Extraction Of Andrographolide Research Articles

A Novel Green Extraction and Molecular Docking Study: Effect of Native Cyclodextrins and Derivatives on the Extraction of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees

A Novel Green Extraction and Molecular Docking Study: Effect of Native Cyclodextrins and Derivatives on the Extraction of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Andrographolide, 14-Deoxy-11,12- didehydroandrographolide and Neoandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata: An Optimisation Study

Background: Andrographis paniculata is often used as functional foods owing to its broad range of pharmaceutical activities due to the presence of main terpene compounds such as andrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and neoandrographolide. The aforementioned compounds must be extracted from the plant material before it can be routinely used as a functional food ingredient. Objective: This work presents an optimisation study of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of terpene from Andrographis paniculata. In this study, two factors at three-level central composite face centred design was employed to optimise the process variables, including the effect of microwave power (75-175 W) and ethanol concentration (20-85%) on extraction of terpene from Andrographis paniculata. Methods: The experimental design was set based on initial screening on the effect of mesh size and solid solvent ratio. The present work was performed at fixed mesh size and solid solvent ratio, which corresponds to the highest yield established experimentally. Two most significant factors, i.e. microwave power and ethanol concentration was chosen and further studied for optimisation using a response surface methodology. The three-level, two-factor central composite design (CCD) has been employed to determine the effect of microwave power (15, 25 and 35 W/mL) and ethanol concentration (20, 52.5 and 85%) on the yield of terpene extraction. Identification and quantification of the terpene were performed via Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography- Photodiode Array (UPLCPDA). Results: The regression analysis showed good fit of the experimental data to the quadratic equation with coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.997. The optimum condition was found at microwave power of 140 W with 85% ethanol concentration, produced the highest yield of andrographolide (10.926 ± 0.053 mg/g DW), 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (4.336 ± 0.215 mg/g DW) and neoandrographolide (5.698 ± 0.252 mg/g DW). The model developed through response surface modelling has a desirability of 97.5% and the error between the experiment and the model predictions ranged from 2.4 to 5.2%. Conclusion: A successful optimisation of terpene extraction from A. paniculata via MAE was achieved at microwave power of 140 W and 85% ethanol. The model developed from the regression analysis is sufficiently accurate and can be used to predict the yield of terpene extraction from A. paniculata.

Synergy of in-situ formation of carbonic acid and supercritical CO2-expanded liquids: Application to extraction of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata

The environmental impact of excessive solvent usage in the pharmaceutical industry has generated research interests in the area of green and sustainable extraction processes. In this study, solvent minimization was done by exploiting the synergistic effect of pH lowering (via in-situ H2CO3 formation) and solvent’s volume expansion (via CO2-expanded solvent) in the extraction of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata. Conventional solid-liquid extraction (CSLE) and CO2-expanded liquid extraction (CXLE) were conducted using different solvents at a pressure range of 0.1–10 MPa and 40 °C in a batch-type extraction vessel to verify both the independent and combined effect of pH and the solvent’s volume expansion coefficient (V/V0) in the extraction recovery. Also, fresh and spent biomass were analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in order to assess the physical impact of the extraction scheme. The highest andrographolide recovery of 65% was obtained using CXLE with ethanol and water at pH = 3.02 and V/V0 = 4.8, owing to the synergistic effects of the two variables. Furthermore, an increase in extraction recovery with decreasing pH and increasing V/V0 was observed. Moreover, a significant morphological difference between the fresh and spent samples was observed from the results of characterizations, indicating a disruption in the cell wall associated to the expansion of the solvent as it penetrated the plant matrix. The proposed novel extraction strategy allowed a high extraction recovery of andrographolide while complying with sustainable and green practices.

Microwave Assisted Three Phase Extraction of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata

Present work reports a novel technique for the separation of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata, where three phase partitioning (TPP) was hyphenated with microwave extraction technique. Microwave irradiation when combined with TPP is called microwave assisted three phase partitioning (MTPP). Microwave is known to enhance the mass transfer of the reaction, thus overcoming the disadvantage of mass transfer resistance associated with conventional TPP. Quantification of andrographolide was done using HPLC. Soxhlet extraction was used as the standard for comparison, which yielded 42.25 mg/g of andrographolide in 240 min. While 38.53 mg/g yield of AP was obtained with optimized parameters as 6 min microwave irradiation time, 40 % salt concentration, 1:1 slurry to t-butanol ratio, 272 W power input, 50 % duty cycle, 1:20 solute to solvent ratio. MTPP was found to be superior over three phase partitioning and ultrasound assisted three phase partitioning with respect to yield, time and solvent consumption.

A Novel Molecular Imprint Polymer Synthesis for Solid Phase Extraction of Andrographolide

The use of molecularly imprinted polymers for Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) of bioactive compounds are getting popularity. The interest on efficient extraction process of andrographolide from the plant is increasing due to their vast therapeutic applications. In this study, andrographolide imprinted MIP was prepared by precipitation polymerization method using the non-covalent technique to use as sorbent materials for solid phase extraction of the bioactive compound. HyperChem 8.0.10 software was used to investigate and optimize the template and functional monomer ratio in the pre-polymerization system to synthesize the imprinted polymers. Molecular modeling gives information about molecular interactions and the Gibbs free energies of the pre-polymerization complex. Based on the computational study, andrographolide, methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were used as the template, functional monomer, and cross-linker, respectively at the 1:3:20 ratios. The MIPs were characterized by kinetic study and imprinting factor. The binding parameters for the recognition of andrographolide were studied using Langmuir, Freundlich and Langmuir-Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Andrographolide MIP contains the maximum number of binding sites with the adsorption capacity of 149.59 μg/g. The SPME experimental data best fit with Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model with the R2 value of 0.997. This research shows that the MIPs prepared by precipitation polymerization gives a good extraction capability using SPME method.

Quantification of Andrographolide Isolated from <i>Andrographis paniculata</i> Nees Obtained from Traditional Market in Yogyakarta Using Validated HPLC

This research was aimed to quantification of andrographolide isolated from A. paniculata Ness found in traditional market in Yogyakarta using validated HPLC to obtain high level content of andrographolide. The extraction of andrographolide from A. paniculata was carried out using ethanol as the solvent. Fractionation and isolation were continued using a non-polar solvent. Next, the extracts were re-crystallized to obtain isolated andrographolide. The identity of the compound was confirmed through an analysis of the melting point, IR spectra, and TLC. The purity of the compound was confirmed by the validated HPLC. The data obtained were then compared using an analytical grade of andrographolide as the standard. The isolated andrographolide confirmed melting point, IR spectra and TLC analysis were similar to the standard andrographolide. The method to determine the content of isolated andrographolide showed an adequate precision, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) smaller than 1%. The accuracy showed good recovery values were obtained for all concentrations used. The HPLC method in this study showed specificity and selectivity with linearity in the working range and good precision and accuracy, making it very suitable for the quantification of andrographolide isolated in A. paniculata. When compared to the standard, the purity of the isolated andrographolide was 95.74 ± 0.29%.

Rapid extraction of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata Nees by three phase partitioning and determination of its antioxidant activity

Abstract Three phase partitioning (TPP) process was developed for recovery of andrographolide (AP) from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata. AP is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and possesses antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and antidiabetic activity. Optimization of TPP process parameters such as pH, ammonium sulfate saturation, slurry to t-butanol ratio, time and solid to solvent ratio on the extraction efficiency was performed for enhanced yield of AP. Under optimum conditions of extraction (40% w/w ammonium sulfate, 120 min time, pH 7, 1:40 solute to solvent, 1:1 slurry to t-butanol ratio, 40 °C) the maximum AP yield of 26.55 mg/g was obtained. Considering soxhlet extraction as the reference for comparison, TPP showed 62.5% yield in 120 min whereas batch extraction produced 59.89% yield in 140 min. To investigate the antioxidant potential of A. paniculata extract, an in vitro assay (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay) of t-butanol and aqueous layer was performed. Also total phenolic content of both the layers were determined using Folin Ciocalteu reagent. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of t-butanol layer was higher as compared to aqueous fraction. A positive correlation of R2=0.988 between total phenolic content and % scavenging of t-butanol layer was observed. The result showed that t-butanol extract of A. paniculata exhibited high antioxidant activity and has the potential to be used as a source of natural antioxidant.

Mapping study of an ultrasonic bath for the extraction of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata using ultrasound

In the present work, extraction of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata L. was carried out by mapping an ultrasound bath to identify the active and passive zones within it. This helps in accurately placing the extraction vessel in the bath for obtaining a maximum yield. Various parameters of extraction like choice of solvent, time of ultrasound exposure, solute to solvent ratio, temperature, position and depth of extraction vessel, the frequency used, and input power were investigated. Aluminum foil weight loss test was also performed at different positions and its results were compared with the results obtained for extraction at same positions. Results revealed a similar trend in variation for both the investigations. Highest yield of andrographolide obtained was 27.97mg/g, at position 11, at a depth of 2.54cm, in only 10min of ultrasound irradiation, using 1:40 solute to solvent ratio, at a frequency of 22kHz, utilizing 134W of power with 50% ethanol as the solvent. Calorimetric studies were also carried out within the reaction vessel at these positions, to determine the actual power being utilized for extraction. Power dissipated at these locations differed from each other and maximum power was found to be dissipated at position 11. This study implies the significance of the above mentioned parameters in mapping of an ultrasound bath which can further be used for extraction of biomolecules from natural products.

Kinetics of green solid-liquid extraction of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata: effects of particle size and solid-liquid ratio

AbstractIn this work, the influences of particle size and solid-liquid ratio on the kinetics of green solid-liquid extraction of andrographolide from

Mathematical Model of the Hydrotropic Microwave Assisted Extraction of Anti Malarial Agent from Andrographis Paniculata

The drugs traditionally used to treat uncomplicated malaria have become ineffective, due to the development of drug resistance. It has led to a widespread promotion of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as a strategy for effective management of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The main drawback of the ACTs is their high cost. Hence, many phytoconstituents are currently investigated for their antimalarial activity. One of them is andrographolide of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. A combination of microwave assisted-extraction and the utilization of hydrotrope as the extraction medium is already proved as a potential safe alternative for the separation of andrographolide. Mathematical models of extraction plays a crucial role in basic research of phytoconstituent separation; they are not yet available for hydrotropic-microwave assisted extraction of andrographolide. Therefore, there is a need to conduct a scientific study in this field. The mathematical model is a useful engineering tool for equipment optimization, simulation, design and control, allowing theoretical description of the process and evaluation of the kinetic constant. The aim of this work was to model the kinetics of hydrotropic-microwave assisted extraction of andrographolide. The kinetics of hydrotropic-microwave assisted extraction of andrographolide was studied for two different powers of the microwave extractor (10% and 30%). A second order kinetic model describes the solid liquid extraction process of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall.

THE APPLICATION OF HYDROTROPES AS MEDIUM IN THE EXTRACTION OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE

Hydrotrope solutions provide safe and effective media for the microwave assisted extraction of andrographolide, the major bioactive chemical constituent of plant Andrographis paniculata. Microwave assisted extraction of androgpaholide was carried out by using hydrotropes, sodium benzoate and urea. The objective of this work were to determine the Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) and to determine the effectiveness of each hydrotrope with respect to andrographolide at different system powers. The microwave assisted extractions of andrographolide were carried out at different concentration of hydrotropes (0.2-3M) and different system powers (39.9 and 119.7 Watt). Twenty grams of Andrographis paniculata dried powder were added to 200 ml of hydrotrope solutions and extracted in a microwave extractor for 15 minutes. The research result showed that the percentage of the microwave assisted extraction of andrographolide by using sodium benzoate and urea were up to 10.9% and 1.05% respectively. The Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration and the effectiveness of hydrotropes that was measured in term of Setschenow constant (K s ) were reported for two hydrotropes used in this study.

The Application of Response Surface Methodology in Hydrotropic Microwave Assisted Extraction of Andrographolide

Andrographolide of Andrographis paniculata is reported has a broad category of pharmacological activity. Various attemps have been done in order to improve the andrographolide extraction performance. Hydrotropic-microwave assisted extraction provides an effective method in andrographolide extraction. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) along with central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the hydrotropicmicrowave assisted extraction of andrographilde. The effect of extraction time (X1), solid-liquid ratio (X2), and hydrotropes concentration (X3) were investigated. The result showed that the most suitable condition for extraction of andrographolide was found to be extraction at 32,5 minutes, solid liquid ratio of 0,095 and hydrotropes concentration of 4M. The maximum extraction percentage experimentally (5,45%) was found to be very close to its predicted value. It was also found that hydrotropes concentration was the most influencing variable. The mathematical model for the hydrotropic-microwave assisted extraction is : Y = 4.812 + 1.66X 1 − 2.366X 1 2 + 0.478X 2 − 2.473X 2 2 + 2.216X 3 − 0.983X 3 2 +0.385X 1X 2+0.476X 1X 3+0.429X 2X 3 Keyword: andrographolide; hydrotrope; microwave asisted extraction; response surface methodology

A novel microwave-assisted extraction for the isolation of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata and its in vitro antioxidant activity

Andrographis paniculata has a long history of use in traditional medicine and andrographolide is one of its potent compounds. In this study, a rapid isolation of andrographolide (colourless, bitter and crystalline diterpene lactone) was carried out by a newly developed microwave-assisted extraction. The extraction intensity, time and amount of solvent were optimised prior to this. The conventional heating method provided a 0.4452% yield of andrographolide and microwave heating at 210 W for 40 min provided a 0.589% yield. Compared to conventional extraction procedures, the results suggested that the proposed method was an effective alternative for the extraction of andrographolide. The isolated compounds were found to be the same by UV, HPTLC and 1H-NMR studies. The isolated andrographolide was tested for in vitro antioxidant activity, and showed a potent free radical scavenging activity.

Technical optimization of the extraction of andrographolide by supercritical CO 2

An experimental design has been built in order to study the influence of different parameters on the crystallization ratio and purity of andrographolide extraction using supercritical CO 2: pressure (8–24 MPa), temperature (40–70 °C) and extraction duration (45–105 min). Crystallization ratios are between 14.32 and 72.29 wt%, and purities are between 43.11 and 79.78 wt%, indicating that the experimental design covers a large range of results. The results indicate that pressure and extraction duration are the most influencing parameters.

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata: Effect of the Solvent Flow Rate, Pressure, and Temperature

Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, and sore throat. In this study, andrographolide, the main component of this plant was extracted from the leaves of A. paniculata using supercritical carbon dioxide. The operating pressures were varied from 7.50 to 20MPa, the temperatures were varied from 30°C to 60°C, and the flow rates were varied from 0.5 to 4ml·min -1. The best extraction condition occurred at 10MPa, 40°C, and a flow rate of 2ml·min -1 for a 3g sample of A. paniculata ground-dried leaves. The measured extraction rate was found to be about 0.0174g of andrographolide per gram of andrographolide present in the leaves per hour of operation. The future studies must focus on the interaction between the various operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide.

Application of genetic algorithm for determination of the effective diffusivity of andrographolide in plant materials

The effective diffusivity of natural medicinal components is an important property for a detailed pharmaceutical extraction study and a proper design of the extraction process and unit. A mass transfer mathematical model for solvent extraction of andrographolide was developed and numerically solved taking into account particle geometries, solvent concentration, mass fraction of two different geometries of plant materials, external mass transfer resistance and solid–liquid equilibrium concentration. Using inverse simulation approach with genetic algorithm, unknown four key parameters in the developed model, effective diffusivity, partition coefficient, average particle size and mass fraction of leaf particles were determined at different extraction temperatures and solvent concentrations. The simulated data through the genetic algorithm-numerical model (GA-NM) and experimental data showed a good agreement ( r 2 > 0.97 and MSE < 0.0016) indicating that the scheme with genetic algorithm can be effectively used for determination of the effective diffusivity of andrographolide in plant materials.

Fast Batch to Continuous Transposition: Application to the Extraction of Andrographolide from Plants

The objective of this study is to propose a fast development method for batch to continuous processes transposition. This method is based on transient regime experiments analysis and is applied to a solid liquid extraction. The application under consideration is the extraction of an active principle from plant in a non-sinusoidal pulsed column. Typically, the proposed signal is composed of two different periods: in one hand, a classical sinusoidal pulsation step used to mix the liquid and solid phases in the active part of the column and allow an optimal mass transfer and, in a second hand, an impulsion phase, used generally for the transport of solid. The extraction is carried out in a disc and doughnut column of 54 mm in diameter, and 3.5 m in height. Liquid and solid are flowing cocurrently and downwardly. This technological improvement has been implemented to solve the difficulties due to the important heterogeneity of the matter: part tends to float and other to sink, which always leads to a definitive flooding in classical operations. The effects of the solid flow rate and of the solvent characteristics on the hydrodynamic behavior of the column are studied. The mean residence time and the total solid holdup are calculated by using transient regime mass balance on experiments. These experiments allow pointing out and quantifying opposite effects of the operating parameters. Mass transfer experiments have been performed and the results fit calculated values obtained by coupling the hydrodynamic with batch extraction results. Despite of the simplification made, this validates the fast development method proposed to help the batch to continuous transposition.

A New Pulsation Policy in a Disk and Doughnut Pulsed Column Applied to Solid-Liquid Extraction of Andrographolide from Plants

Classically, sinusoidal oscillations are imposed to enhance mixing and mass transfer between two phases contacted. But, in any case of solid-liquid contact, it was noticed that this pulsation mode was not efficient enough to allow a controlled behavior of the solid phase. The problem is particularly met during the treatment of raw plants or polydispersed populations with complex physical properties. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the viability of using a nonsinusoidal pulsation in a continuous contactor to replace a traditional batch sinusoidal mode. A review of the different pulsation techniques is firstly presented. The example of solid-liquid extraction of andrographolide from plants has then been chosen to bring out the advantages of the new pulsation mode. The development of this application as a continuous process in a column has indeed encountered difficulties due to the important heterogeneity of the matter: one of these classes tends to float and the other to sink, which always leads to a definitive flooding in classical operations. Typically, the proposed signal is composed of two different periods: on the one hand, a classical sinusoidal pulsation step used to mix the liquid and solid phases in the active part of the column and allowing an optimal mass transfer and, on the other hand, an impulsion phase, generally used for the transport of solid. The extraction is carried out in a disk and doughnut column of 54 mm in diameter and 3.5 m in height. Liquid and solid are flowing concurrently and downwardly. Experiments have been performed to know the global characteristics of the process in steady state and to suggest some elements for industrial design. The results showed that an optimal tuning of the geometric characteristics of the column, the level of interface and the parameters of the pulsation could increase the operated domain where flooding is avoided.

Solid–liquid extraction of andrographolide from plants—experimental study, kinetic reaction and model

Solid–liquid extraction is performed from leaves and stems of Andrographis paniculata in ethanol–water solvent, in order to obtain andrographolide. The first part of this work concerns the acquisition of the raw plant geometric and physicochemical characteristics. Then batch experiments are done in order to study the influences of the operating parameters (temperature, nature of the solvent and particles size). Furthermore, the destruction of the solute with high temperature is also studied. In the last part, an two-shape extraction model is proposed and compared with experimental data. This model includes the shape factor of the particles population composed of stems and leaves (cylinders and plates).