Extract Values Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activity Evaluation of the Methanolic Crude Extract of Ixora chinensis (Family: Rubiaceae)

Natural compounds have long been employed as medicines throughout the course of human history. Traditional medicine has employed and still uses natural materials, especially plant treatments, based on practical observations rather than pharmaceutical research. Ixora chinensis (Lam) plant has several important medicinal properties which have not been studied extensively in Bangladesh. The present work has been carried out to evaluate diverse biological actions of the plant extract and identification of pure compounds. The crude powder of leaves and barks of the plant was extracted using absolute methanol. The methanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS to reveal chemical entities present in the extracts and from GC-MS 1,2,3,5-Cyclohexanetetrol was identified. In the present study, methanolic extract of I. chinensis was exposed to investigate antioxidant activity and antimicrobial screening. The antimicrobial screening was performed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including fungus by using disc diffusion technique. The extract of I. chinensis showed mild antimicrobial activity in reference to standard kanamycin and ketoconazole. The results of the present study exhibited high phenolic content (498.8 mg/g) in the methanolic extract compared to gallic acid. Total phenolic content (TPC) of a sample indicates potency of antioxidant. TPC value (224.81 mg GAE/g of sample) of the present study exhibits higher total flavonoid content. The results indicate that the extracts of I. chinensis have lower antioxidant property in respect of total flavonoids content. Antioxidant activity was also measured using DPPH free radical scavenging activity. IC50 value of the methanolic crude extract was found to be 129.128 µg/mL. The data suggested that the crude methanolic extracts possess mild anti-bacterial and antifungal activities with moderate antioxidant activity. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 28(1): 20-27, 2025 (January)

Comparative micromorphological study and phytochemical constituents of Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl and Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill.) Vahl

Comparative micromorphological study and phytochemical constituents of Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl and Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill.) Vahl

Radiomic signatures derived from baseline 18F FDG PET/CT imaging can predict tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte values in patients with primary breast cancer.

To determine the value of radiomics data extraction from baseline 18F FDG PET/CT in the prediction of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) among patients with primary breast cancer (BC).We retrospectively evaluated 74 patients who underwent baseline 18F FDG PET/CT scans for BC evaluation between October 2020 and April 2022. Radiomics data extraction resulted in a total of 131 radiomic features from primary tumors. TILs status was defined based on histological analyses of surgical specimens and patients were categorized as having low TILs or moderate & high TILs. The relationships between TILs groups and tumor features, patient characteristics and molecular subtypes were examined. Features with a correlation coefficient of less than 0.6 were analyzed by logistic regression to create a predictive model. The diagnostic performance of the model was calculated via receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis.Menopausal status, histological grade, nuclear grade, and four radiomics features demonstrated significant differences between the two TILs groups. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that nuclear grade and three radiomics features (Morphological COMShift, GLCM Correlation, and GLSZM Small Zone Emphasis) were independently associated with TIL grouping. The diagnostic performance analysis of the model showed an AUC of 0.864 (95% CI: 0.776-0.953; p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy values of the model were 69.6%, 82.4%, 64%, 85.7% and 78.4%, respectivelyThe pathological TIL scores of BC patients can be predicted by using radiomics feature extraction from baseline 18F FDG PET/CT scans.

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS SEDIAAN CLAY MASK DARI EKSTRAK KULIT PEPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA LINN.) DENGAN KOMBINASI EKSTRAK KULIT LEMON (CITRUS LIMON BURM F.) SEBAGAI ANTI AGING

Aging is a change in humans caused by age, psychological and social factors. based on a patient survey at rsud dr. soetomo surabaya in 2017, the group diagnosed with photoaging caused by sun exposure had a prevalence rate of 50.27%. papaya peel and lemon peel contain vitamin c and flavonoids that have properties as natural antioxidants. clay mask preparations are able to remove dirt on the face so that the skin becomes brighter and cleaner. the purpose of this research is to determine the activity and physical quality of the clay mask preparation formulation of papaya fruit peel extract (carica papaya linn.) and lemon peel extract (citrus limon burm f.) as anti-aging. the method in this study is an experimental method with a design in the form of a true experimental post test only control group design. the results of this study obtained the ic50 value of papaya peel extract with a dose of 2 grams of 51.88 ppm and lemon peel extract with a dose of 5 grams of 39.87 ppm, evaluation of clay mask preparations fi obtained brown preparations, homogeneous preparations, ph 5.44, drying time 15.25 minutes; fii obtained brown preparations, homogeneous preparations, ph 5.66, drying time 5.44 minutes; fiii obtained brown preparations, homogeneous preparations, ph 5.50, drying time 20.26 minutes. the conclusion of this study is that papaya peel extract and lemon peel extract have antioxidant activity as anti-aging, the physical quality of clay mask preparations of all formulations has met the standards and the most stable formula is fii. the most preferred formula by volunteers is fii and all formulations do not cause irritation.

Elucidating the Biological Potential and DNA Protective Activities of Astragalus tokatensis Fisch: GC-MS and LC-HRMS-based Characterization and Molecular Docking Studies.

Astragalus tokatensis is a local endemic species and no study exists on this species. In this study, hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water extracts were obtained from the parts of root, leaf and flower of A. tokatensis. The phytochemical analyses of hexane and methanol extracts were identified and characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), respectively, for the first time. The total 11 fatty acid and 8 flavonoid derivatives was detected in GC-MS and LC-HRMS analyses, respectively. Total antioxidant levels (TAL) and total oxidant levels (TOL) values of extracts were investigated. TAL and TOL values were given as mM Trolox equiv./L. and μM H2O2 equiv./L, respectively. The α-amylase enzyme activity of all extracts was examined, and it was found that the extracts had no significant effect on the α-amylase activity. Also, the DNA protective activities of the leaf and flower extracts were determined by using gel electrophoresis method and it was seen that all flower extracts had high DNA protective activity. Moreover, Docking assays showed that the limited interactions of sinapinic acid and salicylic acid, the most abundant in the methanol extracts, with α-amylase, supported the weak inhibitory effects observed experimentally in the methanol extracts.

Physicochemical, Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical, Heavy Metal and Pesticidal Residue Analysis of Angelica glauca Edgew roots: An Approach to Establish Quality Standards Using Advanced Analytical Techniques

Background: Angelica glauca (AG) (family Apiaceae) is used by tribes as a spice and to treat various diseases. Before consumption, effective measures must be used for quality control tests. This study establishes quality standards for A. glauca. The study analyses A. glauca roots for physico-chemical, pharmacognostic, phytochemical, heavy metals, pesticidal residue, microbial load, and aflatoxin Methods: The standard procedure was used for powder microscopy and physiochemical parameters. Multiple culture media were used to measure microbial load. Aflatoxins were estimated using HPLC. Mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel were estimated using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. To identify 87 pesticide residues in A. glauca roots, LC-MS was used Results: On root powder microscopy, parenchymatous cells packed with yellow material, capillaries with reticulate thickenings, and simple oval to circular starch grains were found. Foreign matter, LOD, total ash, and extractive values were all within range. Salmonela, Pseudomnas, and Coliform (E. coli) were absent. The total viable aerobic bacterial count was 1.14 x 103 cfu/ml, compared to 1.0 x 105 permitted. Aflatoxins were absent in all samples. Heavy metal levels met the FSSR 2011 maximum residue standard for foods not specified. All 87 pesticides in the crude sample were below detection limits, indicating the safety and quality of the A. glauca root sample. Conclusion: The current findings can be utilized in quality control procedures and to assess the quality of A. glauca samples before incorporating them into formulations. Phytochemical tests, heavy metal analysis, and pesticide residue contents can be used to assess quality before using A. glauca raw materials.

Antimicrobial Activities of Citrus Seed and Leaf Extracts Against Selected Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens Linked to Human Diseases: In vitro Experimental Study in Musanze, Rwanda

Antimicrobial resistance has caused major challenges in both bacterial and fungal infections. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity with different crude extracts of leaves and seeds of Citrus limon against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans) obtained from different clinical settings. Filtrate extracts after maceration technique and the phytochemical substances detected in plants were flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, glycoside, and resin under investigation. In vitro, a disc diffusion assay was applied to measure the inhibition zone of the plant effect in millimeters (mm). It was observed that Citrus limon activity showed the highest on ethanolic seed against Staphylococcus aureus and the lowest activity plant observed on methanolic leaf extract against Klebsiella oxytoca. The mean values of Citrus limon extract convinced there was no statistically significant correlation among extract solvents used in the study (ρ &gt; 0.05). Oxacillin was used as the positive control and discs without antibiotic content as the negative control during testing. To conclude, ethanolic seed extract has shown the highest effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi from isolate. Indeed, plant extracts that showed potential effectiveness, such as (Citrus leaves and seeds) can be used as natural alternative preventive measures to control pathogenic bacterial diseases and prevent the rise of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, studies to evaluate the in vivo potential in an animal model are recommended. Keywords: Citrus limon, Crude extract, Bacteria, Fungi, Antimicrobial resistance.

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT COMBINATION OF GINGER AND LEMONGRASS

Aim and objective: This study to determine the antioxidant activity of the combination of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on reducing DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Methods: Quantitative measurement of the antioxidant activity of ginger and lemongrass extracts, as well as a combination of both with a concentration ratio of 1:1, 2:1, 1:2 using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 516 nm to determine the IC50 value. Results: IC50 value of ginger extract 10.76 µg/mL, lemongrass extract 26.69 µg/mL, IC50 value 6.69 µg/mL for combination with concentration ratio 1:1, IC50 value 3.32 µg/mL for combination with concentration ratio 2:1. IC50 value 9.34 µg/mL for combination with concentration ratio 1:2 Conclusions: The combination of ginger and lemongrass extracts has synergistic antioxidant activity that can increase the antioxidant effect from the strong category to very strong category. Peer Review History: Received 17 October 2024; Reviewed 9 November; Accepted 18 December; Available online 15 January 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

Hemical Profile And Allelopathic Potential of Asparagus setaceus (KUNTH) Jessop (ASPARAGACEAE)

Objective: This work aimed to elucidate the chemical profile and the allelopathic potential of the ethanolic extract of Asparagus setaceus leaves collected in the morning (8 A.M) and afternoon (2 P.M). Method: The extract was obtained using cold ethanol and the secondary metabolites classes were identified with specific reagents. For allelopathic activity, the test solution was obtained from 100 mg of ethanolic extract, dissolved in 100 mL of 66% ethanol, obtaining concentrations from 6.25% to 100%. Two control groups were used: distilled water and 66% ethanol alcohol in the evaluation of the following parameters: germination percentage (GP), germination speed index (GSI) and stem and radicle length. Results and Discussion: The tabulated results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, through analysis of variance and Tukey's test. The pH values of Asparagus setaceus ethanolic extract in the morning ranged from 9 to 12, for Asparagus setaceus ethanolic extract in the afternoon ranged from 8 to 12. In the phytochemical analysis, the morning extract showed a greater number of metabolites when compared to the same extract prepared in the afternoon, causing greater negative interference observed in the germination speed index and in the development of seedlings. Research Implications: Therefore, the combined action of these compounds and factors such as humidity, temperature and soil pattern should be considered when evaluating the different results found, and further studies are needed to investigate the specific constituents of allelopathic activity.

Nutritional value, phytochemical content, and pharmacological screening of Borassus flabellifer L. fruits

The present study aimed to evaluate the nutrition value, phytochemical content, and diverse pharmacological activities of different solvent extracts of Borassus flabellifer L. fruit. Among all, the hydro-alcoholic extract showed high DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 82.98 ± 0.93, and 75.67 ± 0.48 μg/mL, respectively. The hydro-alcoholic extract offered a noticeableα-amylase (IC50 = 82.90 ± 0.73 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects (IC50 = 62.5 ± 0.39 µg/mL), which were comparable to standard drug Acarbose. In anti-denaturation assay, the hydro-alcoholic extract showed a weaker inhibitory effect (IC50 = 93.47 ± 0.93) than standard Diclofenac-Na (IC50 =65.85 ± 0.42 µg/mL). Furthermore, the hydro-alcoholic extract showed the highest potential in preventing the harmful effects of UV radiation with a sun protection factor of 37.12 ± 0.28.

Comparative antibacterial activity of clove extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen belonging to the γ-proteobacteria family, known to cause pneumonia linked with ventilator use and nosocomial infections. With the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there is a pressing need to identify alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Plant-derived substances (PDSs) offer potential not only as antibacterial agents but also as modulators of antibiotic resistance. In this study, diffusion assay using disc agar, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay of each imipenem, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and clove extract was determined. The clove extract was analyzed via the UHPLC/MS, and the checkerboard assay was employed to evaluate the potential synergistic effects of combining clove extract with both antibiotics. The combination of clove extract to each antibiotic led to a significant reduction in their respective MICs. Moreover, each antibiotic exhibited synergistic effects on the fractional inhibitory concentration value (FIC) of clove extract. The analysis identified seventeen components in the clove extract, predominantly flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The antibacterial efficacy of the Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae extract against P. aeruginosa indicated its potential as a promising antibacterial agent capable of enhancing the effectiveness of existing medications.

In vitro activity of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) chloroform extract against non-tuberculous mycobacteria

This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial activity of chloroform (CHL) extract of Thyme vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae). The CHL extract from aerial parts of T. vulgaris exhibited antimicrobial activity against slow growth mycobacteria – SGM (n = 49) and rapid growth mycobacteria – RGM (n = 50) strains isolated from diseased ornamental fish. The MICAV , MIC90, and MIC50 values of CHL extract against to RGM strains were found to be at 194.00, 400, and 200 μg/mL, respectively. The MICAV , MIC90, and MIC50 values of CHL extract against to SGM strains were found to be at 54.59, 100, and 50 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the CHL extract exhibits the activity against non tuberculosis mycobacteria isolated from diseased ornamental fish.

Coffee and Cocoa By-Products as Valuable Sources of Bioactive Compounds: The Influence of Ethanol on Extraction.

Cocoa and coffee are two of the world's most important crops. Therefore, their by-products are generated in large quantities. This work proposes a simple method for the valorization of these residues by obtaining phenolic compounds and melanoidins by solid-liquid extraction using different hydroalcoholic solutions as extracting solvents (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% ethanol). Extracts of both by-products presented the highest antioxidant capacity and total phenolic and melanoidin content when using 50-75% ethanol in the solvent. Among all the extracts, those obtained from spent coffee grounds at 75% ethanol showed the highest concentrations of total phenolic compounds (13.5 ± 1.3 mmol gallic acid equivalents/g dry matter) and melanoidins (244.4 ± 20.1 mg/g dry matter). Moreover, the sun protection factor values of the coffee extracts obtained with 50 and 75% of ethanol as extraction solvent (7.8 ± 0.9 and 8.5 ± 0.7, respectively) showed their potential for use in the cosmetic sector. The most important phenolic compounds identified in the coffee by-products extracts were phenolic acids, and most of them were found in higher concentration in extracts obtained with lower percentages of ethanol (0-25%). Protocatechuic acid was the most abundant phenolic in cocoa extracts, with concentrations ranging from 18.49 ± 2.29 to 235.35 ± 5.55 µg/g dry matter, followed by 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin. Esculetin was found in both coffee and cocoa extracts, which had not been reported to date in these residues. In summary, the use of 75% ethanol as an extraction solvent seems a good strategy to obtain extracts rich in phenolic compounds from food by-products rich in melanoidins, such as coffee and cocoa by-products. The high antioxidant potential of these extracts makes them of great interest for the cosmetic and nutraceutical industries.

Investigating the Compositional Heterogeneity of Pure, Crystalline Plagioclase Exposures within the Moon’s Anorthositic Crust Using Moon Mineralogy Mapper and Diviner Data

Abstract Questions about the formation of the primary anorthositic crust of the Moon remain unanswered. Spectroscopic surveys of the lunar crust have evidenced the presence of pure, crystalline plagioclase exposures (PCPEs) across the surface, which are assumed to be remnants of the Moon's ancient anorthositic crust. Results from our work show that the plagioclase composition within PCPEs in all geochemical terranes is relatively uniform and consistent with highly calcic anorthite found in immature and mature Apollo highlands regolith samples. Observed variations in our spectroscopic data sets are likely related to maturity, not plagioclase composition, supporting a single crust-forming event rather than serial magmatism. To constrain the plagioclase composition within the primary anorthositic crust, we use remote sensing data from two instruments on board different lunar orbiters, Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) and Diviner Lunar Radiometer (Diviner). When working with data sets acquired by different instruments, coregistration is key if one wants to extract values from those instruments at the same point on the lunar surface. Due to the suboptimal selenolocation of the M3 observations, misalignments exist between the M3 data and Diviner data sets. Here we present a methodology for extracting both data sets from a single locality while mitigating offsets, and provide results about the composition of the primary anorthositic crust. M3 was used to identify regions of interest within previously reported PCPEs at a selection of craters, and Diviner Christiansen feature data was utilized to constrain these locations’ plagioclase composition by comparing them against laboratory measurements of Apollo 16 highland soil samples.

Assessment of Biological Activity, Total Phenolic Content, and Cytotoxicity of Ethyl Acetate Extracts from an Endophytic Fungus, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64

The biological activities of ethyl acetate extracts of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 were assessed in the present study. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH scavenging assay, antibacterial activity via broth microdilution, and total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In vivo toxicity was determined using a brine shrimp lethality assay. The fraction extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with an EC50 of 441.6 µg/ml, surpassing the crude extract's. The EEELP showed a relatively low phenolic content of 13.273 µg GAE/mg extract. Regarding antibacterial activity, both crude and fraction extracts demonstrated MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 250 µg/ml against Gram-positive bacteria, while MBC values ranged from 125 to 500 µg/ml for both extracts. The MIC values for crude and fraction extracts against Gram-negative bacteria were 250-500 µg/ml, whilst the MBC values for both crude and fraction extracts were in the range of 500–2,000 µg/ml. The findings also revealed that Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to both extracts (crude and fraction) than Gram-negative bacteria. The crude extract exhibited a non-cytotoxic effect with an LC50 value of 2054.88 µg/ml for acute exposure and a low cytotoxic effect with an LC50 value of 199.69 µg/ml for chronic exposure. Meanwhile, the fraction extract demonstrated a non-cytotoxic effect for both acute and chronic with an LC50 value of 5744.14 µg/ml and 1035.94 µg/ml, respectively. Therefore, the present study suggests that the fraction extract could be an effective pharmaceutical agent and safe for drug development due to its low toxicity.

Reduction Of Turbidity And Cream Formatıon In Ultrasound-Assisted Turkish Green Tea Extracts: Application Of Tannase Enzyme

This study was conducted to determine the composition of green tea extracts obtained by using ultrasound-assisted extraction technique and to determine the changes in color, turbidity and tea cream formation with tannase enzyme supplementation. Green tea extracts obtained at a brewing temperature of 70 °C with different tea:water ratios (1:100; 5:100 and 10:100) and brewing durations (5, 10 and 20 minutes) were supplemented with tannase enzyme. The turbidity (NTU) values of green tea extracts varied between 3.50-24.0, tea cream quantities varied between 1.35-3.98 g/100g green tea for control samples and between 0.42-2.00 g/100g green tea for tannase enzyme-supplemented samples. Tea:water ratios and brewing durations had significant effects on tea cream formation of the samples. The results showed that the amounts of tannase enzyme-supplemented tea cream samples decreased more than the control samples under all application settings, and there were significant differences between the amounts of enzyme-supplemented and unsupplemented tea cream samples.

A hybrid artificial neural network and multi-objective genetic algorithm approach to optimize extraction conditions of Mentha longifolia and biological activities

In this work, artificial neural network coupled with multi-objective genetic algorithm (ANN-NSGA-II) has been used to develop a model and optimize the conditions for the extracting of the Mentha longifolia (L.) L. plant. Input parameters were extraction temperature (40–70 °C), extraction time (4–10 h), and extract concentration (0.25–2 mg/mL) while total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) values of extracts were output parameters. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of selected ANN model was determined as 1.434% and 0.464% for TAS and TOS, respectively. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature of 54.260 °C, extraction time of 7.854 h, and extract concentration of 0.810 mg/mL. The biological activities and phenolic contents of the extract obtained under determined optimum extract conditions were determined. TAS and TOS values of extract were determined as 6.094 ± 0.033 mmol/L and 14.050 ± 0.063 µmol/L, respectively. Oxidative stress index (OSI) as 0.231 ± 0.002, total phenolic content (TPC) as 123.05 ± 1.70 mg/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) as 181.84 ± 1.97 mg/g. Anti- acetylcholinesterase value and anti-butyrylcholinesterase value of the extract was determined as 42.97 ± 0.87 and 60.52 ± 0.80 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, 11 phenolic compounds, namely acetohydroxamic acid, gallic acid, catechin hydrate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, 2-hydoxycinamic acid, quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol, were determined. It was observed that the extract of M. longifolia produced under optimum conditions exhibited strong biological activities. These results indicate that ANN coupled NSGA-II was an effective method for the optimization extraction conditions of M. longifolia.

Study of the common wormwood allergoid

BACKGROUND: Allergens from the pollen of wormwood (Latin: Artemisia absinthium) are among the most dangerous in terms of allergization in central Russia, Europe and a number of other regions. The use of allergoids created using glutaraldehyde instead of native allergen extracts is due to the reduced risk of developing allergic reactions while maintaining immunogenicity and eliminating the highly toxic element formalin from the production process, which makes allergoids safer for use in allergen-specific immunotherapy. AIM: Obtaining an allergoid from wormwood pollen by treatment with glutaraldehyde to evaluate its properties prior to preclinical testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Purified extract of wormwood pollen, isolated by defatting and water-salt extraction, was dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.5, after which it was polymerized in 0.1 % glutaraldehyde solution. Stabilization was performed with sodium borohydride solution. The extract and allergoid of wormwood pollen were studied using chromatographic analysis and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then, intraperitoneal immunization with the obtained allergoid was carried out in CBA × C57Bl/6 (F1) mice. RESULTS: After evaluation of the specific allergenic activity using competitive immune assay ELISA with biotinylated extract of wormwood pollen allergen, it was shown that the 50 % inhibition point for the allergoid is determined at a drug concentration of 0.03 mg/ml, and for the allergen – already at 0.0008 mg/ml. Consequently, the allergenicity of wormwood pollen allergoid is significantly reduced compared to that of the original extract. In addition, the immunogenic activity of the obtained allergoid was confirmed in mice: the average optical density of the ELISA reaction, indicating the amount of IgG, in the group immunized with the allergoid was more than at least 1.5 times higher than the values for the allergen extract. CONCLUSIONS: During the work, an extract containing allergens of wormwood pollen was obtained. An allergoid was obtained on its basis by polymerization with glutaraldehyde. The obtained allergoid has a high molecular weight (the range shifted to 44–66 kDa), while it has low allergenic activity, in comparison with the original extract, and also retains immunogenicity. In this regard, this allergoid can become the basis for obtaining new ASIT treatments.

Nutritional value, HPLC-DAD analysis and biological activities of Ceratonia siliqua L. pulp based on in vitro and in silico studies

The phytochemical, nutritional, and biological features of wild carob pulp from Tanzight (TN), Ait-Waada (AW), and Tizi-ghnayn (TG) in Azilal were studied. The results of the study reveal that the carob pulp examined has a low-fat level. AW had the most total sugar (78.34 ± 3.00%), total reducing sugar (27.20 ± 2.89%), crude fiber (14.21 ± 1.23%), sucrose (24.303 ± 0.038%), sodium (153.7 ± 18.52 mg/kg), pH (5.599 ± 0.05), and total polyphenol content (4134.50 ± 17.91 mg GAE/100 g DW). TG has higher amounts of potassium (11373 ± 153.7 mg/kg), calcium (4345 ± 7.211 mg/kg), phosphorus (3551 ± 175.1 mg/kg), magnesium (1347 ± 52.43 mg/kg), fructose (7.635 ± 0.012%), and total flavonoids (1678.08 ± 24.05 mg RE/100 g DW). TN has the highest levels of crude protein (5.607 ± 0.047%), moisture (9.33 ± 0.57%), ash (4.16 ± 0.02%), glucose (2.956 ± 0.047%), and total condensed tannins (529.61 ± 6.76 mg CE/100 g DW). The ethanol extract derived from AW exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity, as evidenced by its total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of 1245.83 ± 26.33 µg ascorbic acid equivalent /mg extract and IC50 values of 18.45 ± 1.41 µg/mL, 124.98 ± 5.21 µg/mL, and 24.87 ± 1.30 µmol/mL for 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), beta carotene (β-Carotene), and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), respectively. Furthermore, AW has demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against a variety of bacterial and fungal strains using disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The analysed samples also demonstrated encouraging anti-cancer effects on MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. The biological activities were confirmed through molecular docking analysis, identifying naringin and quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside as related compounds. Additionally, ADME analyses have revealed that all the synthetic compounds examined in this study demonstrate high intestinal absorption, meet Lipinski’s criteria, indicating their potential suitability for oral drug development. Based on these findings, wild carob pulp from Azilal province may contain bioactive compounds and nutrients.

Antioxidant Potential of Ethanol Extracts Leaf and Stem of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. with DPPH, ABTS, and Frap Methods

Free radicals are called atoms or molecules with no electron pairs and intermediate results of organic reactions with a homolysis process resulting from a covalent combination. Antioxidants are used to protect cells from damage due to the presence of free radical molecules. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn is a type of aquatic plant that comes from India and is part of the Nelumbo genus. It occurs every year. Using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, research was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract in the leaf and stem of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Experimental research included sample collection, plant identification, making simplicia, making ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera leaf and stem, phytochemical screening, and testing anti-free radical activity using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Phytochemical screening of Nelumbo nucifera leaf contained secondary metabolite compounds of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and steroids/triterpenoids; Nelumbo nucifera stems contained flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. The results of research related to antioxidant activity in the DPPH method of the IC50 value of the ethanol extract from the leaf of Nelumbo nucifera was determined to be 16.7473µg/ml, whereas the IC50 value of the ethanol extract from the stem of Nelumbo nucifera was found to be 25.2170µg/ml, The ABTS method determined that the IC50 value of the ethanol extract from Nelumbo nucifera leaf was 22.8995 µg/ml and ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera stem (15.297 µg/ml); in the FRAP method, the IC50 value of ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera stem (5.0972µg/ml) and ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera stem (5.7069µg/ml). According to the ABTS method, The ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera leaf has considerable antioxidant activity, however the stem extract does not. The DPPH and FRAP techniques show high antioxidant activity in Nelumbo nucifera leaf and stem ethanol extract.