Extraction Of Α-tocopherol Research Articles

Rational Screening of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Direct Extraction of α-Tocopherol from Deodorized Distillates

Rational Screening of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Direct Extraction of α-Tocopherol from Deodorized Distillates

Selective separation of α-tocopherol using eco-friendly choline chloride – Based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) via liquid-liquid extraction

In this work, the extraction of α-tocopherol was studied using some recently introduced novel, simple and green deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Liquid – liquid extraction measurements were conducted on ternary mixtures of {n-hexane + (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) tocopherol + DESs}. The recently studied DESs including (mono-, di- and tri-) ethylene glycol, (mono-, di- and tri-) ethanolamine, and sucrose in combination with ChCl for the first time were used for this extraction. The various parameters affected on extraction efficiency including kind of DESs, temperature (298.15–308.15 K) and extraction time (12, 24 and 48 h) were evaluated. The calculated selectivity (S) and solute distribution coefficient (β) showed good performance of the selected DESs for α-tocopherol. The non-random liquid equation (NTRL) was utilized to correlate measured experimental LLE results, prediction of activity coefficient at infinite dilution (γ∞) and capacity of solvent for solute (C∞). Moreover, higher selectivity, lower contamination of extracted α-tocopherol (with solvents) and immiscibility of eutectic solvents in vitamin E were other advantages of this extraction.

Efficient solid phase extraction of α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol from sunflower oil waste by improving the mesoporosity of the zeolitic adsorbent

The recovery of α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol from the deodorizer distillate of sunflower oil using solid phase extraction is reported. Performance of the silicon-rich and inexpensive zeolite, ZSM-5, and its modified versions were compared as adsorbents. Modifications of the zeolite frame were performed under both acidic and basic conditions to desilicate and dealuminate the parent ZSM-5. Base treatment resulted in hierarchical porosity and increased mesoporosity in the structure, which made the desilicated material as the best adsorbent of the study. Optimization of the solid phase extraction conditions was also studied and high recoveries of α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol, up to 99.20% and 97.32%, respectively, were achieved. The preparation and characterisation of the reported sorbents, as high-performance adsorbents, were not only proved to be economically promising, due to recycling of nutritious products, but also improves the ecological credentials of the process through reduction in waste.

Optimization of material concentration and extraction time on yield and α-tocopherol content of sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca L.)

Ulva lactuca L. is a group of green algae (Chlorophyta). Ulva lactuca L. grows and spreads on rocky beaches in Indonesia and contains various bioactive compounds that are beneficial to health such as α-tocopherol. The purpose of this study was to determine the surface response methodology (RSM) equation, optimization, and overlaid point in obtaining the maximum yield and α-tocopherol extract of Ulva lactuca L. Treatment of the study was the concentration of the material (X1) and the extraction time (X2). Data analysis was performed using a surface response methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). The results of the research on yield and α-tocopherol show the maximum shape. The concentration of the ingredients and the extraction time in producing the yield (Y1) of sea lettuce extract are following the equation Y1 = -20.12 + 3.018 X1 + 3.232 X2 - 0.1228 X12 - 0.1728 X22 - 0.1459 X1X2 with a value of R2 = 0.85. While the content of α-tocopherol (Y2) follow the equation Y2 = -205,242 + 43,849 X1 + 6,031 X2 - 2,530 X12 - 1,076 X22 + 661 X1X2 with a value of R2 = 0.78. The optimization results showed that the yield value was 2.42% and the content of αtocopherol compound of 18.16% was obtained from 9.27% material concentration and extraction time of 5.53 hours. The overlaid point produces maximum yield and α-tocopherol at two points. The first point is the material concentration of 9.3% and the extraction time of 5.7 hours, and the second point is the material concentration of 9.4% and the extraction time of 5.4 hours. The optimum yield and content of α-tocopherol of Lettuce (Ulva lactuca L.) can be determined by using Response Surface Methodology.

Solid phase extraction of α-tocopherol and other physiologically active components from sunflower oil using rationally designed polymers

A rationally designed polymer (RDP) capable of recognizing α-tocopherol and other minor components in sunflower oil has been produced.

Simultaneous Determination of Alpha-Tocopherol and Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate in Dairy Products, Plant Milks and Health Supplements by Using SPE and HPLC Method

A solid phase extraction technique for sample cleanup and extraction of α-tocopherol and α-tocopheryl acetate is described and applied to their simultaneous HPLC analysis in dairy products, plant-based milks, infant formulas, and pharmaceutical colostrum. The proposed method includes sample pretreatment by using ethanol, followed by solid-phase extraction of the organic supernatant on C18 cartridges. The identification and quantification were done by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection (ex 295 nm, em 330 nm) for tocopherol and with UV detector set at 220 nm for tocopheryl acetate. The mobile phase consisted of 100% acetonitrile. The linear ranges were from 0.02–0.40 μg/mL (dairy products) and 0.50–5.00 μg/mL (plant milks, infant formulas, powdered products) for α-tocopherol and those of α-tocopheryl acetate were from 0.20–2.00 μg/mL (dairy products) and 1.00–10.0 μg/mL (plant milks, infant formulas, powdered products). The LOD and LOQ of α-tocopherol were 0.1 and 0.4 μg/mL, while those of the α-tocopheryl acetate were 2.0 μg/mL for LOD and 6.0 μg/mL for LOQ. The method gave extraction recoveries from 73–94% with RSDs values being 5–10%. This method is simple, SPE procedure is fast and HPLC analysis time is less than 10 min. The total time of performing analysis per sample is less than 1 h. The important advantage of the proposed method is the capability of determining and reporting α-tocopherol and α-tocopheryl acetate separately. Moreover, the developed method is suitable for fast screening of the synthetic form of vitamin E in dairy products, plant-based milks, infant formulas, and pharmaceutical colostrum.

Sensory Evaluation and Oxidative Stability of a Suncream Formulated with Thermal Spring Waters from Ourense (NW Spain) and Sargassum muticum Extracts

The purpose of this work was to evaluate four thermal spring waters from Ourense and a Sargassum muticum extract as cosmetic ingredients for the preparation of a suncream. The thermal spring waters were tested for their suitability as an aqueous phase main component, and the algal extract was added as an antioxidant instead of using synthetic preservatives in the cosmetic formula. The emulsion was tested for lipid oxidation during a period of 9 months and for consumer acceptance by performing a sensory test on controls and blanks. Further, color parameters were considered, and a pH determination was performed. The S. muticum extract protected from primary and secondary oxidation as efficiently as Fucus sp. or α-tocopherol extracts. In addition, the sensorial test revealed that consumers preferred suncreams prepared with the S. muticum extract and with thermal spring water from O Tinteiro and A Chavasqueira. The pH of the suncreams varied with the selection of the ingredients, and no oscillations in colorimetric values were visually observed. Our results indicate that the algal extract and the thermal spring waters from Ourense are potential cosmetic ingredients, since they showed effectiveness as antioxidant ingredients, and the suncreams were well accepted by consumers.

Spectrofluorimetric Determination of α-Tocopherol in Capsules and Human Plasma.

A simple, sensitive and rapid spectrofluorimetric method for determination of α-tocopherol in pharmaceutical capsule and human plasma was developed and validated. The native fluorescence of α-tocopherol was measured at 334 nm with excitation at 291 nm, after extraction of α-tocopherol from human plasma hexane:dichloromethane mixture. The calibration curves were linear (R≥0.9993) in the concentration range of 0.25-2.5 μg/ml of α-tocopherol in both standard solutions and plasma samples. The developed method was directly and easily applied for determination of α-tocopherol in the plasma of healthy volunteers and different type of bladder cancer and stomach cancer patients and also pharmaceutical capsule.

Polyethylenimine-Assisted Extraction of α-Tocopherol from Tocopherol Homologues and CO2-Triggered Fast Recovery of the Extractant

The separation of natural homologues provides a great challenge due to high similarities of their structures and properties. In this work, the use of the polymeric extractant polyethylenimine (PEI) for the separation of α-tocopherol from the tocopherol homologues was investigated. Various PEI–cosolvent solutions were used to extract tocopherols from their hexane solutions. The effects of PEI molecular weight, cosolvent type, and PEI–cosolvent composition were systematically studied. High distribution and selectivity coefficients of tocopherols were obtained with PEI–acrylonitrile (ACN) as the extractant. A clear advantage of PEI extractant is its stimuli-responsive property triggered by CO2. PEI–extracted tocopherols could be replaced and released from PEI chains with CO2 bubbling, with PEI–CO2 precipitated out from the extract phase, which greatly facilitates the back extraction of tocopherols and the recovery of PEI for reuse. With CO2 bubbling, it took only three back extractions to recover over 90% tocopherols, compared with 12 in theory without CO2 treatment. Precipitated PEI–CO2 could be redissolved in cosolvent for reuse by N2 bubbling and heating. The distribution coefficients decreased by approximately 10% after being recycled three times.

Response surface optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction of α-tocopherol from gel and skin of Aloe vera and almond leaves

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was studied as an alternative technology in the pharmaceutical industry for the separation of α-tocopherol from gel and skin of Aloe vera and almond leaves. The influence of operating conditions was investigated on the recovery of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of α-tocopherol from three-year old Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) leaf gel. The obtained results were compared with the conventional Soxhlet extraction. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize effective variables on the extracted recovery of α-tocopherol. The maximum α-tocopherol recovery of 53.41% from Aloe vera gel was obtained with employing RSM predicted optimal operating conditions of 32MPa, 45.91°C, 0.84ml SC-CO2/min and 140min for extraction. The α-tocopherol extraction yield for gel and skin of Aloe vera and almond leaves at these optimal operating conditions were obtained 1.53, 16.29 and 2.61mg/100g dry sample, respectively.

Use of Supercritical CO2 and R134a as Solvent for Extraction of b-Carotene and a-Tocopherols from Crude Palm Oil

Supercritical fluid extraction of α-tocopherol and β-carotenoids from crude palm oil offers an excellent method over other existing conventional methods. Supercritical fluid extraction was developed in the early and mid-1980s to reduce the use of harmful organic solvent in the laboratory. The present paper reviews the applications of supercritical fluid extraction technology in extraction of palm oil using CO2and R 134a fluids. Carbon dioxide is non- toxic, having low critical pressure (74 bar) and temperature (32°C) which minimize the thermal degradation of product but it has a limited dissolving power for solutes of high polarity and high molecular weight in the supercritical state and it also requires higher pressure of upto 500 bar and this high pressure operation requires high operation cost and high capital cost. R134a is an alternative low pressure, non-reactive, non-flammable, non-toxic, non-ozone depleting and has comparable solvent properties as that of CO2. R-134a needs only its temperature or pressure to be controlled in order to control the conditions of extraction or product isolation. This allows simple control of the process.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of α-Tocopherol Antioxidants from the Fronds of Elaeis guineensis Jacq.: Optimization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies

This article presents the first report on the extraction and quantification of α-tocopherol from the fronds of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). In this study, the optimization, kinetic, and thermodynamic data of α-tocopherol extraction by sonication are presented. Response surface methodology coupled with central composite design was used to optimize the experimental conditions for α-tocopherol extraction. Three independent variables, namely sample/solvent ratio (1:20–1:40 g/ml), extraction temperature (30–50 °C), and extraction time (20–50 min) were studied. For optimum conditions of 39.31 °C (~40 °C), 50 min, and 1:23.63 g/mL (~1:20 g/mL), total tocols and α-tocopherol optimal concentrations were 346.49 μg/g oil palm fronds (OPFs) by dry weight (DW) and 28.41 μg/g OPF DW, respectively. The effects of extraction temperature and tocol concentrations on the extraction kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were also studied. From the mass transfer rate equation, the kinetic and thermodynamic data obtained from the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of α-tocopherol from OPF were activation energy, E a (104.6 kJ mol−1), UAE rate constant, k (6.886 × 10−3 min−1), ΔH (+0.818 kJ mol−1), ΔS (+27.22 J mol−1 K−1), and ΔG (−8.52 J mol−1). According to this study, the UAE of α-tocopherol from OPF is endothermic, irreversible, and spontaneous.

Selective Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Natural Phenolic Compounds Using Amino Acid Ionic Liquids: A Case of α-Tocopherol and Methyl Linoleate Separation

Amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) with different amino acid anions were investigated in the selective separation of a typical natural phenolic product, α-tocoperol, from its mixture with methyl linoleate by liquid–liquid extraction. A large separation selectivity, suitable distribution coefficient, and adequate extraction capacity were achieved with the AAIL/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) mixture as extractant. The selectivity of α-tocopherol to methyl linoleate reached up to 29 when using [emim]Ala and [emim]Lys as the extractant diluted by DMF with mole ratio of AAIL to DMF 15:85, at least 9 times larger than that using DMF or common ILs as the extractant. The presence of diluents, DMF, can not only reduce the viscosity of IL phase, but could also lead to much larger distribution coefficients. Back extraction of α-tocopherol using hexane and reuse of AAIL were both tested. Solvatochromic and infrared spectra measurements were used to investigate the mechanism of α-tocopherol extraction with ILs. A close linear relationship can be drawn between the distribution coefficients of α-tocopherol and the hydrogen-bond basicity (β) of the extraction solvents, and also between the selectivites and the β values.

Selective Solid-Phase Extraction of α-Tocopherol by Functionalized Ionic Liquid-modified Mesoporous SBA-15 Adsorbent

Ordered mesoporous adsorbents were prepared by physically grafting functionalized ionic liquids onto SBA-15 (a mesoporous siliceous substrate) using incipient wetness immersion method. These adsorbents were successfully applied to the selective extraction and separation of alpha-tocopherol (an isomer of vitamin E) from a model mixture of soybean oil deodorizer distillate. Various parameters affecting adsorption process such as adsorption time, the structures and loadings of ionic liquids, the adsorption isotherm, and the reusability of adsorbent were investigated using liquid-solid extraction. As high as 211 mg/g adsorbent of the adsorption capacity for alpha-tocopherol was obtained through the adsorption isotherm tests using [emim][Gly]/SBA-15 (functionalized ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium glycine which was physically coated on SBA-15) as the adsorbent, in which the functionalized ionic liquids contained the amino acid glycine as the anion. The adsorbent [emim][Gly]/SBA-15 also exhibited a very high adsorption selectivity for alpha-tocopherol. The extraction selectivity or the ratio of distribution coefficients between alpha-tocopherol and the major interference component glyceryl triundecanoate (K(d(alpha-tocopherol))/K(d(triglyceride))) was 10.5. The concentration of alpha-tocopherol was significantly increased from 15.6% in original feedstock solution that contained fatty acid methyl ester, triglyceride and alpha-tocopherol to 73.0% after stripping by diethyl ether. Five adsorbent recycle tests showed good reusability of the functionalized ionic liquid-modified mesoporous adsorbent.

Extraction of α-tocopherol and γ-oryzanol from rice bran

The aim of this research was to study the effect of operating mode (continuous versus batch+continuous), temperature, pressure and solvent on α-tocopherol and γ-oryzanol extraction from rice bran ( Oryza sativa Linn.) and compare the efficiency of three extraction methods: SC-CO 2 extraction, solvent extraction and soxhlet extraction. Three sets of experiments were performed. First, extraction using SC-CO 2 was performed over a range of temperatures and pressures (45–65 °C and at 38 and 48 MPa), and at a CO 2 flow rate of 0.45 mL/min. The results showed that the best conditions for α-tocopherol extraction were 55 °C, 48 MPa in the batch+continuous mode. For γ-oryzanol, the best conditions were 65 °C, 48 MPa and in the continuous mode. In the second set of experiments, solvent extraction using hexane and ethanol at 32 and 55–60 °C was studied. The results showed that none of the solvents could extract α-tocopherol; however, ethanol at 55–60 °C was suitable for γ-oryzanol extraction. Finally, soxhlet extraction experiments using hexane for α-tocopherol and ethanol for γ-oryzanol were also performed. In summary, SC-CO 2 was found to be the best solvent for extracting both α-tocopherol and γ-oryzanol from rice bran, because of its higher yields and extraction rate.

High-performance liquid chromatographic and spectrofluorometric determination of α-tocopherol in a natural plant: Ferula hermonis (Zalooh root)

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of α-tocopherol in a natural plant ( Ferula hermonis–Zalooh roots) is reported. The method includes saponification of samples and extraction of α-tocopherol with a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (1:1 v/v). However, the presence of α-tocopherol in Zalooh is confirmed with HPLC-UV and fluorescence detection. A spectrofluorometric and the internal addition standard methods are also used to quantify the α-tocopherol in the plant. An internal standard method is based on a known concentration of α-tocopherol that is added in every sample that is analyzed. Alpha-tocopherol levels as determined in samples by HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection ( ≈ 5 ± 0.5 mg / g ) did not differ significantly from the levels determined by Shimadzu spectrofluorometer ( 4.9 ± 0.5 mg / g ). However, the amount of tocopherol determined by both techniques in Zalooh roots was relatively very high. Standards were checked for linearity giving correlation coefficients that were higher than 0.99 in the concentration range of 1 and 6 μmol L −1.

Extraction of α-Tocopherol from Serum Prior to Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of α-tocopherol in serum with ultraviolet (UV) absorbance as well as fluorescence detection is described. The fluorescence monitor was considerably more sensitive than the UV monitor. In addition, systematic studies on the influence of different extraction procedures on the recovery of vitamin E were performed. The extraction of vitamin E from the serum into hexane was markedly affected by the relative volume of ethanol and to a lesser degree by the relative volume of hexane in the mixture. The extracting time also affected the recovery of vitamin E, depending on the amount of ethanol added to the extracting solution. Vitamin E was relatively stable for a considerable length of time when both concentrated and diluted solutions of ethanol and serum were stored in the dark at −20 or 4 °C. Keywords: Vitamin E; α-tocopherol; serum; liquid chromatography; extraction

Determination of α-tocopherol in pork with high intramuscular fat content

Extraction of α-tocopherol from pork samples with low (3%) (LF) or high (9%) (HF) amount of intramuscular fat have been carried out by three different methods, two of them based in saponification plus extraction of α-tocopherol and the other one without saponification. All samples were spiked with five different amount of α-tocopherol prior to analysis. In LF samples, recovery was in the range 85-95% in all cases, with not significant differences between methods. Recovery was much lower in HF samples when using methods which involve prior saponification of muscle samples (50-60%). Changes in KOH concentration did not improve markedly the recovery. The method based on direct extraction provided much better recovery in HF samples (85- 92%) and consequently is recommended for samples high in fat.

Studies on Some Components in the Lipid Extract of Palm Leaflet

The contents of α-tocopherol, chlorophyll, carotenes and squalene in the lipid extract of palm leaflets from fronds of different frond numbers and palm ages were determined. The results showed the average contents (%, dry basis) of α-tocopherol, carotenes and squalene in the leaflets of the same frond number as obtained from palms of different ages to increase with frond number. The average contents were 0.02 %, 0. 21 % and 0. 40% for α-tocopherol, 0. 05%, 0. 13% and 0. 22% for carotenes, and 0. 006%, 0.1 % and 0. 2% for squalene in frond numbers 1, 17 and 33, respectively. In the case of total chlorophyll, the average content appeared to be maximum at a frond number 17, and were 0. 48%, 0. 62 % and 0. 53 % in leaflets at frond numbers 1, 17 and 33, respectively. Since oil frond (frond number >33) is available in abundance from frond pruning in oil palm plantation, these materials should be usable for the extraction of α-tocopherol, carotenes and squalene. The fatty acid composition of lipids was also determined.