Extraction Behavior Research Articles

The Leaching Behavior of Potassium Extraction from Polyhalite Ore in Water.

The extraction of potassium from polyhalite ore (K2SO4·MgSO4·2CaSO4·2H2O) can help alleviate potassium resource shortages in China. In this study, the leaching behavior of potassium extracted from polyhalite ore in water was investigated using leaching experiments and kinetic analysis. The effects of various factors, such as liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching temperature, leaching time, and polyhalite ore particle size were comprehensively studied. It was found that high temperatures improved the reaction rate and efficiency at the beginning (1-15 min) but reduced the final leaching efficiency of potassium. And this phenomenon is discussed from the aspects of the dissolution-reprecipitation of potassium, newly formed solid products during the leaching process, and leaching thermodynamics. The leaching of potassium followed the Avrami model, with an apparent activation energy of 26.29 kJ/mol. Additionally, it was determined that the mixed controlled step (surface chemical reaction and diffusion) was the controlling step during potassium leaching. This study clarified the leaching mechanism of the polyhalite in water, and the causes of hindering the leaching of potassium were analyzed. The research results can provide theoretical reference and solutions for parameter design for the enhanced leaching process and selection of leaching agents in the future.

Mango extract behavior as a potent corrosion inhibitor against simulated chloride-contaminated concrete pore solution; coupled experimental and computer modeling studies

Plants extracts are nominated as reliable green sources among all classes of effective materials for metals' corrosion mitigation in various aggressive media. Herein, Mango extract was announced as a potential candidate for declining the corrosion rate of mild steel in the simulated concrete pore solution (CPS). With aiding polarization and EIS tests, the mechanism and anti-corrosion performance of the inhibitor were investigated. Surface studies were also performed for studying the inhibitors' impact on the metal surface morphology after immersion in CPS. Besides, Quantum chemistry and atomistic simulations are covered to clarify the mechanism of protection on an atomic scale. The electrochemical claims represented the mixed type inhibition and slight anodic inhibition dominancy. 2 wt.% Mango extract could diminish metal corrosion rate in the harsh CPS by around 98% index. Also, molecular simulations (Monte Carlo, MC and Molecular Dynamics, MD) represented the spontaneous absorption of the complexed heavy molecules (coordination compounds of extract molecules and inorganic cations) owing to the negative adsorption energy. Additionally, the electronic-scale quantum chemistry modeling illustrated that the adsorption of complexes mainly happened through their electron-rich sites.

Bifunctional hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for selective recovery of Sm and Co from waste SmCo permanent magnets

The application of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) to single-use separation of valuable metal ions in waste samarium-cobalt permanent magnets has been a significant challenge. Trioctylphosphine oxide and 3-benzoyl-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone were combined to prepare a bifunctional HDES that was investigated for green, efficient and safe recovery Sm and Co. Firstly, internal hydrogen bond interaction was verified by DSC, TGA, NMR, FT-IR and molecular dynamics study. Then, a various of optimization experiments were carried out to discovery extraction behaviors on different metal ions. The findings indicated that the acidity has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the extraction process. The maximum extraction capacities were measured as 98.8 g/L Sm(III), 64.8 g/L Co(II), 52.4 g/L, Fe(III) and 75.1 g/L Cu(II), respectively. After that, combined with UV–vis, FT-IR and XPS, the neutral complex extraction mechanism was proposed. Finally, the competitive extraction experiments at different acidity provided the theoretical underpinnings for a three-stage separation strategy that, through acidity control and the use of various stripping agents, was able to efficiently recover 97.8% Sm(III), 99.1% Co(II), 99.5% Fe(III) and 95.6% Cu(II). The whole recycling process has no need additional organic solvents, enabling cleaner and sustainable engineering production.

Extraction of functional natural products employing microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase system: application to anthocyanins extraction from mulberry fruits

Aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) has been extensively utilized for the extraction and separation of tiny-molecule substances as a new system (system with short-chain ethanol and inorganic salts). In this study, an innovative method of extracting anthocyanins from mulberry was developed, employing microwave-assisted extraction with ethanol/ammonium sulfate as a biphasic extractant. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize anthocyanin extraction conditions: 39% ethanol (w/w), 13% ammonium sulfate (w/w), and liquid-to-solid ratio of 45:1, microwave duration 3 min, microwave temperature 32 °C, and microwave power 480 Watt (W). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated no significant differences in the structure of mulberry anthocyanins before and after MAATPE treatment, furthermore. The extraction behavior of MAATPE was due to hydrogen bonding, according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Scanning electron microscopy analysis found that MAATPE damaged the cell structure via a microwave enhancement effect, which was more favorable to anthocyanin dissolution than standard extraction methods. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate of mulberry extracts at 0.5 mg/mL was higher than that of vitamin C (96.4 ± 0.76%), and the ABTS free radical scavenging rate (82.52 ± 2.13%) was close to that of vitamin C, indicating that MAATPE-derived mulberry extracts have good antioxidant activity.

Amphiphilic mercapto-1,2,4-triazole Schiff bases as novel efficient extracting ligands for recovery of nickel(II) from highly saline chloride media in chloroform-water mixture

This work dealt with the extractive performance and behaviors of new three Schiff base amphiphiles ligands derived from 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole and different alkyl chains for recovery of nickel(II) from concentrated saline chloride medium (1 M ± 0.01) at 30 ± 1 °C. The chloroform has been used as solvent for research purposes only. The effects of the main experimental parameters such as extraction time, pH, extractant concentration and ionic strength of the aqueous medium on the extraction process of nickel(II) with amphiphilic Schiff bases (ASBn) were studied and compared. The analysis of extraction data revealed that the synthesized Schiff bases exhibit a better and faster extractability than many extractants reported in the literature. The extraction constants, log K ex, of these chelating extractants increased with an increase in the alkyl chain. A good recovery (E = 75–100%± 0.05) of nickel was obtained with amphiphilic Schiff bases. The hydrophobic Schiff base amphiphile (ASB18) was the most effective extractant for nickel ions from chloride solutions in the acidic pH range (2.41 − 2.90 ± 0.02). Ni(II) was readily extracted by ASB18 in 5 min. Extracted complexes NiL2 into chloroform phase were ascertained by slope analysis method for all extractants. The extraction mechanism of nickel(II) have been finally suggested. The results obtained are promising and can find practical applications such as for recovering of Ni(II) from Ni-MH battery wastes and electroplating industries effluents. However, in view of the acute toxicity of the solvent chloroform, implementation of this process in large-scale nickel processing strategies needs to be thoroughly evaluated from an environmental perspective.

An Integrated Model Combining Mass Transfer and Chemical Reaction for Co-Decontamination Extraction Step of PUREX Process in a Pulsed Extraction Column

ABSTRACT The accurate prediction of the extraction behaviors of various solutes in PUREX reprocessing process is crucial for the operation and implementation of the actual process. In this paper, an integrated model is developed to predict the extraction behaviors of U, Np, Pu, and HNO3 in the co-decontamination step (1A extraction step) in a pulsed extraction column. The model couples several physical and chemical processes, such as countercurrent flow, mass transfer, and chemical reaction. The mass transfer coefficients and the distribution ratios of U(VI), Pu(IV), Np(IV), Np(V), Np(VI), HNO3 and HNO2 can be obtained using this model. In particular, the redox and disproportion reactions of Np are considered in the model, and the flow direction of Np can be judged under various process conditions and the corresponding influential factors can be analyzed. The judgment is based on the yield calculated from the relative concentration profiles of Np(VI), Np(V), and Np(IV) in the two phases. For neptunium to inter 1AP step, it is necessary to select high nitric acid concentration, low nitrite concentration and especially high flow ratio. For neptunium to inter 1AW step, low nitric acid concentration, high nitrite concentration and low flow ratio are needed. Compared with the experimental data, the relative errors of the distribution ratios of various solutes are less than 30%, and the relative errors of the concentrations of U(VI) and Pu(IV) at the outlet of the organic phase are less than 10%, and our model is indicated to be reliable and applicable for co-decontamination step in the PUREX reprocessing process.

A sequential fractionation approach to understanding the physicochemical and functional properties of aqueous and enzyme-assisted aqueous extracted black bean proteins

Black bean proteins were sequentially extracted and characterized to determine the contribution of protein classes to the extractability, thermal behavior, and functionality of protein extracts produced by aqueous (AEP) and enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processes (EAEP). Osborne fractionation showed that 56% of black bean proteins were water-soluble (albumin-rich), 22% salt-soluble (globulin-rich), 16% alkaline-soluble (glutelin-rich) and 0.65% alcohol-soluble (prolamin-rich). Protein extraction yields of 75 and 81% were achieved by AEP (pH 9.0, 50 °C, 1:10 solids-to-liquid ratio, 60 min) and EAEP (same conditions as AEP with 0.5% (w/w) alkaline protease), respectively. Gel electrophoresis demonstrated differences in the protein molecular weight profile in each fraction, as well as extensive proteolysis of major storage proteins in the EAEP. Proteomics revealed that similar proteins were present among the albumin-, globulin-, and glutelin-rich fractions, but in different proportions to yield distinct protein profiles. AEP and EAEP proteins had similar denaturation temperatures (Td = 92 °C) but were lower than the albumin- and globulin-rich fractions. There was not a clear association between solubility, emulsifying, and foaming properties for the protein classes, which highlighted the complex nature of the protein extracts, as well as potential impacts of the honogemization process on the surface properties of the proteins. Proteolysis significantly increased solubility at pH 4.5 (50 vs. 93%) and decreased foaming capacity at pH 4.5 and 7.0, while emulsifying capacity was not affected. Overall, the results demonstrate that enzyme-assisted extraction is a feasible method to increase black bean protein extractability while retaining thermal stability and modifying some functional properties.

DeepPhe-CR: Natural Language Processing Software Services for Cancer Registrar Case Abstraction.

Manual extraction of case details from patient records for cancer surveillance is a resource-intensive task. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques have been proposed for automating the identification of key details in clinical notes. Our goal was to develop NLP application programming interfaces (APIs) for integration into cancer registry data abstraction tools in a computer-assisted abstraction setting. We used cancer registry manual abstraction processes to guide the design of DeepPhe-CR, a web-based NLP service API. The coding of key variables was performed through NLP methods validated using established workflows. A container-based implementation of the NLP methods and the supporting infrastructure was developed. Existing registry data abstraction software was modified to include results from DeepPhe-CR. An initial usability study with data registrars provided early validation of the feasibility of the DeepPhe-CR tools. API calls support submission of single documents and summarization of cases across one or more documents. The container-based implementation uses a REST router to handle requests and support a graph database for storing results. NLP modules extract topography, histology, behavior, laterality, and grade at 0.79-1.00 F1 across multiple cancer types (breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, ovary, and pediatric brain) from data of two population-based cancer registries. Usability study participants were able to use the tool effectively and expressed interest in the tool. The DeepPhe-CR system provides an architecture for building cancer-specific NLP tools directly into registrar workflows in a computer-assisted abstraction setting. Improved user interactions in client tools may be needed to realize the potential of these approaches.

Study of removing radioactive thorium(IV) from high-purity scandium(III) products with di-(2-ethylhexyl) 2-ethylhexyl phosphonate (DEHEHP) in nitric acid solution

Scandium (Sc) is a critical rare earth element. Its compounds are of great concern due to their excellent properties. However, the application is limited by the presence of radioactive impurity thorium (Th). The study aims to remove the radioactive Th(IV) from high-purity Sc2O3 by DEHEHP. The extraction behavior of Sc(III) from HNO3 solution using DEHEHP was also investigated. The effects of HNO3, extractant and salting-out reagent (LiNO3) concentrations on the Sc(III) extraction were studied. The extraction mechanism and thermodynamic parameters were determined. Among the three extractants: Cyanex 923, TBP and DEHEHP, DEHEHP showed the greatest separation ability for Sc(III) and Th(IV) from HNO3 solution. The effects of HNO3, LiNO3, and initial Sc(III) concentrations as well as phase ratio on the separation factor βTh/Sc were investigated. It was indicated that βTh/Sc reached as high as 196 after separation by 30% (v/v) DEHEHP at 3.0 mol L−1 HNO3. The McCabe-Thiele diagram for Th(IV) was plotted. After the six-stage counter-current extraction experiment, the concentration of Th(IV) in the raffinate decreased to 20 mg L−1 from the solution containing 7.71 g L−1 Sc(III) and 692 mg L−1 Th(IV) without the co-extraction of Sc(III). Finally, Sc2O3 of purity >99.99% was obtained.

Triflimide Effect in Solvent Extraction of Rare-Earth Elements from Nitric Acid Solutions by TODGA

ABSTRACT Outer-sphere interactions play an important role in the liquid-liquid extraction and separation of metal ions and they could be used to tune the efficiency and selectivity of recovery. Here, we report the extraction behaviour and separation of trivalent rare-earth elements from aqueous nitric acid solutions with N,N,N’,N’-tetra-n-octyl diglycolamide (TODGA), which was preliminarily contacted with an aqueous solution of N-H acid bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (triflimide, HTf2N; Tf = CF3SO2) resulting in an adduct TODGA⋅HTf2N. We examined in detail the extraction system composed of TODGA acidified with HTf2N and 1,2-dichloroethane as diluent. The effect of various experimental conditions such as the nature of diluent, aqueous nitric acid concentration, and TODGA⋅HTf2N concentration in the organic phase was studied. It has been found that the distribution coefficient values for metal ions are much greater, especially at low aqueous acidity in the extraction systems with the acidified organic solvent phase. Furthermore, the heavier lanthanides were effectively extracted and the intergroup lanthanide selectivity was greatly improved (separation factors for the Lu/La pair increased by 40 and 2 times for the two systems under study, respectively).

Experimental evaluation of the pull-out behavior of suction caissons in saturated sand soil

This paper presents an experimental and analytical investigation of the extraction behavior of suction caissons in saturated sand. The extraction of suction caissons was performed at four different pullout rates (i.e., 1 mm/s, 3 mm/s, 8 mm/s, and 23 mm/s), three different pullout angles (i.e., 0°, 30°, and 45°), and two different suction caisson heights (i.e., 100 mm and 150 mm). Furthermore, a formula has been derived to calculate peak loads achieved from the experiments based on the pullout rate and angle. The results indicate that the extraction behavior of suction caissons is significantly impacted by the pullout rate and pullout angle. The pullout capacity of suction caissons with varying heights can be increased by both increasing the pullout rate or decreasing the pullout angle. When testing the 100 mm diameter caisson, it was discovered that by increasing the pull-out rate by 23 times while keeping the same conditions, a remarkable 115% increase in pull-out resistance was achieved. Additionally, a notable 83% increase in pullout resistance was observed by reducing the pullout angle from 45° to 0° under the same conditions. The findings from the equation presented in this study are compatible with the experimental results.

Effect of radiolysis and radiolytic products of tri-iso-amyl phosphate on the extraction behavior of uranium

Effect of radiolysis and radiolytic products of tri-iso-amyl phosphate on the extraction behavior of uranium

Theoretical probe into universal tetrad effect for complexation discrepancy between lanthanide elements and organophosphoric extractant diethyl phosphoric acid

The deep understanding of 4f-correlated electron motion behavior is experimentally limited due to similar physicochemical properties of rare earth elements (REEs). While the solvent extraction behavior originating from the continuous occupation of 4f electrons along the lanthanide family provides a particular platform to probe the 4f electrons motion behavior and its correlations to their versatile functions. Herein, the complexation between REEs and the prototypical extractant of diethyl phosphoric acid (DEP) was substantially studied based on quantum mechanical calculation. The results firstly show that the average bond lengths between Ln and six coordinated oxygen atoms are consistent with lanthanide contraction phenomenon, and gadolinium break effect is also obviously observed. Secondly, the “tetrad effect” is figured out based on the subtle discrepancy of 4f electrons occupation, namely La–Nd, Sm–Eu, Gd–Dy and Ho–Lu. Specifically, the main composition is 4f5d6p for La–Nd, while the discrepancy is due to the increasing electrons in the 5d shell, while it is 4f5d for Pm–Eu. For Gd–Dy, their 4f orbitals accept little electrons and the donating electrons flow into 6s5d subshells due to the half-filled stability and the enhancement of shielding effect. The electrons donate into 5d6p subshells due to multiply electrons occupation of 4f orbitals for Ho–Lu. These detailed analyses obviously clarify the “tetrad effect” along the lanthanide family due to the different variation of 4f orbital occupation. It is expected that these microscopic understandings provide important guidance for the separation of REEs and the design of new extractants.

The effects of structural variations in neutral phosphorus extractants on UO22+ extraction behavior and radiation stability: Experimental and theoretical insights

In the present work, the effects of four neutral phosphorus extractants (TBP, TAP, THP, TEHP) with different molecular structures on the extraction behaviors towards U(Ⅵ) and radiation stability were systematically studied. The results of the batch extraction and the γ-radiolysis experiments manifested that the extraction performance and radiation stability of the four extractants followed the order of TEHP > THP > TAP > TBP. Moreover, DFT calculations and Multiwfn software were utilized to analyze the properties of the extractants. The electrostatic potentials (ESP) and frontier molecular orbital of extractants indicated that the nucleophilic ability was ranked as TEHP > THP > TAP > TBP. The analyses of quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and Wiberg indices (WBIs) revealed that the UO22+ ions exhibited stronger complexation ability with O atoms in TEHP compared to the other three extractants. The bonds between UO22+ ions and extractants were primarily ionic in nature. From the energetic perspective, the thermodynamic energy demonstrated that the Gibbs free energy of TEHP in aqueous solution was the most negative, implying that it should be easier to combine with UO22+. This work elucidates that the increase of alkyl chain length and the presence of branched chains can enhance the extraction performance and radiation stability of neutral phosphorus extractants. It not only lays the theoretical foundation for designing novel organic phosphorous extractants with superior extraction performance and high radiation stability, but also provides scientific basis for the extraction process of uranium in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing.

Characterisation of SiC Varistor Quench Protection Operating at 4 Kelvin for Use With Superconducting Magnets

Silicon carbide (SiC) composite high-energy varistors have been demonstrated as a viable alternative to linear resistors as energy extraction devices during an abrupt loss of superconductivity in a magnet, called a quench. These have typically been installed external to the cryostat at ambient temperatures, but for some superconducting magnets it may be beneficial to mount the varistors within the cryostat in vacuum, a gaseous environment, or submerged in liquid cryogens. Varistors are semiconductors and therefore exhibit a temperature-dependent voltage–current relationship, so characterising their behaviour at low temperatures is important to predict their energy extraction behaviour. <p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">In this paper we present characterisation data of SiC varistor devices from 4–300 K: voltage-current characteristics, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal expansion, and flexural strength. These varistors are a candidate for protection at 1.9 K of the MCBY magnets, currently being built at Uppsala University for CERN.

Electron Beam-Induced Compatibilization of PLA/PBAT Blends in Presence of Epoxidized Soybean Oil.

Blending of polymers can enhance performance of plastics and can give the opportunity to broaden the application fields. Especially the brittleness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an issue, that is often addressed by blending it with soft polymers like poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) (PBAT). The immiscibility of those two polymers leads to limited properties of the blend. This study aimed to examine the application of electron-beam treatment with the implementation of a compatibilizing agent. PLA and PBAT were compounded with the addition of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) in different ratios and extruded into flat films. These were treated with electron beams at irradiation doses ranging from 12.5 to 100 kGy. The films thus produced were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, size exclusion chromatography, scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing. A significant change in the glass transition temperatures of the blend partners was observed, as well as a substantial increase in elongation at break, even in PLA-rich compositions. These findings indicate improved compatibilization. Furthermore, the use of epoxidized soybean oil showed a changed extraction behavior of PBAT, indicating a formed binding to PLA. The results show that electron-beam treatment can significantly improve the compatibility between different polymers in blends, leading to enhanced mechanical and thermal properties.

Microvisual Investigation on Steam-Assisted Heavy Oil Extraction Behavior in Heterogeneous Porous Media

Microvisual Investigation on Steam-Assisted Heavy Oil Extraction Behavior in Heterogeneous Porous Media

Essence into the kinetic enhanced extraction induced by Marangoni convection on the surface of freely rising oil droplets

The enhanced separation of rare earth ions depending on different kinetic extraction behaviors can be achieved by extraction on the surface of rising droplets, where exists the nonhomogeneous chemical reaction. Marangoni instability might occur dependent on nonhomogeneous chemical reaction, which is conducive to the enhancement of interfacial mass transfer. To explore the influence from a nonhomogeneous chemical reaction on the generation of Marangoni instability, influences from the flow rate of oil droplets and the oil droplet size on interfacial extraction behaviors were performed, the interfacial tension was evaluated, and MD simulations combined DFT calculations were adopted. It was revealed that the higher interface renewal rate of the large oil droplet was favorable for the interfacial chemical reaction. Whether the interfacial extraction rate is greater than the interface renewal rate decided the occurrence of Marangoni convection. The current research highlights a novel viewpoint towards understanding microscopic nature of kinetic enhanced extraction.

Polydopamine/β-cyclodextrin/coal fly ash composite for the highly efficient extraction of uranium from water environment

To obtain a green, low-cost and efficient adsorbent, polydopamine (PDA) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were adopted to modify coal fly ash (CFA) to prepare polydopamine/β-cyclodextrin/coal fly ash composite (PDA/β-CD/CFA). The successful introduction of PDA and β-CD was proved by FT-IR, XRD and XPS. The uranium extraction efficiency on PDA/β-CD/CFA reached 95.6% (pH = 5.0, T = 298 K, C0 = 10 mg/L and m/V = 0.2 g/L) and the whole adsorption process was perfectly fitted by the Pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.999), illustrating that uranium was extracted via chemisorption. The correlation coefficient R2 of Langmuir model was 0.999, which was higher than other models, meaning that uranium extraction behavior on PDA/β-CD/CFA was uniform monolayer adsorption. The maximum extraction capacity of uranium on PDA/β-CD/CFA calculated by Langmuir model was 537.6 mg/g, which was larger than most of reported adsorbents, indicating that PDA/β-CD/CFA was a potential candidate for uranium extraction from water environment. Moreover, PDA/β-CD/CFA performed excellent uranium extraction properties with the existence of coexisting ions and the desorption efficiency of uranium by PDA/β-CD/CFA was higher to 95.8% at the fifth cycles, fully suggesting that PDA/β-CD/CFA possessed good selectivity and cycle stability. Characterization results demonstrated that uranium was immobilized on PDA/β-CD/CFA through chelation, complexing action, electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding.

Insight into anti-corrosion behavior of protein extract as eco–friendly corrosion inhibitor

In this study, corrosion inhibitors from waste protein were extracted, and their anti–corrosion behavior was investigated on a laboratory–scale. The functional groups of the protein waste extract (PWE) were identified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. High–performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the variety and concentration of the amino acids. The efficiency of the inhibitor was assessed by electrochemical experiments. The results show that PWE, as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor, has the highest corrosion inhibition efficiency of up to 96.2% at a temperature of 298 K and a concentration of 1000 ppm. The mechanism of PWE was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X–ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The findings demonstrated that the PWE contains 17 different types of amino acids that can effectively adsorb onto the metal and inhibit the corrosion reaction of steel in an acidic environment. The polarization curve confirmed that the PWE was a mixed type of inhibitor. This work could provide useful insights into the development and utilization of eco–friendly corrosion inhibitors.