formation of critical micelle at 5 wt% surfactant concentration. CGA bubbles were generated using the bio-surfactant extracts and employed in single stage and multistage cascaded flotation units to remove Cu2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. In the single stage flotation, the removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ from the single and equimolar mixed solution were low. However, in the multistage cascade flotation, the removal efficiency of Pb2+ and Cu2+ increased significantly to 90.7% and 88.2%, respectively. Interestingly, the collected foamate from the flotation columns was regenerated using calcium alginate adsorbent and reused further to prepare the CGAs. Bio-surfactant solution obtained from the leaves of ZSC proved to be useful in the preparation of CGAs and the treatment of heavy metal containing wastewater.

Isolation and characterization of a microorganism that produces biosurfactants in corn steep water

ABSTRACTIn this work a Bacillus strain with capacity to produce biosurfactants was isolated from commercial corn steep water (CSW). The identification of this bacterium was based on phenotypic characteristics. This is a Gram-positive Bacillus, macroscopically catalase-negative, that possesses high mobility and forms terminal endospore. The colonies formed by the isolated Bacillus strain are characterized by a creaming, dull and glistening phenotype with a small point-like elevation in the center. Regarding its antimicrobial activity, the isolated Bacillus strain was effective against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus observing, in the presence of pathogenic strains, a phenotype dissociation, switching the colonies from a whitish to yellowish pigmentation. The isolated microorganism, contrarily to other Bacillus strains, has the ability to produce extracellular and cell-bound biosurfactants. The analyses revealed that both biosurfactant extracts are similar to the lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis.

A Case Study of Biosurfactant Producing Bacterial Bloom from Oil Contaminated Sites After Flood in Kerala

Petroleum spillage around the world have played major role in generating the solid Wastes during the tanker accidents and stocking of crude oil. The ecology of hydrocarbon degradation by microbial populations in the natural environment is analysed, highlighting the physical, chemical, and biological factors that cause the biodegradation of petroleum and individual hydrocarbons. Therefore, the present study has shown that the indigenous Bacillus sp., isolated from the polluted study sample (Kochi) possessed the capacity to produce suitable biosurfactant. The effectiveness of the bioremediation mediated by the biosurfactant extract was studied by finding out the germination percentage of a fast growing leguminous plant (Pisum sativum). Therefore the findings of the study revealed that the bacillus sp., isolated from Kochi possesses remarkable oil degrading properties and can be effectively employed in the bioremediation of oil contaminated soils. It can be considered as one the effective clean-up technologies of the future.

Influence of surface modification on enhancement of luminescent properties of SiO2@SrTiO3:Dy3+ nanopowders: Probe for visualization of sweat pores present in latent fingerprints

The paper reports, novel SiO2@SrTiO3: Dy3+ (5 mol %) nanopowders fabricated via the low temperature sonochemical route by utilizing bio-surfactant Aloe Vera gel extract. The powder X-ray diffraction results display intense and narrow peaks confirm the monoclinic phase of SrTiO3. The photoluminescence emission spectra of SrTiO3:Dy3+ (5 mol %) with different layers of SiO2 coating display intense and characteristic peaks at ˜ 483 nm (4F9/2 → 6H15/2), 576 nm (4F9/2 → 6H13/2) and 664 nm (4F9/2 → 6H11/2). The broad thermoluminescence glow peak with maximum intensity at ˜ 200 °C for both with and without coated SrTiO3:Dy3+ (5 mol %) nanopowders was noticed. The optimized SiO2@SrTiO3:Dy3+ (5 mol %) nanopowders was most suitable for visualization of the latent fingerprints, revealing explicit specific ridge characteristics, including level I -III. Therefore, the present work opens a new possibility of use of prepared nanopowders for WLEDs, visualization of latent fingerprints and dosimetry applications.

Study of the synergic effect between mica and biosurfactant to stabilize Pickering emulsions containing Vitamin E using a triangular design

HypothesisVitamin E has interesting biological functions for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry because it can act as a fat-soluble antioxidant, as well as peroxyl radical scavenger. However, this vitamin is formed by a group of compounds that include tocopherols (γ-tocopherols, α-tocopherol) characterized by their poor solubility in water, what implies the need of using stabilizing agents such as biosurfactants or minerals, in order to make them soluble or stable in formulations composed by water and oil. ExperimentsIn this work, it has been evaluated the synergic effect between a mining silicate mineral (mica) and a biosurfactant extract, obtained from corn steep liquor, to stabilize emulsions containing water and a non-aqueous soluble antioxidant consisting of Vitamin E, through the use of a triangular design. FindingsThe results show that the presence of biosurfactant extract improves the emulsion volume up to 70% after 22 days, for an emulsion composed of Vitamin E and biosurfactant, whereas the mica component was able to increase the emulsion stability until values of 80% after 30 days of experiment, for those emulsions containing 10% of mica. Hence, both novel ingredients produce a synergistic effect on the Pickering emulsions carried out in the study.

Production and extraction of a potential antimicrobial biosurfactant by Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC9372 cultivated in dairy residues

Production and extraction of a potential antimicrobial biosurfactant by Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC9372 cultivated in dairy residues