Extraction Of Aromatic Compounds Research Articles

The microbiota of cork and yellow stain as a model for a new route for the synthesis of chlorophenols and chloroanisoles from the microbial degradation of suberin and/or lignin

BackgroundThe main application of cork is the production of stoppers for wine bottles. Cork sometimes contains 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, a compound that, at a concentration of ng/L, produces an unpleasant musty odor that destroys the organoleptic properties of wine and results in enormous economic losses for wineries and cork industries. Cork can exhibit a defect known as yellow stain, which is associated with high levels of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole. We describe how the microbiota of cork and yellow stain define a novel mechanism that explains the formation of chlorophenols and chloroanisoles (including 2,4,6-trichloroanisole) from p-hydroxybenzoate produced during lignin and/or suberin breakdown.ResultsElectron microscopy revealed that cork affected by yellow stain exhibited significant structural degradation. This deterioration was attributed to the presence of higher microbial populations compared to those found in standard cork. Cork microbiota is rich in filamentous fungi able to metabolize lignin. A metataxonomic analysis confirmed that yellow stain contained significantly greater populations of fungal species belonging to Absidia, Geomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Penicillium, Pseudogymnoascus, Talaromyces, and Umbelopsis. It also contained significantly greater amounts of bacteria belonging to Enterobacterales, Streptosporangiales, Tepidisphaerales, Pseudomonas, and several members of Burkholderiaceae, particularly species of the Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia group. The extraction of aromatic compounds from cork samples allowed the identification of several compounds typically observed following lignin depolymerization. Notably, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and phenol were detected. Two strains of the genus Streptomyces isolated from yellow stain were able to biotransform p-hydroxybenzoate into phenol in resting cell assays. Phenol could be efficiently chlorinated in vitro to produce 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by a fungal chloroperoxidase, an enzymatic activity commonly found in filamentous fungi isolated from cork. Finally, as has been widely demonstrated before, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol can be efficiently O-methylated to 2,4,6-trichloroanisole by many of fungi that inhabit cork.ConclusionsChlorophenols and chloroanisoles can be produced de novo in cork from p-hydroxybenzoate generated by the microbial biodegradation of lignin and/or suberin through the participation of different types of microorganisms present in cork. The natural origin of these compounds, which are of great interest for the chlorine cycle and represent a new source of environmental contamination that differs from that caused by human activity, is described.BmZYZKVv9XTmg3g6suYKG9Video

Extraction of aromatic compounds by water-rich aqueous two-phase system comprising surface-active ionic liquid and cationic surfactant

Extraction of aromatic compounds by water-rich aqueous two-phase system comprising surface-active ionic liquid and cationic surfactant

Formulation and evaluation of perfume from locally available flowers

The abstract should summarized the content of the formulation of perfume from flowers such as Rose, Crysanthemum, Plumeris, jasmine essential oil has been conducted. Essential oil from flowers was obtained by solvent exctraction. Perfume extraction is the extraction of aromatic compounds from raw materials,using methods such as solvent extraction’s essential oils are isolated from flowers. Which are the liquid and strong aromatic components and are a high concentrated oils extracted from aromatic flowers. Exctraction is a separation of aromatically active portion of flowers using selective solvent. In this formulation we use solvent extraction process. A literature search was performed to find flowers describing botanical name, genus, species, kingdom etc. The information used is from databases pubMed,Science direct and Goggle scholer. Evaluation test were performed such as Hedonic test, Sensory test, Spot test, Skin irritancy test. Based on result of quality evaluation it can be concluded that all flowers essential oil can be used as perfumery agent in perfume formulation and stable during the storage in room temperature.

Incorporating porous carbon materials into ionic liquid for high efficiency extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Ionic liquid is an ideal candidate in the extraction of aromatic compounds. The design and construction of ionic liquids with high extraction efficiency and selectivity towards to the specific aromatics remain crucial question. In this paper, with the aid of orthogonal array experiment, the imidazolium-based ionic liquids with long alkyl chain on the cations were determined to possess high aromatics extraction efficiency. Furthermore, the Lewis acid anion was introduced into the ionic liquid to form 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium ferric chloride ([C12mim][FeCl4]) and performed 62 % and 100 % extractant efficiency of naphthalene (NAP) and anthracene (ANT), respectively. Then the porous carbon materials (P1-1000) derived from hyper-crosslinked porous polymers (HCP) which possessed high BET surface area (1186 m2/g) was dispersed in [C12mim][FeCl4] to form porous ionic liquid. The single extraction efficiency of NAP improved from 62 % to 77 %. The great single extraction efficiency was attributed to the high porosity, additional adsorption sites provided by the Lewis acid anions and the hydrophobic long alkyl chain on the cations. After three times extraction, the concentration of NAP dropped down to 0. The porous ionic liquids also showed good recycle performance. The construction of porous ionic liquids provided an efficient approach for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aliphatic hydrocarbon.

Extraction of aromatic compounds from silver banana peel (Musa sapientum): qualitative and sensory approach

Silver banana (Musa sapientum) is one of the most consumed fruits in Brazil, and the country is its fourth largest producer in the world. The use of banana peel as a raw material in the industry can help in the production of natural aromas containing substances that resemble the fruit itself, and is therefore a valuable destination to be given to an organic waste that is generated in abundance. To make this application feasible, the extraction of aromatic substances from the peel of silver banana by isopropanol was tested in this work. Analyzes were performed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, aiming to characterize both the peel extract obtained experimentally and a commercial banana aroma available on the market. The analysis of the extracts showed that several substances associated with the banana aroma were extracted, at variable proportions, indicating that the extraction technique with isopropanol was effective in obtaining aromatic compounds relevant to the banana aroma from its peel. In turn, the comparison between the composition of the extract obtained from the banana peel and the commercial aroma of this fruit indicated the presence of an important aromatic compound in common: isoamyl acetate, which has a sweet and fruity sensory descriptor, with banana and pear characteristics. The recovery of this compound, which is already widely used in the flavor industry, confirmed the potential of the application of simple solvent extraction technology in this industrial sector, enabling the reuse of banana waste.

Subchronic and Developmental Toxicity of Aromatic Extracts

Aromatic extracts (AEs; distillate AEs [DAEs] and residual AEs [RAEs]) are complex, highly viscous liquid petroleum streams with variable compositions derived by extraction of aromatic compounds from distillate and residual petroleum fractions from a vacuum distillation tower, respectively. The DAEs generally contain significant amounts of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and are carcinogenic. The RAEs typically contain lower concentrations of biologically active PACs. The PACs in refinery streams can cause effects in repeated-dose and developmental toxicity studies. In a 13-week dermal study, light paraffinic DAE had several dose-related effects involving multiple organs; no-observed-effect level was <5 mg/kg/d, with no overt toxicity. Predicted dose-responses at 10% (PDR10s), modeled doses causing a 10% effect on sensitive end points based on PAC content, ranged from 25 to 78 mg/kg/d for untested paraffinic DAEs. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for developmental toxicity for light paraffinic DAE was 5 mg/kg/d. Statistically significant developmental effects at higher doses were associated with maternal effects. The PDR10s for developmental toxicity of paraffinic DAEs ranged from 7 to >2000 mg/kg/d, reflecting differences due to variation in PACs. The NOAELs for RAEs were 500 mg/kg for 90-day studies and 2000 mg/kg for developmental toxicity. Reproductive toxicity is not considered to be a sensitive end point for AEs based on the toxicity tests with DAEs, RAEs, and other PAC-containing petroleum substances. In vivo micronucleus tests on heavy paraffinic DAE, RAEs, and a range of other petroleum substances have been negative. The exception to this general trend was a marginally positive response with light paraffinic DAE. Most DAEs are considered unlikely to produce chromosomal effects in vivo.

On the Extraction of Aromatic Compounds from Hydrocarbons by Imidazolium Ionic Liquids

The liquid-liquid equilibrium for the ternary system formed by n-octane andaromatic (alkylbenzenes) and heteroaromatic compounds (nitrogen and sulfur containingheterocyles) and 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) associated with variousanions has been investigated. The selectivity on the extraction of a specific aromaticcompound is influenced by anion volume, hydrogen bond strength between the anion andthe imidazolium cation and the length of the 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium alkyl side chain.The interaction of alkylbenzenes and sulfur heterocyles with the IL is preferentially throughCH-π hydrogen bonds and the quantity of these aromatics in the IL phase decreases withthe increase of the steric hindrance imposed by the substituents on the aromatic nucleus. Inthe case of nitrogen heterocycles the interaction occurs preferentially throughN(heteroaromatic)-H(imidazolium) hydrogen bonds and the extraction process is largelycontrolled by the nitrogen heterocycle pKa. Competitive extraction experiments suggestthat benzene, pyridine and dibenzothiophene do not compete for the same hydrogen bondsites of the IL.

Ternary Liquid−Liquid Equilibria for Mixtures of an n-Alkane + an Aromatic Hydrocarbon + N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 298.2 K and 1 atm

Tie lines and liquid−liquid equilibrium data are presented for mixtures of an n-alkane + toluene + N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and mixtures of n-hexadecane + an aromatic hydrocarbon + N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 298.2 K and 1 atm pressure. n-Alkane refers to n-hexane or n-nonane or n-tetradecane or n-hexadecane, and an aromatic hydrocarbon refers toluene or o-xylene or m-xylene or p-xylene or mesitylene or ethylbenzene. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is an important solvent used in the extraction of aromatic compounds from alkane−aromatic mixtures. The data presented here complements data in the literature and gives a broader description of the phase equilibrium properties of the mixtures generated by an n-alkane + an aromatic hydrocarbon and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

Extraction of Aromatic Compounds from Heavy Neutral Distillate Lubricating Oils by Using Furfural

Abstract Liquid—liquid equilibrium data for the furfural—refined oil system, considered to be pseudoternary, were obtained at different temperatures in the 335–402 K range. Type I isotherms were observed at all temperatures for the two crude oils used: Kirkuk and Light Arabia. Tie-line compositions were correlated by the reduced Eisen—Joffe equation. Reliability of data was ascertained through Othmer—Tobias plots. The binodal curves and the tie-lines were predicted using the NRTL model with an average error lower than 5%. The viability of the simulation of the industrial extraction process using our experimental data has been proved.

Extraction of aromatic compounds from catalytic cracking light gas oil with nitromethane

It has been shown that nitromethane can be used successfully for separating kerosene-gas oil fractions to obtain raffinates which satisfy the requirements for diesel fuel plus highly aromatized extracts which contain less than 6% of saturated hydrocarbons.