Alginate Extraction Research Articles

Optimal conditions for alkaline treatment of alginate extraction from the brown seaweed Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh by response surface methodology

Industrial applications of sodium alginate (SA) stimulate extraction processes, resulting in greater productivity. We determined the effects of pH, temperature, and extraction time of the alkaline treatment on the yield and viscosity-average molecular weight (Mv) of alginate. The optimal conditions (80 °C, pH 10, 90 min) resulted in a yield of 45.79% and Mv of 207.09 KDa. The pH had the highest effect, whereas the effect of time was negligible. The increase in pH led to an increase in the dynamic viscosity, a reduction in antioxidant capacity, and lighter colored alginates. The optimized alkaline treatment was satisfactory to obtain high SA yields from seaweed. Our results facilitate the improvement of the extractability and physicochemical properties of alginate, reducing the processing time and enabling its widespread use in different industrial sectors.

The Influence of a Novel Chitosan-Based Coating with Natural Antimicrobial Agents on the Storage Properties and Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism of Harvested Tangelo Fruit

This study investigated the effects of a novel antibacterial film based on chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, tea polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and tangelo peel extract on the postharvest quality and reactive oxygen species metabolism of tangelo fruit during storage. The composite film significantly reduced the fruit decay rate and weight loss, delayed the reduction in total soluble solids and titratable acidity, and retained fruit firmness and the appearance of tangelo fruit during storage. Furthermore, the composite film effectively reduced the fruit respiration rate, inhibited the increase in cell-membrane permeability, markedly reduced the generation of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde, and enhanced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. The composite film also reduced losses of the nonenzymatic antioxidants ascorbic acid and glutathione. Overall, the chitosan-based composite antibacterial film effectively maintained the quality of tangelo fruit during storage, enhanced ROS scavenging capacity and antioxidant properties, and then reduced the rot rate of postharvest tangelo.

Life cycle assessment of a seaweed-based biorefinery concept for production of food, materials, and energy

Blue Economy is seen as an essential contributor to a sustainable development, and it is an important part of the EU Green Deal. Seaweed plays a key role in the Blue Economy as a source of food, feed, and feedstock for biorefineries. Today, the largest part of global seaweed production is based in Asia, but there is also a growing interest in seaweed production in Europe. However, more knowledge on the environmental impacts is needed to ensure sustainable growth of the sector. Seaweed can be used in biorefineries to produce a variety of products for food and non-food applications. The aim of this paper was to perform a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a seaweed value-chain, including seaweed cultivation and production into sodium alginate, biodegradable materials, biogas, and fertilizer in a biorefinery setting. The LCA included 19 environmental impact categories but focused on climate change. The seaweed Saccharina latissima was cultivated and processed in Ireland. Sodium alginate was then extracted by means of ultrasound-assisted extraction, a novel extraction technology. Cellulosic residues produced after the extraction were used for the production of films used as a packaging material. Residues that remain after the production of the films were sent to anaerobic digestion to achieve a no-waste concept. For seaweed cultivation, fuel use and drying of seaweed biomass were the main environmental hot spots; and for the alginate extraction process, the yield and purification after extraction were the main hot spots. Overall, the results of this paper showed that the seaweed-based biorefinery has the potential to be sustainable, but several improvements are necessary before it is competitive with land-based systems.

A Brief Review on the Development of Alginate Extraction Process and Its Sustainability

Alginate is an attractive marine resource-based biopolymer, which has been widely used in pharmaceutical, food and textile industries. This paper reviewed the latest development of the conventional and alternative processes for alginate extraction from brown seaweed. To improve extraction yield and product quality, various studies have been carried out to optimize the operation condition. Based on literature survey, the most commonly used protocol is soaking milled seaweed in 2% (w/v) formaldehyde, overnight, solid loading ratio of 1:10–20 (dry weight biomass to solution), then collecting the solid for acid pre-treatment with HCl 0.2–2% (w/v), 40–60 °C, 1:10–30 ratio for 2–4 h. Next, the solid residue from the acid pre-treatment is extracted using Na2CO3 at 2–4% (w/v), 40–60 °C, 2–3 h, 1:10–30 ratio. Then the liquid portion is precipitated by ethanol (95%+) with a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). Finally, the solid output is dried in oven at 50–60 °C. Novel extraction methods using ultrasound, microwave, enzymes and extrusion improved the extraction yield and alginate properties, but the financial benefits have not been fully justified yet. To improve the sustainable production of alginate, it is required to promote seaweed cultivation, reduce water footprint, decrease organic solvent usage and co-produce alginate with other value-added products.

Extraction, Physicochemical Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Alginate from a Mediterranean Species of Brown Algae Dictyopteris membranaceae

Brown seaweeds have attracted the attention of research. Alginates, one of the components of brown seaweed, are the subject of our study. In this work, we present the extraction, the physico-chemical characterization and the pharmacological evaluation of alginate from the brown seaweed Dictyopteris membranaceae. The extraction of alginates from brown seaweed was conducted using Rioux et al. method with few modifications. The characterization of alginates was then preceded by infra-red spectroscopy. The content of different components was determined using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Molecular properties were determined using size exclusion chromatography. The results of our study showed that the yield of extraction of alginate from Dictyopteris membranacea is 7% of dry weight. Protein, total sugar and alginic acid content were determined using colorimetric assays. The results are comparable to those reported in literature. The infra-red spectrum confirmed the nature of our extract. The molecular weight is 77823 Daltons. Additionally, our extract presented a higher gastroprotective activity at 200mg/Kg than sucralfate administered at the same dose. Our results suggest that alginate from Dictyopteris membranaceae could be used as a gastroprotective agent.

Extraction and characterization of sodium alginate from three brown algae collected from Sanur Coastal Waters, Bali as biopolymer agent

Abstract. Permatasari AAAP, Rosiana IW, Wiradana PA, Lestari MD, Widiastuti NK, Kurniawan SB, Widhiantara IG. 2022. Extraction and characterization of sodium alginate from three brown algae collected from Sanur Coastal Waters, Bali as biopolymer agent. Biodiversitas 23: 1655-1663. Sodium alginate extracted algae are gaining attention as alternative biopolymer materials. This research aimed to extract and characterize the natrium alginate from three brown algae obtained from Sanur Beach, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Alginate extraction was carried out using acid hydrolysis by Na2CO3 with further purification using isopropyl alcohol. Physicochemical characterization was carried out using FT-IR. The results showed that Sargassum aquifolium and Turbinaria ornata had higher yields (%) than Padina australis (P<0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in water content, protein content, fat content and pH of the three brown algae. Overall, these three types of brown algae have values ??that are close to the sodium alginate standard set by the Food Chemical Codex (FCC), except for the results of Padina australis in the yield parameter. The functional group Na which is characteristic of sodium alginate is present in all alginate isomers, but there are some functional groups that are still not available in the extraction process in this study based on FT-IR analysis. These findings indicate that sodium alginate extracts from various types of brown algae have specific characteristics as defined by the Food Chemical Codex (FCC) and show great potential to be used as biopolymer materials, especially in the biomedical field.

Life cycle assessment of a nanomaterial-based adsorbent developed on lab scale for cadmium removal: Comparison of the impacts of production, use and recycling

Many nanoadsorbents are reported in the literature, exhibiting remarkable properties in the removal of low concentrations of toxic metals. However, their environmental performance has not yet been well studied. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out for a previously reported nanomaterial-based adsorbent, silicate-titanate nanotubes chitosan beads (STNTs-Ch beads), used to remove cadmium from wastewater. The environmental impacts associated with the synthesis of the nanomaterial and the final adsorbent, including use and recycling, were evaluated. The hotspot of the process was the synthesis of the nanomaterial, mainly due to high electricity consumption, suggesting that energy use must be reduced in the scaling up. The chemicals used may become an environmental problem once electricity consumption in the process is optimised on a large-scale process. The environmental impacts associated with the synthesis and the use of the process were compared with granular activated carbon (produced on industrial scale), a resin based on titanium dioxide (pilot scale), and an adsorbent based on a residue after alginate extraction (laboratory scale). Granular activated carbon had the lowest impacts, suggesting again that optimisation of energy and chemicals should be prioritised in the production of emerging materials. • LCA was carried out for a nanomaterial-based adsorbent for treating Cd in water. • The hotspot of the process was the synthesis of the nanomaterial STNTs. • Reduced and fossil-free electricity will significantly improve the carbon footprint. • The amounts of NaOH and TiO 2 may also be considered in scale-up. • Recycling the nanoadsorbent significantly reduced its environmental impacts.

The effect of extraction time on the quality of brown seaweed Na-Alginate Sargassum polycisteum as the base material for SBK Edible Film

Brown seaweed is an alginate-producing seaweed because of its high polysaccharide hydrocolloid content. Alginate is one type of hydrocolloid by organic polymers in water. This study aimed to obtain a suitable method in producing sodium alginate to produce a large yield. The research method includes the preparation of seaweed, extraction, and purification of alginate using EDTA, and testing the quality of the resulting alginate. The results showed that the yield of alginate produced in this study was 18.47-24.31%. The viscosity and water content test results showed that the alginate yield was 892 cps with an extraction time of 6 hours and 14.82% (w/v). Functional group analysis revealed a mannonate fingerprint region that indicated the absorption peak from alginate characteristics. The ash content test produced is in the range of 14.25%-26.57%. The pH of Na-alginate is in the range between 8-10. Water vapor transmission rate is ranged from 10.13-11.56 g/m2.hours to edible film application.

Characterisation and Antibacterial Properties of Novel Biodegradable Films Based on Alginate and Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Extract.

Composite films were prepared with alginate and roselle extract (HE) at different concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5% w/v) via solvent casting technique and analyzed in terms of physical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties. The incorporation of HE into alginate films resulted in rough and heterogeneous surface characteristics with increasing concentrations of HE. The thickness and water vapor permeability of alginate–HE composite films were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to pure alginate films. Moreover, water content, solubility, swelling, tensile strength, and elongation at break value of the composite films decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of the extract. FTIR spectra revealed shifts and intensity variations in the composite films and the formation of new peaks suggesting a possible interaction between alginate and HE. Alginate–HE films exhibited good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. The antibacterial effect of the films, more pronounced against Gram-positive bacteria, increased with higher amounts of HE. The resulting films may be utilised as new biodegradable, antibacterial films in the food packaging industry to prolong shelf life and preserve food safety.Graphical Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s12649-022-01710-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Characterization and extraction of sodium alginate from Tunisian algae: synthesizing a cross-linked ultrafiltration membrane

Characterization and extraction of sodium alginate from Tunisian algae: synthesizing a cross-linked ultrafiltration membrane

Life cycle assessment on alginate-based nanocomposite beads for the removal of lead(II) from aqueous solutions

Alginate-based nanocomposite beads have been widely studied as adsorbents for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions because of their low cost and superior adsorption performance. Additionally, they can be reused after regeneration via desorption for increased sustainability. This paper, for the first time, reports the environmental impacts of incorporating halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) into blank alginate beads, and the impacts of acid regeneration followed by reuse of these beads. We assessed a total of 10 impacts through a life cycle assessment on alginate-HNTs nanocomposite beads for the removal of lead(II) from aqueous solutions. From our results, the incorporation of HNTs into blank alginate beads to improve their mechanical stability and adsorption performance posed insignificant burden to the environment. To produce the beads, the greatest contributor to all environmental impacts was found to be the large quantity of HCl used for the extraction of alginate from seaweed, followed by truck transportation of the beads. Furthermore, the regeneration and reuse of the spent beads reduced all environmental impact categories by at least 72% for the entire life cycle. To improve the sustainability of the beads production, it was suggested to reduce and reuse HCl and water throughout the process, as well as to source for locally produced materials to reduce transportation distances.

Process optimization for the extraction of alginate, derived from sargassum fluitans

Brown algae is the class of seaweed which is widely used in industrial, food and medical sector. Sargassum is the major type of brown algae with furthermore than 300 sub species and Sargassum fluitans is one of them. The extraction of alginate from brown algae: Sargasssum fluitans was studied at boiling temperature from 90 to 120 oC, alkaline concentration from 4 to 10 w/w % and boiling time from 2 to 8 hours. The alginate is extracted from each experiment and studied the impact of boiling temperature, alkaline concentration and boiling time on yield one by one. The maximum yield of alginic acid was determined by evaluating the effect of three parameters independently. In addition, the optimum yield of alginate was investigated from the influence of three variables by using Box-Behnken experimental design. From the experiments, the maximum yield 0.272 (g/g) of alginate was obtained at 10 % alkaline concentration with extraction time of 6 hours at 120ºC. The recommended optimum parameters for commercial production of alginate from the sargassum fluitans are 110 oC, 6 w/w % of alkaline concentration with 4 hours of boiling and the optimum yield at defined optimum conditions was 0.26 (g/g). The maximum yield can be achieved at extreme conditions but that is not commercially viable.

Valorization of alginate-extracted seaweed biomass for the development of cellulose-based packaging films

Seaweed residues from Alaria esculenta, Saccharina latissima and Ascophyllum nodosum after alginate extraction have been valorized to produce cellulose-based fractions with different purification degrees. The residues were mainly composed of carbohydrates (35–57%) and proteins (12–37%), Alaria and Saccharina being richer in cellulose and Ascophyllum richer in fucoidan. The lower cellulose content in the latter made it unsuitable for the extraction of cellulosic fractions.Self-supporting films were obtained from the cellulosic fractions from Saccharina and Alaria residues. While the higher cellulose purity films presented more desirable characteristics in terms of mechanical properties (with elastic moduli of ca. 5–7 GPa and elongation values of ca. 3–5%) and visual appearance, the presence of non-cellulosic components in the films from less purified fractions reduced their water sensitivity and promoted greater water barrier (with water permeability values of ca. 4–6 kg·m/s·m2·Pa). These results point towards the potential of a simple alkaline extraction to generate cellulose-based films from seaweed residuals with the best compromise between functional properties and economical and environmental efficiency.

Producing Active Secondary Metabolite Against Pathogenic Vibrio spp. by Actinobacteria-Sodium Alginate Co-Culture

Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi have been found in aquatic environments and suspected as the primary trigger of WFD (White Feces Disease) outbreaks in aquaculture. This Vibrio spp. has an antibiotic resistance to Ampicillin, Co-Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Actinobacteria and Ciprofloxacin HCL. Actinobacteria and alginate have been reported to increase the marine biota resistance against diseases through prebiotic and probiotic mechanisms. This study aims to discover and increase the secondary metabolite production of Actinobacteria-Alginate and its ability as anti-vibrio. Alginate extraction in the samples dated September 2020 originally from Teluk Awur Bays, Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia (33.73±1.84%) was considerably higher than in May 2021 (22.67±0.3%). Samples were taken from sediment and mangrove root. Actinobacteria strains are macroscopically and microscopically similar to the genus Streptomyces. The most well-known antibiotics were produced by Streptomyces spp. The anti-vibrio test was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion. The results were observed by measuring the inhibition zone surrounding the paper disc using a digital calliper. Co-culture strain 90 together with alginate have an approved antibacterial activity against all Vibrio spp. in the concentration of 10.disc-1 mg and 5 mg.disc-1. Co-culture Actinobacteria with alginate has remarkably changed the green-yellow color to olive green/dark red-orange (strains 3, 62, 63, 72, and 90), indicating the transformation of the formation alginate with pigments into other compounds through the biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, alginate enables to support of Actinobacteria by induction the active secondary metabolite as an anti-vibrio to counteract the bacterial pathogen diseases.

Synergic effect of sodium alginate and Citrus lemon extract on the in-situ synthesis of AgNPs in a polymeric matrix

The aim of this work was to prepare a polymer matrix nanocomposite doped with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and to evaluate the size and distribution of the nanoparticles in the alginate matrix. Also, the antibiofilm properties of the prepared composites were evaluated. The nanoparticles were synthesized in an alginate matrix by the in-situ method. The prepared nanoparticles had a wide size range (∼20% were up to 30 nm in diameter and larger particles (up to 90 nm) were also observed). To improve the AgNPs synthesis, Citrus lemon extract was added. The synergic effect of alginate and Citrus lemon extract on the in-situ synthesis of the AgNPs was proved (85% of the synthesized nanoparticles were <30 nm in diameter). Subsequently, thin films of alginate-AgNPs composites were prepared by spin coating and stabilized with a calcium chloride solution. The synthesis of the AgNPs and the presence and distribution of the AgNPs in the polymer matrix nanocomposites were evaluated by UV–Vis, FTIR, TEM, SEM and EDX analyses. The in-situ synthesis of the nanoparticles ensured the homogeneous distribution of the nanoparticles in the matrix. Due to the presence of silver nanoparticles in the alginate-based composite films, the antibiofilm effect of the polymer matrix composite was proved.

Production of Alginate from Persian Gulf Sargassum angustifolium Seaweeds: Novel Extraction and Characterization Methods

Background: Brown seaweeds contain polysaccharides, minerals, proteins, pigments, polyphenols, and fatty acids. Several of these compounds show a wide range of biological activities, such as anticoagulant, anti-tumor, antiviral, and anti-cancer effects. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the extraction, purification, and characterization of alginate from Sargassum angustifolium simultaneous with fucoidan extraction and the effect of this process on the structure and properties of alginate. Methods: The extraction of alginate from S. angustifolium was carried out using defatting with organic solvents mixture, treatment with acid-base solutions, and purification with absolute ethanol. The novel characterization of this compound was carried out by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), FT-NMR, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and florescent spectrophotometry methods. Results: The fluorescent emission of alginate showed 66.54% removal of impurities, such as phenolic compounds. The FT-IR analysis showed the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups as significant signals in the alginate structure. By analyzing the anomeric protons and other aspects of 1H-NMR, M/G ratio, FG, FM, FGG, FMM, FMG (or FGM) were determined to be 0.61, 0.62, 0.38, 0.31, 0.07, and 0.31, respectively. The intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight of alginate were 0.9 dL/g and 41.53 kDa, respectively. Conclusions: The total amount of alginate from the residual S. angustifolium was 17% of dried seaweed. The structure elucidation of alginate was performed with the FT-IR, FT-NMR, and EDX methods.

The Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Structural Characteristics of Sodium Alginate Extracting from Sargassum polycystum Grew in Vietnam: Effect of Various Extraction Conditions

Introduction: Alginate is a biopolymer commonly in brown algae, high content, diversity in structure and bioactivity. They are applied to other fields such as food, functional food, pharmaceuticals, and heavy industry and extracted from Sargassum, Laminarin, Tubinaria and Sargassum polycystum species commonly grow in the world than another genus. The content, the antioxidant activity, and the physical chemistry properties of alginate extracting from the species did not exhibit in the previous studies.&#x0D; Methods: The study focused on the impact of various extraction conditions (temperature (40 to 90,oC), time (01 to 06, hours), the solvent-to-material ratio (10/1 to 40/1, v/w), solvent pH (8, 9, 10), and numbers of extraction (1, 2, and 3 times) on alginate content and its antioxidant activity, also evaluated sugar compositions, average molecular, viscosity, and 13C-NMR spectrum characteristics of alginate.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the suitable condition for the extraction of alginate was for 4 hours at 60oC with the ratio of Na2CO3 (pH 9)-to-material (40/1, v/w) and one number of extraction. The highest alginate content was 176.22 mg uronic acid equivalent/g DW, corresponding to antioxidant activity (188.54 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g DW). Alginate possessed the intrinsic viscosity (271.86, ƞ) and the average molecular weight (78.6, kD). Different sugar compositions of antioxidant alginate were fructose, fucose, mannose, galactose, rhamnose, mannose, and glucose. The 13C-NMR spectrum of antioxidant alginate exhibited chemical shifts of C sites of D-mannuronic (M) and L-guluronic (G), corresponded to C1, C2, C6, and C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Alginate is non-toxic, therefore, antioxidant alginate extracting from brown algae Sargassum polycystum grown in Vietnam is a potential in functional food and pharmaceuticals.

Microwave-assisted extraction of sodium alginate from brown macroalgae Nizimuddinia zanardini, optimization and physicochemical properties

ABSTRACT In this study, sodium alginate was isolated from Nizimuddinia zanardini by microwave-assisted extraction method. A Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied to study the effect of temperature (45–75°C), time (10–30 min), microwave power (300–500 W), and solvent/ biomass ratio (10–30 mL/g) on the extraction yield (EY) and uronic acid content (UA) of sodium alginate. The extracted sodium alginate was assessed for its chemical compositions, antioxidant activity, emulsifying index, and intrinsic viscosity. EY at optimal conditions (temperature of 67°C, microwave power of 400 W, and solvent/biomass ratio of 29 mL/g after 19 min) was 31.39% (w/w). The protein, carbohydrate, total phenolic, and UA content of sodium alginate obtained at optimal conditions were about 1.00, 73.30, 1.62, and 62.33%, respectively. The emulsifying index (E24) of sodium alginate extracted by microwave (SA-MW) with sunflower oil (64.41%) and olive oil (67.25%) was higher than sodium alginate extracted by the conventional method (SA-CN) (55.00% and 58.49%, respectively).

Biocrude Production via Non-Catalytic Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Fucus vesiculosus Seaweed Processing Residues

The potential of using cold water brown macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus for biocrude production via non-catalytic supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) was studied. Demineralization, residue neutralization, and high value-added product (alginate and fucoidan) extraction processes were carried out before using the biomass for HTL biocrude production. Acid leaching was carried out using three demineralization agents: distilled water, dilute citric acid solution, and the diluted acidic aqueous by-product from a continuous HTL pilot facility. Alginate was extracted via H2SO4 and NaCO3 bathing, and fucoidan was extracted using CaCl2. Experimental data show that none of the leaching agents was greatly efficient in removing inorganics, with citric acid leaching with extensive neutralization reaching the highest ash removal efficiency of 47%. The produced 6 sets of biocrudes were characterized by elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. Short (10-min retention) HTL and the extent of leaching residue neutralization were also investigated. Highest biocrude yields were recorded when liquefying non-neutralized citric acid leaching, alginate, and fucoidan extraction residues. On the other hand, thermochemical conversions of short retention time HTL, full neutralization extent, and baseline (dried raw macroalgae) biomass performed worse. Specifically, the highest biocrude yield of 28.2 ± 2.5 wt.% on dry ash-free feedstock basis was recorded when liquefying alginate extraction residues. Moreover, the highest energy recovery of 52.8% was recorded when converting fucoidan extraction residues.

The effect of Sargassum binderi alginate extract addition on the nutritional content of full cream Mung Bean Milk and its consumer acceptance

Milk is one of the important nutritional components that consumed by children and adults. Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) contains high nutrition and functional compounds, as well as high nutrients content that the body needs. Mung Bean milk is processed into full cream Mung Bean milk with alginate addition. Variations of alginate addition are 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% (w/v). Characterization of full cream mung Bean milk is analysis of the viscosity, density, nutritional, total fiber content, and organoleptic analysis. Alginate is a heteropolysaccharide that has two monomers. The color of alginate is brown. The result of research in density and viscosity of the alginate are 1.43 g/mL and 7.42x10-3 kg m-1 s-1. The best composition for addition alginate to full cream Mung Bean milk is 3% (w/v). The result of the best full cream Mung Bean milk of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and total fiber content is 98 mg carbohydrates/mL milk; 0.97% in 5 mL milk; 0.32 mg fat/mL milk and 13.1 mg/mL milk. Organoleptic analysis of 3% (w/v) addition alginate in full cream Mung Bean milk is like category.©2021 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.